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Topic: Indirect aggression

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	Indirect Aggression
		However, males and females display indirect aggression in different ways, with a male preference for what we have referred to as rational-appearing aggression, rather than social manipulation in the traditional sense...
		As Chart 12 shows, nearly 40 per cent of children in low-income families demonstrate high levels of indirect aggression, compared to 25 to 29 per cent of children in families whose incomes are $30,000 or higher.
		Such aggression is both verbal and nonverbal and includes reputation-wrecking gossip and shunning, which may lead to social “death” and, in some cultures, to real death as well.
	www.massey.ac.nz /~kbirks/gender/viol/indirect.htm (569 words)

	DEVELOPMENTAL TRENDS AND SEX DIFFERENCES
		Peaceful means had the highest correlation with social intelligence, followed by indirect aggression, while physical aggression had the lowest correlations with social intelligence and verbal aggression the second lowest, and withdrawal was in the middle.
		Maccoby and Jacklin, 1974), are not suitable for the measurement of indirect aggression.
		Since indirect aggression requires more reflection and self-control than do other forms of aggression, the question was raised whether external locus of control correlates less with this type than with physical and verbal aggression.
	www.vasa.abo.fi /svf/up/diss.htm (4819 words)

	Printer Friendly Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Indirect aggression is defined as a behavior which aims to hurt someone without the use of physical aggression.
		Results of the analysis showed that the physical aggression scores of siblings living in families of high socioeconomic status were almost as different from each other as they were from the scores of children of other families of high socioeconomic status.
		Thus, the level of physical aggression of a child from a family of high socioeconomic status is relatively independent of the family characteristics shared with his siblings, while the level of physical aggression of children becomes more and more dependent on shared family characteristics as the socioeconomic status gets lower.
	www.fedcan.ca /print.cfm?q=francais/fromold/breakfast-tremblay1297.cfm (5696 words)

	portland imc - 2004.12.04 - Female Warriors?
		Feschbach (1969) was the first to report a sex difference with respect to indirect aggression, with an operationalization reminding of the one by Lagerspetz, Bjorkqvist, and Peltonen (1988): She found girls to exclude newcomers from a group more than boys, during the first four minutes of interaction.
		Indirect aggression was measured with DIAS (The Direct and Indirect Aggression Scales; Bjorkqvist, Lagerspetz, and Osterman, 1992), while empathy and social intelligence were measured with methods developed specifically for the study in question.
		The use of indirect aggression requires a certain level of social intelligence, and its was found that indirect aggression, indeed, correlates with measures of social intelligence (Kaukiainen, Bjorkqvist, Osterman, Lagerspetz, and Niskanen, 1993).
	portland.indymedia.org /en/2004/12/305220.shtml (5009 words)

	Girls' cruelty can be deadly (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Indirect aggression among young girls includes gossip, backbiting and social isolation, which researchers say can drive victims to suicide in extreme cases.
		Researchers at a conference in Montreal this week said society may be encouraging indirect aggression among girls in the mistaken belief that such forms of conflict are a suitable alternative to fighting.
		Archer said physical aggression in males and females reaches its peak around the age of two, because toddlers are too young to articulate their displeasure verbally.
	fact.on.ca /news/news0208/rl020801.htm (591 words)

	A Cross-Cultural Investigation
		Indirect aggression implies that the target is attacked not directly, but circuitously through social manipulation, whereby the aggressor attempts to remain unidentified and thus avoid counterattack.
		Physical aggression, being a dangerous type of aggression also for the perpetrator, is likely to be replaced by verbal and indirect forms, within both sexes, when the required skills have been developed.
		It was found, in accordance with the hypothesis, that social intelligence is required for both aggression and peaceful conflict resolution, but that the presence of empathy serves as a mitigator of aggression.
	www.vasa.abo.fi /svf/up/indirect.htm (2378 words)

	Andrea Velasquez & Lara Perry
		These forms of aggression can be gossiping, avoiding, ostracizing etc. The purpose of this particular article is to “investigate more directly the reasons that teenage girls give for using indirect aggression toward peers,” (Owens et al.
		Indirect social aggression is defined by the researchers as “ a kind of social manipulation: the aggressor manipulates others to attack the victim, or, by other means, makes use of the social structure in order to harm the target person, without being personally involved in attack,” (Owens et al.
		This describes the girls’ use of indirect aggression as a symbol of their desire to be a member of a group or close friendship.
	www.drmillslmu.com /Evolpsyc/FALL2001/panel12.htm (1473 words)

	It hurts a hell of a lot (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Focus groups, pair and individual interviews were conducted with teenage girls and their key teachers to explore the effects of indirect aggression on girls.
		Some girls react to indirect aggression by retaliating against their aggressors and often conflict is resolved by girls who employ one-to-one strategies that avoid the power of the group.
		Some victims of indirect aggression are reported to bring the wrath of peers upon themselves through their actions in provoking others.
	www.caper.com.au /hurts.htm (298 words)

	in the know zone - relational aggression
		As the study of relational aggression progressed, it was discovered that girls held no patent on it. Boys practiced it as well, although at a less sophisticated and probably less destructive level. Since physical prowess largely defines the childhood and adolescent male social order, physical bullying remains the preferred form among boys.
		The female preference for relational aggression is usually attributed to society’s image of the ideal female as a non-aggressive nurturer, and the resulting social stigma that attaches to overtly aggressive behavior by women, who risk negative labels (e.g., bitch, nag or shrew). However, the origins of the preference probably lie far deeper in human evolution.
		In short, indirect aggression may be somewhat hard wired into the female human psyche, and the expectation of overtly nurturing; cooperative female behavior (and the reality of covert female aggression) may date back to our proto-human and even pre-human ancestors.
	www.intheknowzone.com /relational_aggression (583 words)

	College of Arts and Sciences, George Mason University (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The degree of involvement of the potential target of the aggression in the shaming situation was a key focus of the study.
		Indirect aggression was measured using changes in pre- and post-manipulation ratings of potential targets on a variety of ego-relevant dimensions by respondents.
		The role that the target of the aggression played in one’s shame induction had a significant effect on the expression of aggression among women.
	cas.gmu.edu /dissertation/dissertation.php?id=855&abstract=1 (447 words)

	BULLYING
		Indirect aggression in girls increases drastically at about the age of eleven years (Bjorkqvist, Lagerspetz and Kaukiainen, 1992) whereas physical aggression among boys decreases during late adolescence, to be replaced mainly by verbal, but also indirect aggression (Bjorkqvist 1994).
		The increased research in the various aggressive styles, direct and indirect, and the greater awareness of covert aggressive forms of behaviour has revealed the limitations of the pen and paper questionnaire as the preferred instrument for assessing indirect aggression.
		Indirect bullying behaviour by its very nature is used in order to cover one’s harmful intentions from the target person.
	www.aare.edu.au /01pap/bet01229.htm (6121 words)

	ISRA - The effects of childhood aggression and exposure to media violence on adult behaviors
		Indirect aggression in girls seems to be linked to a feeling of weakness, direct aggression to a feeling of strength.
		Perceptions of direct and indirect aggression were investigated using scenarios that depicted a male or female protagonist responding to a provocation with direct and indirect forms of aggression.
		In general, indirect responses were considered to be less effective, less aggressive, and less likely than direct responses, suggesting that such responses may not fit people's representations of aggression.
	www.israsociety.com /xiii/abst9.html (381 words)

	Rattler 70
		Another type of aggression we often see children and adults using is indirect aggression.2 Indirect aggression includes verbal aggression and the manipulation of social relationships.
		However, indirect aggression can be just as harmful for children as direct aggression, especially if it goes unnoticed by adults and occurs for extended periods of time.
		Direct and indirect aggression is used with the intent to harm others, yet not all children intend to hurt others when they are aggressive.
	www.armedia.net.au /mediar/rattle70/story02.html (1769 words)

	ISRA - 14th World Meeting - Oral Presentations
		Previous research has concluded that girls indulge in indirect aggression because of the nature of their friendship groups - membership of the group and close personal relationships are vitally important to girls so indirect or social forms of aggression are particularly effective in hurting or harming peers.
		Instead, the indirect aggression "problem" is seen to reside within relationships and interactions within the whole school or community system and requires overarching systemic responses.
		Paradoxically, the group and friendship processes which are the context for girls' indirect aggression may also be a source of strength to girls in resolving their conflicts.
	www.israsociety.com /xiv/oral3.html (1399 words)

	Aggression in Adolescent girls
		Although boys and girls express aggression in similar physical ways – pushing, kicking, hitting – until they are age four, at this age, girls begin to understand expectations that society has for them and adjust their aggression accordingly.
		Since relational aggression is rooted in the conflict between a girl’s desire to be nice and her inner aggressive feelings, if girls were trained to accept conflict as natural and healthy then it might promote healthier forms of aggression rather than more destructive, indirect forms.
		In merely recognizing and raising awareness of the relational aggression that takes place amongst young women, we have taken a huge step towards helping girls and women everywhere to reconcile themselves with their experiences and understand why and how they allowed themselves to treat each other as they did and be treated as they were.
	www.unc.edu /~ecrump/researchpaper.htm (1219 words)

	Bibliography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The purpose of this study is to determine how much indirect aggression occurs in television programs popular among British adolescents.
		A content analysis of 228 hours of television programming revealed that indirect aggression was portrayed in 92.04% of all episodes analyzed.
		Indirect aggression was often found to be justified, realistic, and rewarded.
	www.sosparents.org /bibliography2.cfm?id=85 (162 words)

	Free Press : Teenagers adopt soap stars' model of verbal aggression
		Researchers concluded that children who watched scenes of non-physical, indirect aggression on television were more likely to display similar behaviour afterwards.
		She found that 92 per cent of the programmes had scenes of indirect aggression, such as characters spreading rumours, talking behind other people’s backs or betraying a friend to get on.
		Dr Coine also found that while indirect aggression was mainly portrayed by female characters on television, teenagers judged women who were aggressive far more harshly than they did men.
	www.freepress.net /news/3190 (704 words)

	'Indirect aggression' in media may influence us
		Researchers in England played a short film for students, a story featuring scenes of "indirect" or behind-the-back aggression such as secretive destruction of property and spreading of nasty rumors.
		Students who watched the video, compared with those who viewed a non-aggression control video, were more likely to perpetrate similar "indirect aggression" shortly afterward, the researchers found.
		The conclusion was based on students' responses on a subsequent questionnaire in which they were asked to evaluate one of the experimenters, ostensibly to help decide whether he would be re-hired or get a raise.
	world-science.net /exclusives/exclusives-nfrm/040816_aggressindir.htm (214 words)

	indirect bullying - 3rd bully (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Boys who bully tend to rely on physical aggression more than girl bullies who often use teasing, rumor-spreading, exclusions, and social isolation as their form of "indirect bullying." Girls also...
		Indirect bullying -- where kids are ignored or excluded -- can be just as devastating as a physical assault, say experts.
		Whether the bullying is direct or indirect, the key component of bullying is that the physical or...
	bully.baujyipu.info /dir11/indirect-bullying.html (585 words)

	Indirect aggression among teenage girls (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		This paper provides an overview of a qualitative investigation of teenage girls' indirect forms of aggression (e.g., exclusion form the group, spreading false stories).
		Key explanations for these behaviors concern a desire to create excitement and a range of friendship and group processes centered on girls' needs for close personal relationships and to be part of the peer group.
		The girls described the devastating effects of indirect aggression, particularly on girls with certain characteristics that predispose them to victimization.
	www.caper.com.au /guess.htm (172 words)

	psychology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Indirect, relational, and social aggression in the media: A content analysis of British television programs.
		Ireland, J. L., and Archer, J. The perceived consequences of responding to bullying with aggression: A study of male and female adult prisoners.
		Archer, J. and Benson, D. Physical aggression as a function of RHP and provocation among young men: An experimental study.
	www.uclan.ac.uk /facs/science/psychol/aggress.htm (3453 words)

	Jessie L (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		A replication and extension of the stability of indirect and physical aggression across time, cohort, and sex using teacher reports.
		Indirect Aggression Trajectory Group Membership: A Nationally Representative Study of Canadian Children Aged 2 to 8.
		Miller, J.L. Indirect aggression: A review of the literature and an examination of a neglected female aggressive style.
	www.science.mcmaster.ca /psychology/miller/CVweb.htm (543 words)

	Deborah South Richardson ASU
		Direct and indirect aggression in relationships at home and at work.
		I didn't mean to hurt you: Indirect aggression in close relationships.
		Paper presented at the International Conference on Aggression, Anger, and Hostility, Nags Head Conference Center, Highland Beach, FL “Journal Editors' Insights into the Publication Process.” Symposium at meeting of the Society of Southeastern Social Psychologists, Augusta, GA, October, 2002.
	www.aug.edu /psychology/faculty/richardsonpre.html (1082 words)

	Developmental Origins of Aggression
		While aggression is often conceived as a learned behavior that peaks during adolescence, this important volume shows that aggressive behaviors have their origins in early childhood and even infancy.
		Findings from major longitudinal research programs are used to illuminate the processes by which most children learn alternatives to physical aggression as they grow older, while a minority become increasingly violent.
		The developmental trajectories of proactive, reactive, and indirect aggression are reviewed, as are lessons learned from animal studies.
	www.guilford.com /cgi-bin/cartscript.cgi?page=pr/tremblay.htm&dir=pp (1453 words)

	Chapter 12, Part 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Describe different types of aggression, including indirect aggression.
		Describe the role of the amygdala, testosterone, serotonin, and alcohol in aggression.
		Summarize the evidence for the role each of factor in aggression and identify conditions under which they are most likely to result in aggression.
	xnet.rrc.mb.ca /tomh/chapter_12,_part_1.htm (796 words)

	NewMexiKen » Indirect Aggression (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		But whereas exposure to violence on TV correlates with adult physical aggression in men and women alike, it correlates more strongly with “indirect aggression” in women.
		Thus girls exposed to considerable TV violence are more likely not only to grow up to shove, punch, beat, or choke other people but also to try to talk their friends into disliking someone who has angered them.
		Are Different, Indirect Aggression, Not so sweet 16, Homework Deflation, Is the time we save costing us too much?, Where the money comes from, Where the money goes, Best of Tucson, Best breakfast in Tucson, More Best of Tucson, Take that you telemarketers">25
	newmexiken.com /archives/2003/09/001951.php (318 words)

	chap7 - page 8 of 175
		business world and discuss indirect aggression by women in the corporate America.
		While aggression is usually a result of anger, it may be "cold" and
		Aggression must be distinguished from assertiveness which is tactfully
	psychologicalselfhelp.org /Chapter7/chap7_8.html (369 words)

	TITLE OF PAPER: Girls, Bullying Behaviours and Peer Relationships: The
		Aggression and bullying in our schools are old problems.
		Examination of the indirect behaviours perceived to be bullying,
		indirect aggression, reported that of three age groups examined: 8yrs;
	www.aare.edu.au /97pap/leckb284.htm (6597 words)

	Find in a Library: In the company of women : indirect aggression among women : why we hurt each other and how to stop
		Find in a Library: In the company of women : indirect aggression among women : why we hurt each other and how to stop
		In the company of women : indirect aggression among women : why we hurt each other and how to stop
		WorldCat is provided by OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc. on behalf of its member libraries.
	worldcatlibraries.org /wcpa/ow/d33bd304a9bdc12ba19afeb4da09e526.html (115 words)

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