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Topic: Indigenous peoples in Brazil

	Just Earth!
		Indigenous organizations began to emerge in different parts of Brazil in the early 1980s during the elaboration of the country’s new Constitution (1988) as a way to participate in national and international debates affecting their welfare and especially the right to occupy ancestral territories.
		Indigenous peoples are consistently attacked either with direct official collusion or with the acquiescence of the state or federal authorities.
		Indigenous people in Brazil continued to be abducted, tortured and killed for their land or the resources on them.
	www.amnestyusa.org /justearth/indigenous_people/brazil.html (4215 words)

	Brazil - Brasil - BRAZZIL - News from Brazil - Sivam and the Indigenous Peoples of Brazil - Brazilian Indians - March ...
		Indigenous, river-dependent and other poor segments of the communities are not consulted nor enlightened about the damage that can be caused by the proposal, especially for the indigenous peoples.
		The principal representative organizations of the indigenous peoples in the regions to be affected by the proposal are worried and have indicated their opposition to the division of Amazonas state.
		If the proposal is approved, the indigenous peoples will suffer the greatest impact as a result of increased migration to the region and because, once again, they are accused of being obstacles to "development," and political opportunities will be sought that may cause the permanent loss of their lands.
	www.brazil-brasil.com /pages/p131mar03.htm (1546 words)

	Indigenous Rights in Brazil
		Brazil was applauded internationally and it was hoped that its historic debt to the indigenous peoples living within its national borders was going to be resolved.
		Brazil's government suspended its helicopter surveillance operation of the Yanomami area on March 6, 1996, and as a result, thousands of gold prospectors have reinvaded Yanomami territory in Northern Brazil.
		The delay in securing the human and traditional rights of indigenous peoples aggravates their problems and continue to encourage the pillage of their territories by the usual bunch of criminal cartels that operate throughout the country.
	saiic.nativeweb.org /brazil.html (2766 words)

	ipedia.com: Indigenous people of Brazil Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The indigenous people of Brazil (povos indígenas in Portuguese) comprise a large number of ethnic groups who lived in the country's present territory before its discovery by Europeans around 1500.
		In Brazil, particularly, most indian tribes who were living in the land by 1500 descended from the first wave of migrants, who are believed to have crossed the Bering Strait at the end of the last ice age, around 9,000 BC.
		The indians of Brazil, unlike their cousins in Mesoamerica and West of the Andes, did not keep written records or erect stone monuments; and the humid climate and acidic soil have conspired to destroy almost all traces of their material culture, including wood and bones.
	www.ipedia.com /indigenous_people_of_brazil.html (1127 words)

	BRAZILIAN RAINFORESTS
		Brazil's indigenous peoples are the guardians of the ancient
		Indigenous groups in Brazil are appealing for international pressure to be put on their government, to safeguard their forests and traditional lands.
		By safeguarding the future of Brazil's indigenous people and their lands, you will be making a historic contribution to protecting cultural diversity, human rights and the natural environment, things which are of value not only to Brazil but to the whole world.
	www.lightparty.com /Economic/BrazilianRainforest.html (772 words)

	The Human Rights of Indigenous Peoples \| Overview
		Indigenous peoples are being uprooted from their lands and communities as a consequence of discriminatory government policies, the impact of armed conflicts, and the actions of private economic interests.
		Cut off from resources and traditions vital to their welfare and survival, many indigenous peoples are unable to fully enjoy such human rights as the right to food, the right to health, the right to housing, or cultural rights.
		For the growing numbers of indigenous women who have migrated to urban settings or who live on land with a heavy military presence, racial and sexual discrimination in the larger society may lead to a heightened risk of violence and unequal access to the protection of the justice system.
	www.amnesty.ca /themes/indigenous_overview.php (729 words)

	Brazil:"Foreigners in our own country": Indigenous Peoples in Brazil - Amnesty International (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The failure of Brazil to guarantee their right to land, through demarcation and ratification of many indigenous territories, and the very slow process by which this is achieved when it does take place, has contributed to attacks on Indians, as well as aggravating the severe economic and social deprivation felt by many communities.
		"Indigenous groups, by the fact of their very existence, have the right to live freely in their own territory; the close ties of indigenous peoples with the land must be recognised and understood as the fundamental basis of their cultures, their spiritual life, their integrity, and their economic survival"(8).
		(41) Articulation of Indigenous Peoples of the Northeast, Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo, APOINME.
	web.amnesty.org /library/index/engamr190022005 (11418 words)

	Environmental Defense - Indigenous Peoples
		Indigenous peoples often stand to lose the most from predatory development, such as illegal logging, agricultural colonization, or industrial plantations and agriculture, and therefore are critical allies for conservationists.
		The map of indigenous lands and forest in Central America complied by anthropologist Mac Chapin and published by National Geographic is a good example of how indigenous populations and forestation are connected.
		Indigenous peoples in Brazil (only about 0.2% of national population) have over the last thirty years won official recognition of their rights to 20% of the Amazon - an area twice the size of California, and the largest expanse of tropical forest under any form of protection anywhere.
	www.environmentaldefense.org /article.cfm?ContentID=2344 (326 words)

	BRAZIL: Indigenous Peoples' Conference at Odds with Government
		In spite of the questions raised about the way it was organised, the conference ended in a "triumph for indigenous peoples," showing the government that it cannot base its indigenous policy "on general, uniform principles," since it is "dealing with separate, specific cultures," he said.
		The differences between indigenous leaders with respect to the conference did not ultimately cause a rift, either, because indigenous peoples "are opposed to divisions" that would accentuate their vulnerability as minorities, and in the final analysis "they are all related to one another," he remarked.
		The conference was "a new experience" for Brazilian indigenous people, because the system whereby representatives make decisions, as delegates, for the rest of the people is alien to their traditions, which do not recognise such delegation of powers, said Marcos Terena, president of the Inter-Tribal Committee.
	www.ipsnews.net /news.asp?idnews=32945 (1086 words)

	University of Minnesota Human Rights Library
		Indigenous peoples are classified by the Brazilian Civil Code, depending on the extent to which the primitive culture has been modified by a more advanced one, as "silvicolas" or "acculturated." rated procedures.
		In November of 1995 the "Map of Hunger Among the Indigenous Peoples" that had been jointly produced by the Institute of Socioeconomic Studies, the National Museum in Bahia and the Bank of the Northeast was presented at a public hearing before authorities in the Chamber of Deputies.
		A new problem which superimposes itself on the lack of demarcation and the invasions of indigenous lands is the creation of the administrative center of the municipalities that lie in part or in their entirety within the lands claimed and/or demarcated as indigenous areas.
	www1.umn.edu /humanrts/iachr/country-reports/brazil1997-ch6.html (7761 words)

	Indigenous peoples in Brazil - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Indigenous peoples in Brazil (povos indígenas in Portuguese) comprise a large number of distinct ethnic groups who inhabited the country's present territory prior to its discovery by Europeans around 1500.
		In Brazil, particularly, most native tribes who were living in the land by 1500 are thought to be descended from the first wave of migrants, who are believed to have crossed the so-called Bering Land Bridge at the end of the last Ice Age, around 9000 BC.
		The Portuguese colonists, all males, started to have children with female Indians, creating a new generation of mixed-race people who spoke indian languages (in the city of São Paulo in the first years after her foundation, a tupi language (nheengatu= easy language) was the language of every day and of every one).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil (1869 words)

	Indigenous Peoples of Brazil Plan Convergence on Anniversary Celebration (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Nearly 2,000 indigenous peoples from all over Brazil are organizing a convergence on Santa Cruz da Cabralia in April 2000 to counter the governmentâs planned celebration of the "discovery" of Brazil.
		Indigenous March 2000 will culminate in the Conference of Indigenous Peoples and Organizations in Coroa Vermelha, Bahia, where proposals for "another 500 years" will be presented.
		For Indigenous March 2000, representatives from the Yanomami, Makuxi, Guarani, Matis, Marubo and many other tribes are coming together to reaffirm that the cultural diversity of indigenous peoples as the root of their resistance.
	www.moles.org /ProjectUnderground/drillbits/5_05/4.html (621 words)

	Indigenous Groups
		Indigenous groups are groups of people who are native to a given region before colonization by Europeans or other peoples.
		The languages spoken by indigenous peoples are completely unrelated to European languages, coming from different language families and stocks (see our page on languages of Brazil) Their cultures and ways of life in general are also different.
		In recent decades attitudes toward indigenous peoples have begun to change, and organizations such as SIL have been involved in attempts to preserve the languages and cultures of indigenous peoples around the world.
	www.sil.org /americas/brasil/EnglGrps.htm (228 words)

	INDIGENOUS PEOPLES-BRAZIL: ''Lula frustrated our expectations''
		That became evident in the demarcation of lands, the disjunction of actions on health, education and sustainability issues, among others, and the exclusion of the indigenous peoples from the process of drafting and implementing the 'indigenist' policy.
		All of this will mean strengthening the leading role of indigenous peoples as political subjects who demand and receive the right to autonomy, in the institutional context defined in accordance with the Brazilian state.
		They are groups that see the demarcation of indigenous lands and our organisation as threats to the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the country, forgetting that it was the indigenous peoples who ensured the protection of the borders and of the immense reserves of Brazil's natural wealth and biodiversity.
	www.ipsnews.net /interna.asp?idnews=28862 (980 words)

	Scoop: Brazil: Indigenous peoples continue to suffer
		In Brazil, Indigenous peoples continue to suffer violence and severe economic deprivation as a result of the failure of the government and the judiciary to protect their constitutional right to land, Amnesty International said today.
		Dorvalino Rocha is the 38th indigenous activist killed in 2005 – the worst year for over a decade, according to the Brazilian NGO the Indigenous Missionary Council.
		Indigenous peoples are forced to squat on the margins of their ancestral lands, in constant fear of reprisal from gunmen hired by landowners or poorly monitored security firms,” said Mr Wilcken
	www.scoop.co.nz /stories/WO0601/S00014.htm (742 words)

	Policies To Protect Indigenous People in Brazil
		Many indigenous groups in Brazil have been experiencing a state of turmoil due to the many loggers, miners, settlers, and ranchers that have been invading their land.
		International environmental and indigenous rights organizations have over the last year played an important role in the defense of indigenous land rights in Brazil, by maintaining consistent pressure on the government of Brazil to honor its constitutional obligation to demarcate and defend indigenous territory (RAN, 1997).
		Most of the sources found take the perspective of the indigenous people and show the government's responses along with their failures.
	lilt.ilstu.edu /psanders/litsearch/policies.htm (1630 words)

	05_31
		Local peoples have been fighting for official recognition of their land rights for some thirty years, lending RSS strong symbolic importance on the national level, as well as very real importance for the peoples who live there.
		The panel discussion will be a rare opportunity to hear about the situations of Indigenous peoples in Brazil and Guyana directly from people on the frontlines of the struggle for the recognition of Indigenous rights in Latin America.
		ISA has worked on the defense of environmental and collective human rights of indigenous peoples and local populations in Brazil, having been responsible for several precedent-making cases before the Federal Justice in the country.
	web.gc.cuny.edu /dept/bildn/bildner/brazil/seminars/2002/11_21.htm (663 words)

	Brazil - Brazzil Mag - Indians Don't Feel at Home in Brazil
		"Indigenous groups, by the fact of their very existence, have the right to live freely in their own territory; the close ties of indigenous peoples with the land must be recognized and understood as the fundamental basis of their cultures, their spiritual life, their integrity, and their economic survival"(8).
		A recent development that has contributed to their survival is the growth and fortification of autonomous indigenous organizations during the 1990s, which have enabled them for the first time to become protagonists of their own struggle at a local, regional, national and international level.
		The federal government's Commitment to the Indigenous Peoples of Brazil made severe criticisms of FUNAI stating that it "has been characterized by frequent omissions and lapses in the exercise of its functions".
	www.brazzilmag.com /content/view/1839/53 (12650 words)

	Indigenous Education
		The fundamental aspects of this work are based on studies made in collaboration with the indigenous peoples.
		SIL has often collaborated with government organizations in specific training, both beginning and continuing, of indigenous teachers, with special emphasis on the use of didactic material permanently written down in their mother tongue by them, their students and by other members of the community.
		In addition to closely monitoring teaching practices, it is important to maintain currency among indigenous teachers, by having them discuss and improve a specific contextualized curricular content, a relevant school calendar and a constructive, critical analysis of classroom experiences.
	www.sil.org /americas/brasil/EnglEduc.htm (1407 words)

	Brazilian Music: The Music of Brazilian Indians (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Ihu is a word from the Kamayurá language of Brazil.
		This is the Smithsonian/Folkways Recordings CD of choral music performed by groups of men and women of the Kayapó Indian nation of Brazil, more specifically from the Xikrin villages.
		The Kayapó live in the southeastern part of the State of Pará, between the rivers Tocantins and Xingú.
	www.maria-brazil.org /ihu.htm (422 words)

	Brazil Indians - Brazilink
		Brazil probes Indian 'army class', BBC News, 11 January 2006; Brazil's army under fire for training Amazon Indians, The Guardian, 9 January 2006
		The protection of indigenous peoples’ rights over lands and natural resources under the Inter-American Human Rights System, S. James Anaya and Robert A.
		Rights and status of indigenous peoples: A global comparative and international legal analysis, Siegfried Wiessner, Harvard Human Rights Journal, vol.
	www.brazilink.org /brazilianindigenous.asp (784 words)

	The AMAZON BASIN, BIO-DIVERSITY, DEVELOPMENT, INDIGENOUS PEOPLES, MARLUI MIRANDA ( (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Alliance is an initiative born out of the partnership between indigenous and traditional peoples of the Amazon and groups and individuals who share their concerns for the future of the Amazon and its peoples.
		The Amazon Alliance is the outcome of a 1990 meeting held in Iquitos, Peru between U.S.- based environmental organizations and representatives of the Coordinating Body of Indigenous Peoples' Organizations of the Amazon Basin (COICA).
		COICA participants argued that the best defense of the Amazon came through support of indigenous claims to territory and urged environmentalists to develop policies and strategies that value the Amazon as a biosphere of flora, fauna and human life.
	www.dartmouth.edu /~brazil/amazon (1146 words)

	Brazil/Amazon Basin
		Request for urgent letter writing in defense of the Nambikwara Indigenous peoples of Sarare' Reserve, Mato Grosso, Brazil (March 1997)
		Threat to Indigenous Lands in Brazil (March 1997)
		Brazil justice minister opts to legalize theft in Indian land (Dec. 1996)
	abyayala.nativeweb.org /brazil (157 words)

	Brazilian Indian Music & Books: The Indigenous Peoples Of Brazil (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Brazilian Indian Music and Books: The Indigenous Peoples Of Brazil
		Songs of the Indigenous peoples of the the Amazon rainforest
		music of the Xingu people of the Mato Grosso region
	www.thebraziliansound.com /indian.htm (48 words)

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