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Topic: Indigo dye

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Indigo plant

Dye

Indigo

Tyrian purple

Adolf von Baeyer

Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer

Aniline

Denim

Indole

Weft

Ascorbic acid

Nitrobenzene

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Chemical synthesis

Clangula

	Process for inhibiting crust formation in reduced dye baths - Patent 4285695
		In a process for reducing indigo dye in an aqueous dye bath solution with a sodium hydrosulfite composition, the improvement characterized by employing as the sodium hydrosulfite composition the composition of claim 7.
		Indigo dye is commonly reduced in aqueous solution with a reducing agent such as an aqueous solution of sodium hydrosulfite.
		The effective amount of anionic surfactant may be added individually to the indigo dye bath as it is being prepared, or, preferably, the surfactant is pre-mixed in an effective proportion with the sodium hydrosulfite reducing solution prior to dye bath preparation and it then is added as a unitary sodium hydrosulfite composition.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4285695.html (2327 words)

	Indigo dye definition for the clothing and textile
		Indigo is among the oldest dyes to be used for textile dyeing and printing.
		Indigo is a challenging dye to use because it is not soluble in water; to be dissolved, it must undergo a chemical change.
		Indigo is a dark blue crystalline powder that melts at 390°—392°C. It is insoluble in water, alcohol, or ether but soluble in chloroform, nitrobenzene, or concentrated sulfuric acid.
	www.apparelsearch.com /Definitions/Dye/indigo_dye_definition.htm (1417 words)

	Indigo: How Products are Made
		Indigo, or indigotin, is a dyestuff originally extracted from the varieties of the indigo and woad plants.
		The second is when the dye is applied to the yarn, and the third is when the dye is eluted into the wash water during the initial stonewashing or wet processing of the fabric.
		Indigo dye may be one of the first high-volume chemicals made through a biological route.
	science.enotes.com /how-products-encyclopedia/indigo (1730 words)

	Indigo Dye
		Indigo is a frequency range of visible light, from 440 to 420 nanometers in wavelength, placing it between blue and violet.
		Indigo is a challenging dye to use because it is not soluble in water; to be dissolved, it must undergo a chemical change.
		A preindustrial process for dyeing with indigo, used in Europe, was to dissolve the indigo in stale urine.
	www.greatvistachemicals.com /dyes_and_pigments/indigo_dye.html (680 words)

	The Effects of Alkaline Substitutions on the Indigo Dyeing Process
		Dyes have been utilized in both Eastern and Western societies since pre-Christian times, and have a rich and vibrant history not only in the Old World, but in the New World as well.
		Indigo, a blue vat dye so-called because it is applied in a special dyebath called a vat and does not require a mordant- was America's most important dyestuff during the 18th and 19th centuries.
		Indigo is insoluble in water before dyeing, but it is made soluble in the blue vat.
	www.sewanee.edu /Chem/Chem&Art/Detail_Pages/Projects_2000/Leopold/Leopold.html (869 words)

	Early Use of Natural Dyes in Textiles
		Indigo began to be grown in England, and Cudbear, a natural dye prepared from a variety of lichens, is patented.
		One example of a natural dye obtained from plants is madder, which is obtained from the roots of the madder plant.
		Ocher is a dye obtained from an impure earthy ore of iron or a ferruginous clay, usually red (hematite) or yellow (limonite).
	www.quilthistory.com /dye.htm (1386 words)

	Indigo
		In 1598 indigo was prohibited in France and parts of Germany, and dyers had to swear, often on the pain of death, that they would not use that dye.
		The indigo plant was known to early Guatemalan colonialists by the Nahuatl word xiquilite, and the dye was known to contemporaries as “Guatemalan Indigo.”
		Indigo plantations did not require much labor except during July, August and September when the plants were cut, fermented and the dye was extracted.
	www.bell.lib.umn.edu /Products/Indigo.html (1236 words)

	Indigo Lab (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Dyes such as Tyrian purple and alizarine have long been used but the oldest known dye of all is indigo, which was used by the ancient Egyptians.
		In the vat dying process, the dye is applied to the fabric in a vat in soluble form and is subsequently allowed to undergo chemical reaction in an insoluble form.
		Indigo is applied in the reduced and soluble form which on exposure to air is reoxidized to the insoluble blue dye.
	cas.bellarmine.edu /chem117a/lab/indigo.htm (598 words)

	::Indigo::Denise Clausen Quilts, Calligraphy, & Graphic Arts
		Indigo is a unique, colorfast dye, universally used to dye and pattern fabrics from several centuries BC to the present.
		To begin the dye process, cakes of indigo dyestuff must be ground and mixed with an alkaline solution, which turns a deep yellowish green.
		Indigo continued its popular appeal and was used in the "dark cotton quilts" that are typical of the turn of the century.
	www.oregoncoast.com /denisedesigns/indigo.htm (2412 words)

	INDIGO (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Prior to the development of synthetic aniline and indigo dyes, the indigo species were grown commercially in the East Indies, India, and parts of North, South, and Central America for export and domestic use.
		Indigo is generally grown as a perennial shrub, although in Morocco it grows as a biennial herbaceous plant (13.1-76).
		The indigo dye is a derivative of indican, a natural constituent of several of the Indigofera species (14.1-19).
	www.hort.purdue.edu /newcrop/med-aro/factsheets/INDIGO.html (498 words)

	Indigo
		Indigo is the color of light between 440 to 420 nanometers in wavelength, placing it between blue and violet.
		Indigo is among the oldest dyes to be used for textile dyeing and printing.
		Indigo remained a rare commodity in Europe throughout the Middle Ages; woad, a dye derived from a related plant species, was used instead.
	facweb.cs.depaul.edu /sgrais/indigo.htm (1401 words)

	Marx Ziegler's Little Dye Book, 1677
		Dye the yarn with this until it is yellow enough.
		Dye with it until the yarn is blue enough.
		Soak the indigo in "Weinstein" in the indigo grinding kettle.
	www.elizabethancostume.net /dyes/zieglerdyebook.html (2009 words)

	Mekong Mart. Indigo dye, Nong Khai Projects, Nong Khai, Thailand, on the Mekong River.
		Indigo plant is suitable to grow in areas not subject to flooding, for example, in the back yard of the house or the area around the shelter where cows and buffaloes are kept.
		To obtain a good amount of the paste from the rotten indigo leaves, it is advisable that they are cut early in the morning when the leaves are still wet from the dew drops in order to keep the leaves fresh before soaking in the jar.
		The dyers feed their dye pots with various acidic or alkaline scraps such as wrinkle lime, pineapple peels or small amounts of finely crushed sugar cane to correct the pH level of the solution in the pot.
	www.mekongmart.com /Directory/D3Indigo.htm (1238 words)

	Mali from Timbuktu to Washington >> Textiles >> Indigo
		Indigo is the most versatile of all the natural dyes.
		Indigo dye takes to every kind of fiber and lasts for decades, even centuries.
		If the blue dye comes off easily, it is a sign that the dyer has fully saturated the cloth through multiple immersions in the dye vat.
	www.folklife.si.edu /resources/Festival2003/mali_indigo.htm (255 words)

	Consortium on Competitiveness for the Apparel, Carpet, and Textile Industries
		The process uses a polyvalent metal salt such as ferric chloride to coagulate indigo particles and concentrate the indigo to around 10 g/L, a concentration sufficient for recycle of indigo to the dye applicator boxes in the indigo dye range.
		The indigo recovery process described herein was discovered during the latter stages of an earlier CCACTI project, “Chemical Conservation in Denim Manufacturing.” Using the new method, indigo was recovered from wash water obtained from an indigo dye range at Avondale Mills.
		The process uses precipitation by a polyvalent metal salt such as ferric chloride to coagulate indigo particles and concentrate the indigo to around 10 g/L, a concentration sufficient for recycle of indigo to the dye applicator boxes in the indigo dye range.
	www.fcs.uga.edu /tmi/ccacti/recovery_recycle_indigo_denim_mfg.html (1690 words)

	Woad and indigo
		Indigo (Indigofera means "indigo-bearing") is a subtropical shrub 1 to 2 meters tall that possesses the woad pigment in the leaves.
		Indigo is not a preferred fabric pigment in modern societies--it does bleed and fade with age, although the faded look is now one of its pleasing qualities.
		Indigo is a dye that can color cotton from a cold dyebath and still give fairly good color fastness.
	www.botgard.ucla.edu /html/botanytextbooks/economicbotany/Isatis (927 words)

	Mehandi.com shop - Recreate woading, the ancient Celtic body art with Crystal Indigo
		Indigo is made from indigo plant, but has not been purified, and is alkaline like strong soap or wood ash.
		Indigo is intended for the educational and experimental study of history and feasibility of traditional indigo body arts from
		Indigo is a natural dye, and is not an Azo dye nor a coal tar derivative.
	www.mehandi.com /shop/skinindigo (459 words)

	problems with direct application of indigo dye
		If indigo is applied when it is in the fully oxidized blue form, it will not be able to get inside the fiber and will rub off (in a process called crocking) when dry, and will also wash out.
		acid dye and cannot attach to cotton, but it can probably be used quite well to dye wool or silk; it will be necessary to steam wool or silk that has been painted with indigotine, in order to fix the mostly hydrogen bonds that hold the acid dye to the fabric.
		This dye, thickened with alginate or another dye thickener, is applied to fabric that has been pre-treated with soda ash.
	www.pburch.net /dyeing/dyelog/B1063361308/C1845207367/E20061110154858/index.html (608 words)

	Chinese Brocade - Noble Floral
		It is among the oldest dyes to be used for textile dyeing and printing.
		Indigo does not strongly bond to fiber, therefore wear and repeated washing slowly remove the dye.
		Some of the dye will be released in the water during washing, or simply rub off when touched or in contact with other surfaces.
	www.pearlriver.com /v2/frame_CB_indigodye.html (193 words)

	How to use Indigo Dye
		Indigo belongs to a class of dyes called vat dyes, which are among the oldest natural coloring substances used for textiles.
		The dye vat is prepared in two steps: The stock solution and the dye vat.
		While Indigo and the chemicals used are comparatively safe and non-toxic, it is best to treat them all with caution.
	www.prochemical.com /directions/Indigo.htm (1706 words)

	Traditional Dyes - Guinea: International Development Research Centre
		With the help of experts from a Montreal-based textile company, le Centredes technologies textiles du Canada, the project team was able to develop a method of producing local indigo dyes, train local people in alternative dying techniques, and add to the cooperatives' design ideas.
		An extraction method was developed to produce indigo dye locally at a lower price than the imported dyes.
		In order to extract the indigo, small pails with a faucet and screen 2 cm from the bottom are used.
	www.idrc.ca /en/ev-3181-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html (770 words)

	Indigo Dye Kit
		Indigo is the dye in blue jeans and has been used to make designer fabrics for over 4000 years.
		Dyeing with indigo is an intriguing chemical process that almost appears magical as the cloth changes from light green to intense blue.
		In the past, indigo dye-masters required years of experience and knowledge of mysterious natural products and their complicated reactions.
	www.universeofscience.com /indigo.html (149 words)

	Indigo a dye that never fades : Lens on Japan : Columns : DAILY YOMIURI ONLINE (The Daily Yomiuri)
		Indigo leaves have long been used for processing into a dye because the shades they create do not fade over time.
		The 20 dye pots sunk into the floor of the family workshop have been continuously in use since the workshop was built 135 years ago.
		Indigo dye can be used for a variety of purposes, and Mori has dyed wallpaper and fusuma sliding doors for use in the Katsura Detached Palace in Kyoto, an Imperial villa first built in the mid-19th century, and later rebuilt.
	www.yomiuri.co.jp /dy/columns/0005/lens163.htm (444 words)

	PLANT CULTURES - Indigo crafts
		Another method of creating patterns using indigo dye is to dye fabric all over with indigo first and then remove dye from some areas by printing with bleach.
		Indigo cannot be used for block printing, where the dye is painted onto patterned blocks and pressed onto the fabric.
		This is because to work properly the dye needs to oxidise from indigo white to indigo blue on the fabric, not on the blocks which are exposed to the air.
	www.plantcultures.org.uk /plants/indigo_crafts.html (341 words)

	Indigo Summary
		The synthetic indigo dye is used for dyeing and printing cotton and rayon and as a pigment in paints, lacquers, and printing inks.
		Indigo is the color of blue between 440 to 420 nanometres in wavelength, placing it between blue and violet.
		Indigo is neither an additive primary color nor a subtractive primary color.
	www.bookrags.com /Indigo (575 words)

	The colourful history of Indigo Blue (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The indigo plant is a leguminous plant that is used as an inter-crop.
		Evidence for the use of Indigo in India before the medieval age is based on the writings of a trader in Egypt in the first century A D. India was then the pivot of trade both Westwards and Eastwards.
		Indigo has outlasted the travails of history because it is one of the most "colourfast" natural dyes.
	www.chennaionline.com /artscene/craftpalace/history/indigo.asp (841 words)

	Slavery in America
		Indigo cultivation involved manual labor, although the fieldwork was not as intense as for sugar or rice.
		Indigo dye is not water soluble (the reason why it separates in the second vat) so when ready to be used for dying it was dissolved in stale urine, tannic acid, or wood-ash.
		Indigo entered the American Revolution as the dye for the blue coats, which became the uniform of the Continental Army (in contrast to the "red-coats" of the British regular army.) When U.S. paper currency (continentals) proved worthless, cubes of indigo dye were used in place of money.
	www.slaveryinamerica.org /history/hs_es_indigo.htm (5193 words)

	AikiWeb Aikido Information: Miscellaneous: Setting Indigo
		The advice to set the dye with vinegar or salt is commonly heard and seems to make sense from the standpoint that indigo is mildly soluble in a reducing solution, insoluble in an oxidized state.
		Possibly the tradition of "vinegar to set the dye" is a holdover from dying wool, a final rinse that would be better for the wool than leaving it with any amount of alkaline soap residue.
		To dye with indigo in these modern times, you mix up a potfull of thiourea dioxide or sodium hydrosulfite and water and add indigo (natural or synthetic -- they both have the same chemical formula).
	www.aikiweb.com /misc/shifflett3.html (1085 words)

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