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Topic: Indigenous peoples in the United States

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	USA UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
		Manifest Destiny was a philosophy that encouraged westward expansion in the United States: as the population of the Eastern states grew and as a steady increase of immigrants entered the country, settlers moved steadily westward across North America.
		The United States currently enjoys a positive relationship with the United Kingdom, Australia, Japan, and Poland, among several others, in that these nations are participating as active military allies with, or logistical supporters of, the United States in all theaters.
		The United States is often under criticism from Western governments and NGOs concerning lengthy detention without trial, forced confessions, torture, and mistreatment of prisoners as well as some restrictions on freedoms of speech and the press, as being violations of their definition of human rights.
	www.solarnavigator.net /geography/united_states_of_america_usa.htm (6769 words)

	[No title]
		Indigenous peoples have the right to be free and equal to all other human beings and peoples in dignity and rights, and to be free from adverse discrimination of any kind based on their indigenous identity.
		Indigenous peoples have the right to have the dignity and diversity of their cultures, histories, traditions and aspirations reflected in all forms of education and public information, with respect for their right to privacy.
		States shall take special measures to this end, which shall be planned and implemented with the participation and consent of the indigenous peoples concerned, and reflect their own priorities.
	www.cwis.org /fwdp/International/ioird.txt (2264 words)

	United Nations re: Westwen Shoshone
		The UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues is an advisory body to the Economic and Social Council, with a mandate to discuss indigenous issues related to economic and social development, culture, the environment, education, health and human rights.
		States need to pause and reflect very carefully indeed on the very obvious shortcomings in the current text before any action on it could be legitimately contemplated in the United Nations.
		The laws and policies used against us, indigenous peoples in the “developed” world are the same out-dated and racist notions known as the “doctrine of discovery” – a colonialist concept which describes indigenous peoples as sub-human, childlike and savage.
	www.wsdp.org /un_indigenous.htm (2120 words)

	Press kit: Issues - Racism against Indigenous peoples - World Conference Against Racism
		Among African peoples, there are clearly groups of peoples who have always lived where they are, who have struggled to maintain their culture, their language and their way of life, and who suffer problems similar to those of indigenous peoples everywhere, particularly when forcibly separated from their lands.
		The Imazighen (Berbers) are the indigenous peoples of northern Africa and the Sahel.
		In Australia, Canada and the United States, one practice which has only been recognized as discriminatory and damaging in the second half of the 20th century is the forced removal of Native/Aboriginal children from their homes.
	www.un.org /WCAR/e-kit/indigenous.htm (2677 words)

	Indigenous Peoples Declaration Against of United States Invasion of Iraq
		The representatives of the Indigenous Peoples of the Americas strongly request that all those responsible for these criminal acts be brought to the International War Crimes Court and be condemned internationally.
		We urge the United Nations to call for an emergency meeting of the Security Council to condemn the United States government, and its allies decision to go to war and we call for an immediate cease fire, while re-establishing diplomacy to end this conflict.
		As indigenous peoples, we have suffered genocide throughout our history and for that reason we want to congratulate all those states that chose the option of peace and respect for human life.
	www.freepeltier.org /indigenous_declaration.htm (471 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Indigenous nations permitted the small and helpless states to organize governments and even to increase their populations by allowing increased entry of political and economic refugees from other nations and states in Europe.
		The timber, oil, coal, uranium, water, and land belonging to the indigenous nations are being used by the United States to benefit that country's goals and aspirations, while the invented tribal government system is being used against indigenous peoples to deny them the sole use of their own property.
		The objective of each state is the same: elimination of the indigenous population as a distinct nation and the exploitation of indigenous people, lands, and resources for the benefit of the state.
	www.cwis.org /fwdp/International/greatlie.txt (3428 words)

	Position on Indigenous Peoples
		More specifically, however, the United States has historically understood this term, as enunciated in the United Nations charter and common articles 1(1) of the covenants, to mean the rights of all "peoples" to choose their political status, including the right to choose independence, among other possibilities; and to exercise permanent sovereignty over natural resources.
		In particular, the United States supports final declarations stating that indigenous peoples have a right of internal self-determination, and defining that right as one exercised within the frame work of the existing state and involving internal control over local affairs.
		Accordingly, it is not necessary to qualify the term "peoples" in these declarations with an express caveat in the text stating that it does not imply a right to independence or permanent sovereignty over natural resources as set forth in Article 1(1) of the covenants.
	www1.umn.edu /humanrts/usdocs/indigenousdoc.html (1177 words)

	cai-li.org The Native Americans
		Indigenous peoples in the United States, natives of the United States and its territories
		Indigenous peoples in the United States are distinct groups of peoples who are indigenous to what are now states or territories of the United States of America.
		Indigenous groups not normally called by these terms include Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians, and the various Pacific Islander ethnic groups who are indigenous to some insular areas of the United States; the latter includes the Chamorros of Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands, among others.
	www.cai-li.org (580 words)

	Indigenous Peoples Law & Policy Program - Advocacy & Clinical Projects Main Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Indigenous Peoples Law and Policy (IPLP) Program at the University of Arizona Rogers College of Law is pioneering a model of applied research and advocacy that contributes to legal and policy reforms at both the domestic and international levels and that harnesses those reforms to address particular problems faced by indigenous peoples.
		The decision to directly assist indigenous peoples with their claims developed from a longstanding specialty in federal Indian law and the advocacy of Native American tribal interests.
		Indigenous communities from throughout the United States and other parts of the world have sought out this program for assistance in the defense of their interests.
	www.law.arizona.edu /depts/iplp/advocacy_clinical/default.htm (491 words)

	InterContinental Cry / UNHRC Questions United States on Treatment of Indigenous Peoples (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		July 19, 2006: A United Nations Committee of Human Rights Experts today ended their questioning of representatives of the United States regarding the United States required periodic report, submitted to the UN on November 28, 2005.
		The concerns raised by IITC address the legal consequences of the United States’ continued reliance on the “Doctrine of Discovery” and conquest in its relationship with Indian Tribes and the use of the Plenary Powers doctrine that allows the United States to violate and abrogate with impunity Treaties it signed with Indian Nations.
		The IITC also questioned the notion that indigenous peoples must be “dependent” on the federal government to exercise the right of self-determination and raised the problems of Native Hawai’ians and Native Alaskans and their rights as Peoples under Article 1 the Covenant.
	intercontinentalcry.mahost.org /forum/viewtopic.php?id=205 (504 words)

	Working Group on Indigenous Populations
		The 24th session of the Working Group on Indigenous Populations took place from 31 July to 4 August 2006 in the Palais des Nations in Geneva.
		The main theme was: “Utilization of indigenous peoples' lands by non-indigenous authorities, groups or individuals for military purposes”.
		Governments, Indigenous Peoples and NGOs are invited to submit any contributions concerning best practices to govern the implementation of the principle of free, prior and informed consent of indigenous peoples in relation to developments affecting their lands and natural resources.
	www.ohchr.org /english/issues/indigenous/groups/groups-01.htm (252 words)

	NativeWeb
		The bushmen are the oldest people in Sub-Saharan Africa.
		The Native American Studies Program at the University of Oklahoma is hosting an interdisciplinary meeting in Indigenous studies May 3-5, 2007 to share research and discuss the development of an academic association for our field.
		Survival International is campaigning to end the portrayal of tribal people in the press as 'primitive' and 'Stone Age'.
	www.nativeweb.org (840 words)

	Native Americans in the United States - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Native Americans are the indigenous peoples within the territory that is now encompassed by the continental United States, including parts of Alaska down to their descendants in modern times.
		According to 2003 United States Census Bureau estimates, a little over one third of the 2,786,652 Native Americans in the United States live in three states: California at 413,382, Arizona at 294,137 and Oklahoma at 279,559.
		People from India (and their descendants) who are citizens of the United States are known as Indian Americans.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_the_United_States (6516 words)

	Letter to Indigenous Leadership in U.S. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Indian peoples, for the Mexican government and the great Power which sustains it, are nothing more than objects for tourism, producers of arts and crafts, an uncomfortable nuisance for neo-liberal modernization.
		But our indigenous communities want a life with dignity and justice, a life where they can continue to be indigenous without it signifying misery and death, a life with respect.
		We ask you, great leaders of the Indian peoples of North America, to intervene before the powerful who governs the United States of America and to tell him to stop his support for the war against our people and the persecution of our ideals.
	flag.blackened.net /revolt/mexico/ezln/1997/marcos_indig_led_mar.html (741 words)

	Indigenous Peoples
		The main objective is the strengthening of international cooperation for the solution of problems faced by indigenous people in such areas as human rights, the environment, education and health.
		In 2001, a Special Rapporteur on the situation of the human rights and fundamental freedoms of indigenous people was appointed in order to gather and receive information and communications from all relevant sources, including Governments, indigenous people themselves and their communities and organizations, on violations of their human rights and fundamental freedoms.
		The United Nations, its partners and indigenous peoples have developed a programme of work that sets standards in regards to indigenous peoples and their rights.
	www.ohchr.org /english/issues/indigenous/index.htm (302 words)

	Representative Neil Abercrombie, Hawaii 1st Congressional District
		P.L.103-150, the Apology Resolution, extended an apology on behalf of the United States to the Native people of Hawaii for the United States’ role in the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii.
		The State of Hawaii has recognized, acknowledged and acted upon the need to preserve the culture, tradition, language and heritage of Hawaii’s indigenous peoples.
		Unfortunately, the history of Hawaii’s relationship to the United States has not provided the appropriate structure for a government-to-government relationship between Hawaii’s indigenous native peoples and the United States.
	www.house.gov /abercrombie/news/hawn.legis01a.htm (581 words)

	RESPONSE TO THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA'S FIRST PERIODIC REPORT , DATED SEPTEMBER 30, 2000, TO THE UNITED NATIONS ...
		Although the Report recognizes the presence of Indigenous Peoples and the fact of racial discrimination directed against them, no connection is made between racial discrimination inspired if not implemented by US policy and law, and the rights of Native Americans that are diminished or annulled by such policies or laws.
		Indigenous Peoples in the United States have survived much repression, and in spite of that repression continue to be Indigenous.
		As all Indigenous Peoples in all parts of the world, Indigenous Peoples in the United States only seek to be who they are, to follow their traditions, to pray in their traditional way, to belong to themselves.
	www.treatycouncil.org /section_211415.htm (8675 words)

	Indigenous Peoples Detail Efforts to Protect Sacred Sites in U.S. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The University of Arizona, the Max Planck Institute in Germany and the Vatican are in the process of building a series of giant telescopes on Mt. Graham that would destroy a quarter of the mountain's forest.
		One source of ongoing conflict between Indigenous Peoples and the federal government is that the federal Native American Cultural Protection and Free Exercise of Religion Act of 1994 does not contain protection of sacred sites.
		Many of our elders have stated that, if we lose the land, we will physically cease to be as a people.
	www.ncccusa.org /news/news62.html (551 words)

	Santa Clara University - Ethnic Studies - Academic Program - Course Descriptions
		ETHN 120 - Mexican Immigration to the United States
		Examination of the process of Mexican immigration to the Unites States since 1910 with a focus on the role of Mexican immigrant labor in California agribusiness.
		An analysis of reasons for Mexican immigration and the responses of the United States to such immigration.
	www.scu.edu /ethnicstudies/academicprogram/coursedescr.cfm (1431 words)

	Native American Indian Studies - A Note on Names
		It may not be surprising to find that the deepest real names are often a word for "people" or for the homeland or for some differentiating characteristic of the people as seen through their own eyes.
		It is a component of "Indigenous Peoples Studies." By using this terminology, we aim for a critical awareness of nationhood and homelands, of Indigenous self-determination.
		It is sometimes noted how far advanced Indigenous Peoples in Latin and South America and Canada are in thinking about their nationhood, as compared to Native Peoples inside the United States.
	www.umass.edu /legal/derrico/name.html (1325 words)

	Indian, American Indian, and Native Americans: Counterfeit Identities, Dr. Michael Yellow Bird
		Colonialism refers to when an alien people invade the territory inhabited by people of a different race and culture and establish political, social, spiritual, intellectual, and economic domination over that territory.
		However, I believe they are empowering "generalized" descriptors because they accurately describe the political, cultural, and geographical identities, and struggles of all aboriginal peoples in the United States.
		For example, Indigenous Peoples in the United States are not from India and, therefore, not Indians.
	aistm.org /yellowbirdessay.htm (886 words)

	Leonard Peltier's message regarding the hunger strike by Indigenous Peoples' Delegation to the United Nations-Geneva ...
		Indigenous Peoples of the United States are no strangers to
		Indigenous leaders say that BP oil field shutdown is a wake up call to the Industry, US and World, Urgent Press Release August 8, 2006
		United Nations Expert Seminar on Treaties, Agreements and other Constructive Arrangements between States and Indigenous Peoples, ALBERTA CANADA, 14 - 17 November, 2006- IITC Expert Paper on Free, Prior Informed Consent, Treaty Rights and the UN Declaration for the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (PDF 58K)
	www.treatycouncil.org /section_21121111.htm (1348 words)

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