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Topic: Indirect election

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	Indirect election - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Indirect election is a process in which voters in an election do not actually choose between candidates for an office but rather elect persons who will then make the choice.
		This process is used in many union elections and sometimes in professional, civic, and fraternal organizations, as well as in the election for President of the United States.
		In France, election to the upper house of Parliament, the Sénat, are indirect, the electors (called "grand électeurs") being local elected representatives.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Indirect_election (386 words)

	Election - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The universal acceptance of elections as a tool for selecting representatives in modern democracies is in sharp contrast with the practice in the democratic archetype, ancient Athens, where elections were considered an oligarchic institution and where most political offices were filled using sortition.
		When elections are called, politicians and their supporters attempt to influence policy by competing directly for the votes of constituents in what are called campaigns.
		In order for democratic elections to be fair and competitive, opposition parties and candidates must enjoy the rights to freedom of speech, assembly, and movement as necessary to voice their criticisms of the government openly and to bring alternative policies and candidates to the voters.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Election (2626 words)

	Men Behind the Masque - Structure of borough government
		The election of Ipswich's portmen in 1200 was made, apparently with full approval of the populace, by a committee of four men per parish, picked by the bailiffs; essentially the same method was used in 1309, when the electors were said to be acting on behalf of themselves and the rest of the community.
		At Colchester the method of indirect election was introduced as part of the reform package of 1372 and was evidently thought of, along with the creation of receivers and auditors to supervise finances, as a check on ballival power.
		Susan Reynolds doubts that in borough elections or decision-making generally "the votes of the townspeople were considered equal and counted, or that the process was intended to be democratic."[157] Yet occasionally we are afforded glimpses that suggest otherwise.
	www.trytel.com /~tristan/towns/mc1_pt5.html (1549 words)

	Welcome to The American Presidency
		In a direct election each member of the electorate votes directly for the candidate of his or her choice, and, depending on the relevant rules, the candidate with a plurality or a majority of the popular vote is certified as the winner.
		Indirect elections are decided by vote of a special electoral body, whose members themselves usually are directly elected.
		Election results and winners are certified by designated public officials, often the clerk of elections in a county or the secretary of state in a state.
	ap.grolier.com /article?assetid=0140110-00&templatename=/article/article.html (5073 words)

	History Channel Search Results
		Thus, in the U.S., the election of a member of Congress by his or her constituency is direct, as is the election of a member of the House of Commons in England.
		Technically the choosing of the American president by an electoral college is a form of indirect election, but since electors in each state vote for the party candidate with the most popular votes in that state, the choice of the electoral college almost always corresponds with the national popular vote.
		A number of election abuses, however, led in the latter part of the 19th century to the adoption of the Australian, or secret, ballot and to the practice of registering voters prior to election day.
	www.historychannel.com /thcsearch/thc_resourcedetail.do?encyc_id=208345 (1659 words)

	Ben's Guide (6-8): Elections -- The Election Process -- Election of the President & Vice President -- Electoral College
		The Electoral College is a method of indirect popular election of the President of the United States.
		After Election Day, on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December, these electors assemble in their state capitals, cast their ballots, and officially select the next President of the United States.
		Therefore, the candidate who receives the most votes in a state at the general election will be the candidate for whom the electors later cast their votes.
	bensguide.gpo.gov /6-8/election/electoral.html (481 words)

	Carter Center (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Elections of deputies to the TPC and elections of magistrates and vice magistrates to the township governments, which have been conducted every three years since 1979, are of great importance if China is going to undertake bolder steps in democratization.
		The delegation was impressed by the large turnout of the voters at the elections of deputies to the TPC and by the eagerness of the elected deputies in critiquing the governance of the township government.
		The Carter Center delegation witnessed elections for deputies to the township people’s congress and for village chair in the villages of Zhujiaqiao and Banqiao in Rongchang county, Chongqing on January 10, 1999.
	www.cartercenter.org /peaceprograms/chinashowdoc.asp?docID=538&chinamenu=report&submenu=peaceprograms (12716 words)

	CDT: ICANN Study
		Either the At-Large board seats (in the case of a direct election), or the At-Large Council seats (in the case of an indirect election), could be allocated to subgroups of the At-Large membership.
		If the indirect election structure is maintained, some support the addition of a requirement that any candidate for election to the At-Large Council must bind him/herself to vote on a first ballot for some identified (and qualified) slate of nine At-Large board candidates.
		For Council elections or board elections, or both, ICANN could employ a voting scheme that yields electoral outcomes in which the proportion of the total seats in the elected body held by representatives of a given constituency approximates that constituency's proportion of the total voting electorate.
	www.cdt.org /dns/icann/study/options.shtml (4294 words)

	Indirect Democracy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Indirect democracy sounds like it might be an exact synonym for representative democracy, but usually it is not.
		The 17th amendment proposed in 1912 and adopted in 1913 ended the indirect election of US Senators providing for their election by the voters in each state.
		The Electoral College is even more indirect with the Constitution providing that the voters select state legislatures that in turn select electors (the Electoral College) who in turn elect the President.
	www.jmu.edu /polisci/bios/bent/m1frames/img006.htm (264 words)

	The Only New Idea In Politics
		On the contrary, indirect elections, instruments of semi-direct democracy, limitations to voting so that it is not universal or non-competitive, and single-party elections are inadmissible as options.
		These direct elections can be conducted on a scale so small that the corrupting power of money is far less important than the power of grass-roots face-to-face democracy.
		Because in direct elections, each voter has the opportunity to vote directly for the candidate who will assume office, this would appear to be the most democratic form of voting.
	political-girl.tripod.com /thepowerofvoice/id12.html (2673 words)

	Works best in a one-party state \| MetaFilter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		While indirect election is OK in principle, you can't have the electors being safe-seat partisan hacks as presently in TX and elsewhere.
		You seem to consider indirect election as analogous to the electoral college; but while the electoral college is a distortion of the popular vote, indirect election is about improving the balance and responsibilities of different governments in a federalist system.
		The UK was thinking of using indirect election in a reformed House of Lords, and IIRC it's used in the Seanaid (the Irish upper house) and a couple of other European countries.
	www.metafilter.com /mefi/48574 (6113 words)

	The Hindu : Rejecting the parliamentary system
		The scheme of indirect elections suggested by the NCRWC cuts at the very basic characteristics of the representative system of parliamentary democracy.
		Indirect election will be veritably a direct repudiation of the parliamentary system of governance.
		Further, at the present, any attempt to introduce indirect election to the Legislatures will surely be invalidated as it will affect a basic feature of the Constitution, as the Supreme Court has acknowledged parliamentary system as a basic feature of the Indian Constitution.
	www.hinduonnet.com /2001/02/24/stories/05242524.htm (1295 words)

	CDT: ICANN Study
		Election Goals: There is little agreement among those consulted on the ultimate role of the At-Large election in advancing ICANN's mission.
		These include options relating to the election structure, the membership, the process for putting candidates on the ballot, the campaign rules and regulations, the voting system to be used and other miscellaneous matters.
		ICANN's approach to these elections should be an iterative process of democracy: one that looks at this year's election as a tentative first step, with rules for subsequent elections to be established in the future upon further community deliberation.
	www.cdt.org /dns/icann/study/overview.shtml (2087 words)

	Postelection Statement on China Township Elections, Jan. 14, 1999 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		In addition, over a two-day period the delegation observed the nomination and election of the chairman and vice-chairman of the township presidium and of the township magistrate and vice-magistrates by the TPC deputies in Baoding Township, Dazu County, a small township with nine villages and a population of about 12,000.
		Legal Framework for Township Elections: Election procedures at the township level are governed by the articles of the Organic Law of Local People’s Congresses and Local People’s Government (1995) and the Electoral Law of the National People’s Congresses and Local People’s Congresses (1995).
		Because the village is a self-governing administrative unit and not part of the formal government structure, elections for the village committee and elections for the TPC are governed by different laws.
	www.cartercenter.org /viewdoc.asp?docID=894&submenu=news (2458 words)

	Writ filed challenging indirect election to women seats
		A writ petition was filed yesterday before the High Court Division of the Supreme Court challenging the law relating indirect election to the 45 reserved seats for women to the Parliament and their distribution among different political parties.
		The law provided for their indirect election by the 300 members of the parliament elected in the general seats.
		But in the mean time, the Government has finalised the election procedure of indirect election to the women seats by the 300 members of the parliament ; passed the law and gazetted the same by distributing 45 women’s seats among the political parties as noted.
	nation.ittefaq.com /artman/exec/view.cgi/25/14558 (413 words)

	The Daily Star Web Edition Vol. 5 Num 185 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The Jatiya Sangsad yesterday passed a bill for election to the 45 reserved seats for women in parliament on the basis of proportional representation of parties or alliances amid strong protest and a noisy walkout by the main opposition Awami League (AL) lawmakers.
		Moudud told the House the government is committed to ensuring empowerment of women and introduced the women's reserve seats keeping the previous provision of indirect election as the demand for direct polls is not realistic in the present perspective.
		Responding to the opposition criticism, the law minister said the system of election system to the reserve seats is not in contrary to constitutional provisions, and it is very much in conformity with the constitution.
	www.thedailystar.net /2004/11/30/d4113001022.htm (884 words)

	CNN.com - World - Election Watch
		Direct elections for two-thirds of the seats in the House of Representatives were held on June 25, 1993.
		By-elections were held on April 26, 1994, to fill vacancies in the House of Representatives.
		The elections to the House of Representatives were a result of constitutional revisions that created a bicameral parliament.
	www.cnn.com /WORLD/election.watch/africa/morocco.html (239 words)

	SingaporeMoms - Parenting Encyclopedia - Indirect election
		This process is used in many union elections and sometimes in professional, civic, and fraternal organizations, but it is best exemplified in the election for President of the United States, in which voters elect not a Presidential candidate but rather a slate of candidates for the Electoral College, which then elects the President.
		Some argue that a parliamentary system is in fact an example of indirect election.
		However, a Prime Minister is more a representative of the parliament, a 'primus enter pares' (first among equals), who has just one vote, just like any other member of parliament, and therefore doesn't quite have the amount of power that presidents tend to have.
	www.singaporemoms.com /parenting/Indirect_election (309 words)

	Hearing today of petition against poll on women seats (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The 14th Amendment of the Constitution provides for 45 reserved seats for women to be filled through indirect election by 300 members of Parliament.
		A number of womens’ organizations opposed both the constitutional amendment providing for indirect election and the law that provided for allocation of womens’ seats among the political parties on proportionate basis.
		In the meantime the Government was moving ahead with the proposed election which appeared in all the national dailies.
	nation.ittefaq.com /artman/exec/view.cgi/26/15125/printer (310 words)

	Last phase of local polls today: Tight security nationwide -DAWN - Top Stories; October 6, 2005
		On Wednesday, the Supreme Court stayed the elections for the seats of district nazim in Kharan (Balochistan) and tehsil nazim in Jhang (Punjab).
		Election Commission secretary Kanwar Dilshad has announced that under Rule 30(1) of the Local Government Elections Rules, every voter will have to show his national identity card to the presiding officer, who will then issue ballot papers after satisfying himself about the voter’s identity.
		The acting CEC has explained that the possession of special identity cards, issued to the winning councillors and union council nazims by the concerned assistant election commissioners, were not mandatory to show at the time of casting of votes for elections in the third phase.
	www.dawn.com /2005/10/06/top1.htm (550 words)

	Project Vote Smart - What is the Electoral College?
		The results of the 2004 election won't be official until the President of the Senate counts the votes out loud at a special joint session of Congress held on January 6, 2005.
		This indirect method of popular election is known as the Electoral College.
		Before the November election, political parties in each state create lists of potential electors(generally active members of the party) who pledge to vote for the party's candidate in the Electoral College.
	www.vote-smart.org /election_president_what_is_electoral_college.php?q=print (519 words)

	Head of State - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Most presidents in the system are selected by democratic means (popular direct or indirect election, etc), however, like all other systems, the presidential model also encompasses people who become Head of State by other means, notably through military dictatorship or coup d'état, as seen in South American, Middle Eastern, and other presidential regimes.
		Election usually is the constitutional way to choose the Head of State of a republic, and some monarchies, either:
		Oldest Head of State elected in a popular election: Éamon de Valera, re-elected President of Ireland aged 84 in 1966.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Head_of_state (7439 words)

	The Daily Star Web Edition Vol. 5 Num 357 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The bench comprising justices MA Matin and AFM Abdur Rahman turned down petitioners' argument that the 14th amendment and the subsequent law providing for women representation proportionate to the strengthen of the parties in parliament through indirect election were contrary to the basic structure of the constitution.
		The court, however, observed that the ruling party has retracted from its election pledge of raising the number of reserved seats for women and that they would be voted to parliament through direct election.
		The court observed that in the Ahmed Hossain case (that challenged the 10th amendment provisions of women's reserved seats), the Appellate Division had said that indirect election cannot be called undemocratic and it has sanctions of the constitution itself.
	www.thedailystar.net /2005/05/31/d5053101086.htm (438 words)

	Front Page
		The 14th amendment to the constitution was passed by parliament on May 16, 2004 and the subsequent law for holding indirect election was enacted on November 24, 2004.
		But the election could not be held within the stipulated period because of the stay order issued by the High Court after three public interest litigation writs were filed by 13 women’s rights groups and individuals and leaders of some political parties.
		The Election Commission is now free to hold elections to the reserved seats for women in Jatiya Sangsad, as the High Court on Monday rejected three writ petitions challenging the constitutional provision for seat reservation and the law for elections to those seats.
	www.newagebd.com /2005/may/31/front.html (6873 words)

	:: Welcome to Manila Bulletin Online ::
		I explained that their votes were counted for a slate of electors chosen by the Republicans and Democrats as identified by the picture and name of Bush or Gore.
		The danger of an indirect presidential election in the US is demonstrated in the counting of votes in Florida, with 25 electoral votes (now adjusted to 27, based on the last census in 2000).
		In 1970 a filibuster by opponents of direct election prevailed in the Senate that was prevented from voting on the proposal.
	www.mb.com.ph /issues/2004/10/26/OPED2004102621264.html (866 words)

	NAIS Final Report: 1.2.6 Opposition to the Indirect Election (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Some in the ICANN community liked the notion of indirect elections of the At-Large Board Members through an At-Large Council, because this would guard against the threat of derivative suits and would create a more deliberative setting for selecting directors than an direct popular election would provide.
		At its March 2000 meeting in Cairo, the ICANN Board faced intense pressure to scrap the indirect election plan proposed by staff and hold direct At-Large elections.
		At the time, the compromise seemed acceptable to most parties; direct democracy advocates avoided setting a precedent of indirect elections and placed five elected Directors on the Board, while those with stability concerns were assured that, should the election go badly, the five At-Large Directors would constitute a minority of the nineteen-member Board.
	www.naisproject.org /report/final/1.2.6.shtml (346 words)

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