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Topic: Indirect Potable Use

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	Indirect potable use - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Indirect potable use is a method in which a source of water is indirectly used as drinking water.
		However, it may be pumped into reservoirs or aquifers, where it will mix with water from other sources, such as rain.
		This indirect potable use of reclaimed water may also be referred to as groundwater recharging or reservoir augmentation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Indirect_potable_use (122 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The need to reconvene the California Potable Reuse Committee established by DWR in 1993 or to convene a successor committee to update the committee’s finding that planned indirect potable reuse of recycled water by augmentation of surface water supplies would not adversely affect drinking water quality if certain conditions were met.
		Use of recycled water is motivated with a particular objective in mind and is often evaluated as one of several alternatives before determining that recycled water use is the most cost-effective means of meeting one or more objectives.
		Most indirect reuse is unplanned, that is, there was no prearranged agreement or intention that the producer of the treated wastewater would maintain control of the effluent after discharge so that it would be reused downstream.
	www.lakemerced.org /recycling/FinalReportDraft042903Master.doc (18428 words)

	INDIRECT POTABLE REUSE
		The use of ultrafiltration and microfiltration as pretreatment for reverse osmosis is the industry standard for indirect potable reuse.
		Indirect Potable Reuse and Aquifer Injection of Reclaimed Water, Beverly, Sharon D., William J. Conlon, and David F. MacIntyre, AWWA Water Sources Conference Proceedings 2002.
		The plant treats municipal wastewater for irrigation use in the summer, and for potable water storage in the aquifer during the winter.
	www.cottonwoodwater.org /indirect_potable_reuse.htm (3075 words)

	AwwaRF Featured Topics - Key findings
		A: Water reuse refers to the use of treated municipal wastewater as a source of supply for nonpotable uses ("nonpotable reuse") or as a supplement to a community's drinking water supply through blending with raw water sources ("indirect potable reuse").
		Nonpotable and indirect potable reuse applications can supplement a water utility's source water resources by using advanced processes to treat municipal and industrial wastewater, storm water, and agricultural drainage to create a high-quality water for a variety of uses.
		Indirect potable reuse applications may involve purposely discharging reclaimed water into either groundwater (e.g., through soil aquifer treatment) or surface water that ultimately supplies a public drinking water system.
	www.awwarf.org /research/TopicsAndProjects/keyFindings.aspx?id=107 (512 words)

	Water Reuse
		Also, WEF supports the consideration and use of highly treated reclaimed water for indirect potable reuse and encourages public involvement in all aspects of water reuse projects.
		Indirect potable reuse is the introduction of highly treated reclaimed water to a surface water or groundwater system that ultimately is used as a potable water supply.
		The viability of reclaimed water for indirect potable reuse should be assessed with regard to quantity and reliability of raw water supplies, the quality of reclaimed water, and cost effectiveness.
	www.wef.org /GovernmentAffairs/PolicyPositionStatements/Water_Reuse.htm (333 words)

	Military Definitions
		In evasion and recovery operations, the use of verbal or visual communication by individuals who are unknown to one another to establish their authenticity, sincerity, honesty, and truthfulness.
		A cartographic technique used when it is required to extend a portion of the cartographic detail of a map or chart beyond the sheetlines into the margin.
		Used to indicate that a clandestine operator has been exposed to the operation (especially in a surveillance) or that reliability as a source of information has been compromised.
	www.fas.org /news/reference/lexicon/deb.htm (9170 words)

	.: Print Version :.
		In 2003, a Water Demand and Supply Report was prepared by Tetra Tech Inc. This report included the evaluation of all known alternatives for the beneficial use of the district's treated wastewater such as: exchange treated wastewater for potable water, recycled water phase I, recycled water phase II and indirect potable reuse.
		Indirect Potable Reuse (IPR) is another water management program being considered by LACSD as a measure to provide water to its consumers.
		In January of 2003, LACSD requested an amendment to this regulation to allow for the use of recycled water for outdoor irrigation and in April of 2004 this request was approved.
	www.crestlinecourier-news.com /articles/2004/10/11/news/news2.prt (1640 words)

	International Humanitarian Law Issues In A Potential War In I raq (Human Rights Watch Briefing Paper, February 20, 2003)
		These include the use of human shields, the use of weapons of mass destruction, concerns about urban combat, attacks on civilian morale, attacks on dual-use facilities, targeting decisions (target identification and proportionality), the use of certain conventional weapons, the duties of an occupying power, and transparency in the conduct of military operations.
		The use of civilians, including a state’s own citizens, as human shields to protect military objectives from attack is a violation of international humanitarian law amounting to a war crime.
		This duty requires the United States and its allies to use their own personnel to secure public order as they advance through the country and be prepared to mobilize and adequately train local military, and eventually police, personnel for such responsibilities.
	www.hrw.org /backgrounder/arms/iraq0202003.htm (7301 words)

	James Crook Seminar
		Historically, reclaimed water was first used for agricultural applications that do not require high quality water, e.g., pasture irrigation or nonfood crop irrigation, and were often perceived as a method of wastewater disposal.
		In the last 30 years, there has been a dramatic increase in both the types of reclaimed water applications and quantities of water used, and the trend has shifted toward higher level uses such as urban irrigation, toilet and urinal flushing, commercial and industrial uses, and indirect potable reuse.
		The assessment of health risks associated with indirect potable reuse must consider both microbiological and chemical contaminants and is less definitive due to limited chemical and toxicological data and inherent limitations in available toxicological and epidemiological methods.
	www.engin.umich.edu /soc/GrEENPEAS/past_seminar/abst/abst_crook.html (457 words)

	Kennedy/Jenks Consultants - Water Services - Cutting-Edge Water Supply Research (Santa Clara County, CA) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The District also wants to consider other promising uses such as stream flow augmentation, which is another indirect potable use application.
		If recycled water is used to supplement fish habitat, they want to be sure that water percolating into the ground through the stream bed will not cause environmental impacts.
		In the future, if indirect potable reuse gains greater public acceptance and the technology improves, that may be a more effective way to use recycled water.
	www.kennedyjenks.com /Services/Water/pdSCVWDstudy.asp (991 words)

	Project Descriptions-NCSWS
		Direct potable reuse, where recycled wastewater is piped directly into the potable water system, is not currently practiced in the U.S. Although several projects are in the planning stages, their ultimate success will be based on overcoming political obstacles and a lack of public acceptance.
		Indirect potable reuse is the discharge of recycled water into a surface water or the infiltration into the subsurface to augment in part a drinking water supply source.
		A recent report released by the National Research Council (1998) concluded that planned, indirect potable reuse was only viable when there is a complete project-specific assessment, where there are multiple barriers and monitoring, and when the use is an option of last resort.
	www.eas.asu.edu /~civil/ncsws/projects.html (1513 words)

	Department of Environment and Heritage. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		It is our understanding that th epotable reuse option was rejected and that indirect potable reuse was adopted.
		However, as you would be aware, the proposed implementation od indirect potable reuse of treated sewage effluent is contingent upon community acceptance including a referendum planned for the future.
		It is also contingent on extensive futuring monitoring and technical assessment including years of testing using a piolet plant and gathering data from research being undertaken around Australia and overseas.
	www.rag.org.au /sewage/21sept98.htm (234 words)

	Energy Citations Database (ECD) - Energy and Energy-Related Bibliographic Citations
		The report concluded that indirect potable reuse of reclaimed water (i.e., using reclaimed water to augment a potable water source before treatment) is viable and that direct potable reuse (i.e., introducing reclaimed water directly into a water distribution system) is not viable.
		Thus, each indirect potable reuse project should be implemented only after a thorough, project-specific assessment of health concerns and measures to mitigate them.
		Finally, potable reuse should only be considered in communities in which other efforts -- water conservation, development of new water sources, and nonpotable reuse -- cannot cost-effectively meet the communities` needs.
	www.osti.gov /energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=684506 (321 words)

	AwwaRF
		In order to recycle 100 percent of wastewater, indirect potable applications are necessary.
		Indirect potable reuse requires public acceptance, which will be forthcoming only when the public is convinced recycled water is safe.
		This project will develop a better understanding of public concern and potential opposition to indirect potable reuse and provide tools utilities can use to improve the planning and implementation of reuse projects.
	www.awwarf.org /research/TopicsAndProjects/abstract.aspx?pn=2919 (224 words)

	Using Indirect Potable Reuse to Provide New Water Supplies in Resource-Limited Regions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		One such alternative, is indirect potable reuse (IPR), defined as the recovery of water from wastewater for its purposeful reintroduction into either a surface water or groundwater body that ultimately serves as a drinking water supply.
		This paper will describe the reasons for the growing importance of indirect potable reuse in water resource planning.
		The history of IPR will be briefly summarized and milestone projects that have paved the way for IPR’s increasing acceptance as an alternative source of potable water by the water supply community and public will be documented.
	www.pubs.asce.org /WWWdisplay.cgi?9903327 (308 words)

	GWRI (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Three types of water reuse were considered, including direct potable reuse, indirect potable reuse, and non-potable reuse.
		The estimated amount of potable water that could be augmented with indirect potable reuse applications ranges from 40 to 120 MGD, or between 4 and 12 percent of the projected 2030 annual average day (AAD) demand.
		Due to stringent nutrient limits, the cost-effectiveness of indirect potable reuse decreases significantly as the discharge quantity of reclaimed water exceeds 120 MGD into a lake or reservoir.
	ce.gatech.edu /research/gwri/EntryDetail/EntryID=20050036&ContentURL= (203 words)

	Programa 2
		The purpose is to prevent the contamination of receiving waters, groundwater and drinking water by planned and unplanned indirect potable water reuse of treated urban wastewater.
		On the other hand, the common technologies used in urban wastewater treatment plants have not been specifically designed to remove these susbtances, and they can be found in the final effluent discharged by these plants.
		There are not many adequate systems for controlling the right operation of these plants since either they use to be developed for concrete application and are not for general use or they require too complex monitoring system or high levels of expertise with non-assumable costs.
	www.usc.es /biogrup/proying2.htm (3231 words)

	USQ ePrints - Reclaimed wastewater as a resource for sustainable water management
		Tertiary treated wastewater and sometimes untreated industrial and agricultural wastes are returned to the water body from where downstream utilities withdraw water for potable uses.
		Planned indirect potable reuse aims to remove these contaminants present in the tertiary treated effluent using advanced treatment technologies with multiple barriers before discharging them into the water bodies to augment the drinking water supply downstream or of their own.
		This paper reviews some indirect potable reuses practiced in the world, the treatment methodologies adopted and discusses how stakeholders can contribute for continued sustainable supply of these water resources.
	eprints.usq.edu.au /archive/00000730 (433 words)

	☞ water - Water Pipe
		T his ancient water pipe has been used for centuries to smoke away the day's stress, while...
		T his ancient water pipe has been used for centuries...
		water pipe and tubing is used for water service (meter to house), water well...
	www.water101.info /water-pipe (482 words)

	Water Supply 1:5-6 (2001) 303-313 - J. Lozier and A. Fernandez - Using a membrane bioreactor/reverse osmosis system for ...
		Using a membrane bioreactor/reverse osmosis system for indirect potable reuse
		Previous testing by the City (Phase 1) demonstrated the applicability and cost of microfiltration (Memcor and ZeeWeed systems) to enhance the quality of secondary effluent for subsequent treatment by RO and the feasibility of a membrane bioreactor system (ZenoGem) to produce RO feedwater directly from minimally processed sewage.
		Results show the ZenoGem process to be reliable, require minimal operator attention and maintenance, produce an effluent that can be processed by RO with little fouling and that easily exceeds the City's current effluent discharge requirements relative to BOD, TSS and ammonia.
	www.iwaponline.com /ws/00105/ws001050303.htm (326 words)

	NWC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The key element of this project is to implement planned indirect potable reuse of recycled water for the first time in Australia through an advanced water treatment process.
		The recycled water will augment potable water supplies in Cooby Dam and by-product from the treatment process will be used for industrial purposes.
		All necessary Queensland Government approvals including health and safety approvals, including the development of a health regulatory regime for indirect potable water reuse are required to be developed to cover this and any future indirect potable reuse proposals in Queensland.
	www.nwc.gov.au /publications/project_info_QLD.cfm (531 words)

	PE.com \| Inland Southern California \| Inland News
		Ted Heyck, a critic who was elected to the utility's board in November, said indirect potable reuse is unproven and raises myriad health concerns.
		Indirect potable reuse treats wastewater to meet a higher standard than reclaimed water used for irrigation, according to the American Water Works Association, the nation's largest organization of water-supply professionals.
		The technology is used in rivers across the country, including the Santa Ana, but the utility's report noted using lakes to store the water is more rare.
	pe.com /localnews/inland/stories/PE_News_Local_D_water19.1d912051.html (1624 words)

	Untitled Document
		Such standards generally are used when the science cannot provide sufficient data for the explicit definition of a standard.
		Susceptibility is used in this document to denote the degree of ease by which a person or a population is affected by a given phenomenon; susceptibility and vulnerability
		Water (potable) — potable water is the provision of adequate supplies of water suitable for drinking and for the preparation of food.
	pdm.medicine.wisc.edu /vocab%20new.htm (6032 words)

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