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Topic: Indirect realism

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	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Representative realism
		Indirect realism creates deep epistemological problems, such as solipsism and the problem of the external world.
		Representative realism does, unlike naïve realism, take into account sense data (the way in which the object is interpreted, not simply the objective, mathematical object) - this induces the veil of perception wherein we are unsure the table we look at exists due to there being no direct objective proof of its existence.
		These problems have led some philosophers to abandon realism and suggest the existence of dualism and others to propose, or suggest through emergentism, that some form of new physics is operating in the brain such as quantum mind, space-time theories of consciousness etc.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Indirect_realism (1264 words)

	Representative realism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Indirect realism creates deep epistemological problems, such as solipsism and the problem of the external world.
		Representative realism does, unlike naïve realism, take into account sense data (the way in which the object is interpreted, not simply the objective, mathematical object) - this induces the veil of perception wherein we are unsure the table we look at exists due to there being no direct objective proof of its existence.
		Indirect realism is argued to be problematical because of Ryle's regress and the apparent need for a homunculus.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Indirect_realism (940 words)

	[No title]
		But all we really need to focus on is the main distinction between direct and indirect realism, and that is that one theory says we directly perceive the world, and the other that we indirectly perceive the world, but directly perceive something else.
		Indirect realism holds that intentionality isn't as important as direct realism says it is. It would see something else underlying all of experience.
		Indirect realism and sense-data is not the easiest to understand either, but it seems to fit well with my experiences and what I know of perception.
	www.astro.virginia.edu /~dln5q/homepage/ideas/percept.txt (4179 words)

	Direct realism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In contrast, indirect realism and representationalism claim that we are directly aware only of internal representations of the external world.
		Arguing that perceiving a tree directly requires a magical, acausal mirroring of the tree in the mind is akin to arguing that traveling directly to grandmother's requires that one magically appear at her doorstep.
		The inference from the fact of a complex route to indirectness may be an instance of the genetic fallacy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Direct_realism (1447 words)

	Gestalt Isomorphism
		The perceived incredibility of both direct and indirect realism has led many over the centuries to propose that conscious experience is located neither in the physical brain, nor in the external world, but in some other separate space that bears no spatial relation to the physical space known to science.
		In other words, the real "square" in the external world is not actually square, as we observe it to be, but rather it would have to be somehow complementary to the square shape that we observe in conscious experience, an idea that is obviously absurd.
		Nowhere in the objective world of external reality is there anything that is remotely similar to the phenomenon of perspective as we experience it phenomenologically, where a perspective foreshortening is observed not on a two-dimensional image, but in three dimensions on a solid volumetric object.
	www.bbsonline.org /Preprints/Lehar/Referees (18273 words)

	Direct Realism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		This is contrasted with indirect realism or representationalism, which claim that we are directly aware only of internal representations of the external world.
		The inference from the fact of a complex route to indirectness may be an instance of the genetic fallacy.
		The 'realism' is generally taken to imply that the 'external' objects of perception are mind-independent or material objects.
	home.comcast.net /~dantsmith/nexu25.htm (2038 words)

	3DTotal Tutorials (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Lighting is a really important step in the whole process.
		Indirect illumination is based in a variable called: bouncing (related to the concept of "color bleeding").
		With these features, filling the scene with lighting you achieve more realism in this way than using standard lighting, but these advanced render engines have a disadvantage: They are very time-consuming.
	www.3dtotal.com /team/Tutorials/fabricio/fabricio4.asp (848 words)

	[No title]
		Moreover, indirect realism maintains that physical objects retain only some of their properties when they are not observed.
		Indirect realism relies on the distinction between primary and secondary qualities, primary qualities being those features of sense data that allegedly map on to the real properties of physical objects (quantifiable magnitudes), while the secondary qualities are products of our own perceptual system.
		The Response of Indirect Realism Indirect realism is threatened both by the potential collapse of the argument against direct realism and by its own (to many at least) unacceptable consequences.
	www.ltscotland.org.uk /Images/7889phil2_tcm4-117146.doc (9064 words)

	Dissertation
		The only point of the metaphor is really this: there is a distinction between assertions and other, non-assertive speech acts (such as questions), and this is analogous to the distinction between beliefs and non-assertive propositional attitudes (such as wonderings-whether), and to the distinction between perceptual experiences and other non-assertive mental representations of particulars (namely, imaginings).
		Indirect realism is the view that we are sometimes inferentially justified in believing a proposition asserting the existence of a physical object, but we're never noninferentially justified in believing such a proposition.
		Indirect realism holds that there are some mental objects that we see not in virtue of seeing anything else, and there are also some external objects that we see, but we always see external objects in virtue of seeing things distinct from them.
	home.sprynet.com /~owl1/dis.htm (18059 words)

	Empiricism_
		In the psychology and philosophy of perception, realism comes in two flavors: direct and indirect (direct realism being the truly realistic position — namely that we perceive the actually existing physical world — whereas indirect realism is often a form of representationalism).
		There is also the metaphysical realism (or objectivism) of most forms of Aristotelianism: the idea that reality is what it is and possesses an independent identity, regardless of the beliefs of the observer.
		However, sometimes when people talk about realism in philosophy or metaphysics they are really talking about what I define as intrinsicism, since historically realism was often contrasted with nominalism and was equated with idealism and intrinsicism.
	www.psy.cmu.edu /~rakison/isms.html (2837 words)

	SIEGEL- The Problem of Perception
		Indirect realism is the view that we perceive mind-independent ordinary objects, but can only do so indirectly, by perceiving mind-dependent objects: objects whose existence depends on being perceived or thought about.
		Section 5 argues that Smith takes his target to be a significantly restricted version of indirect realism, that he has no substantive argument against views that many would consider to be versions of indirect realism, and that his own view about the structure of perceptual experience is compatible with such views.
		First, she can posit sense-data that really have the properties (or analogs of the properties) that public objects are (wrongly) perceived to have in cases of illusion.
	www.people.fas.harvard.edu /~ssiegel/papers/DRPC.htm (13576 words)

	Empiricist/Insturmentalist Phenomenolism:
		Fortunately for those who think that both Direct and Indirect Realism are problematic, and that skepticism may therefore be unavoidable, all hope is not lost.
		This objection to Indirect Realism is, as Stace himself emphasizes, also an objection to scientific realism.
		Since both the Direct Realist and the Indirect Realist are committed to the possibility of a case where all their justified beliefs about physical objects are false, a new advantage of Empiricist Phenomenalism has been discovered.
	www.u.arizona.edu /~hassoun/ep8.htm (10451 words)

	Philosophical basis of Psychological Science, Paul F. Ballantyne
		The more traditional and problematic Indirect perceptionist option, however, is most consistent with an Idealist ontology (which assumes the primacy of ideas as the initial premise upon which all further evidence is based); and thus either openly asserts or slips into an Indirect realism.
		Rather than the usual half self-refuting indirect realism, or the progressive but vulnerable "stand-alone" direct or naive realisms (see Wilcox and Katz, 1984), direct access to the indicators of perceptual or scientific veridicality is allowed more consistently by the adoption of an explicitly outlined direct perception theory.
		Indirect realism, in contrast is a discursively constricted position which tends to be linked with an appeal to either some form of ontological idealism or a reductive materialism.
	www.comnet.ca /~pballan/Appendix1.htm (7448 words)

	Diana Mertz Hsieh: Representationalism and Perceptual Error (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Representationalism (or indirect realism) with respect to perception is the view that "we are never aware of physical objects, [but rather] we are only indirectly aware of them, in virtue of a direct awareness of an intermediary [mental] object.
		In opposition to representationalism, both (direct) realism and idealism agree that perception is direct and unmediated, despite their disagreements about what the object of perception is. (Dancy, 145) In any form of direct perception, no correspondence relationship is possible, since there is only one object of perception.
		Naive realism can not account for such simple perceptual illusions as the "bent" stick in water, because (according to naive realism) the visual information that the stick is bent necessarily means that it is bent, while the tactile information that the stick is straight necessarily means that it is straight.
	www.dianahsieh.com /undergrad/rape.html (5028 words)

	Perception and intention
		The main argument presented is that current accounts of perception, both direct and indirect cannot succeed because of their inadequate accounts of perceptual intention.
		The structure of indirect theory, however, makes it impossible to give an account of intention that does not negate their claims to realism.
		Indirect realism, I argue, cannot support claims to knowledge of an external world.
	digitalcommons.uconn.edu /dissertations/AAI9946732 (394 words)

	The Function of Conscious Experience
		In particular, whether the world of experience is the external world itself, as suggested by direct realism, or whether it is merely a virtual- reality replica of that world in an internal representation, as in indirect realism, or representationalism.
		The indirect realist view is also incredible, for it suggests that the solid stable structure of the world that we perceive to surround us is merely a pattern of energy in the physical brain, i.e.
		In return for resolving the epistemological question, indirect realism opens a new paradox, and that is a glaring disparity between two primary sources of knowledge, phenomenology and neurophysiology.
	cns-alumni.bu.edu /~slehar/webstuff/consc1/consc1a.html (19860 words)

	[No title]
		Direct realism: we directly perceive physical objects; physical objects are mind-independent.
		Indirect realism: we only ever indirectly perceive physical objects.
		Phenomenalism and the explanation of perceptual experience (dispositional and categorical properties) Indirect realism: relation between what is directly perceived and the physical object.
	www.sussex.ac.uk /Users/muralir/epmet/epmetwk1.doc (462 words)

	realism
		Less commonly, metaphysical realism equals objectivism, namely the idea that physical entities possess an independent identity, regardless of the beliefs or perceptions of an observer.
		In the psychology and philosophy of perception, realism comes in two flavors: direct realism is the principle that human beings perceive the actually existing physical world, whereas indirect realism is another term for representationalism.
		With regard to literature, realism is a focus on the often-gritty reality of life as it is, without the idealization inherent in romanticism; this usage is sometimes also applied in the visual arts.
	www.ismbook.com /realism.html (205 words)

	Objects of Perception [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		For the indirect realist, then, the coffee cup on my desk causes in my mind the presence of a two-dimensional yellow sense datum, and it is this object that I directly perceive.
		Indirect realism is committed to a dualist picture within which there is an ontology of non-physical objects alongside that of the physical. There are, however, various difficulties with dualism. I shall briefly consider two of them.
		Some have embraced the scepticism suggested by indirect realism and accepted the anti-realist position that there is no world independent of the perceiver. Two strategies that take this line are idealism and phenomenalism.
	www.iep.utm.edu /p/perc-obj.htm (1499 words)

	RoR: Forum
		So, there are certain facts about reality and human existence which are objective, universal, as true for one person as for another, but we also have freedom within those objective parameters to forge our own paths, to create ourselves and reality.
		In their 1984 article "Can Indirect Realism be Demonstrated in the Psychological Laboratory?," Stephen Wilcox and Stuart Katz utilize the organizational structure of a clever reductio ad absurdum argument (first provided by E.B. Holt, 1914) to demolish the internal logic of the old "representative" doctrine of indirect realism.
		First, it refutes the thesis that indirect realism is an empirical matter, and second, it shows that the thesis is ultimately paradoxical" (p.
	www.rebirthofreason.com /Forum/Dissent/0069.shtml (6167 words)

	Understanding Epistemology: Duncan Pritchard
		Indeed, once one has departed down the road of Indirect Realism then it is not difficult to see the attraction of a widespread scepticism about our knowledge of an external world.
		In its simplest form Direct Realism takes our perceptual experiences at face-value and argues that, at least in non-deceived cases, what we are aware of in perpetual experience is the external world itself.
		Nevertheless, given the unattractiveness of Indirect Realism and the versions of Idealism that are suggested by the move to Indirect Realism, Direct Realism is an option that clearly needs to be taken very seriously indeed.
	evans-experientialism.freewebspace.com /d_pritchard.htm (1432 words)

	The Perceptual Constraints on Pictorial Realism
		Normally the second in my terms is ignored as not the concern of philosophy (direct realism ignores it) or given more cognitive status than is compatible with psychological theory (sense data in indirect realism), and in some cases both the second and third terms are ignored (as in naive realism).
		However, the variety of styles that serve the purposes of depiction in non-Western cultures suggests that realism (when conceived as determining the degree to which an object is visually recognised in a depiction) even when understood as determined by a natural generative system[5] is far more multifaceted than the standing "resemblance" theories would allow.
		Contrary to the standing resemblance theories, pictorial realism is a matter of the degree to which underlying perceptual principles are deployed in ways compatible with recognition and there are numerous candidates for this.
	www.contempaesthetics.org /newvolume/pages/article.php?articleID=374 (2877 words)

	Triablogue: Dodging the bullet
		The fact that the tree I perceive is a real tree, which enjoys an extramental existence, is irrelevant to the question of whether the tree-in-itself resembles my perception of the tree.
		You are tacitly operating with a philosophy of scientific realism, according to which scientific theories are descriptive of reality.
		Indirect realism affirms the extramental reality of the external world—that there is an external world.
	triablogue.blogspot.com /2006/11/dodging-bullet.html (3874 words)

	Training simulation system for indirect fire weapons such as mortars and artillery - Patent 5474452
		A system for simulating indirect weapon fire is disclosed which serves to greatly increase the realism and training value of tactical engagement simulation exercises when suitably interfaced with existing MILES-type detecting/indicating equipment.
		The system further provides additional realism to the tactical situations by the inclusion of synchronized light and sound to simulate firing and exploding of nondirectional weapons such as mortars and artillery shells, and further provides operational versatility via an alternate embodiment using encoded RF signals for actuating the explosion simulation devices.
		In presently existing military training environments, indirect fire from mortars, artillery, and the like non-directional weapons are often simulated by physically placing devices in the battle area.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5474452.html (3174 words)

	Time for Bush to Turn Realist \| The New America Foundation
		However, Rice, a protege of Scowcroft's, is clearly taking realism in new directions, adopting more mechanistic approaches to "democracy transformation" globally -- and advocating a global democratic values agenda that talks the talk of human rights, individual empowerment, and self-determination -- but which still seems rooted largely in realist calculations.
		Rice knew that an inertia rooted in Cold War realities rather than contemporary strategy still drove most military and foreign policy decisions, and she was trying to shake this up.
		The bottom line conveyed to Bush was that while the president had to "talk the talk of democracy," he had to deal in the real world with thugs and dictators.
	www.newamerica.net /publications/articles/2006/time_for_bush_to_turn_realist (1197 words)

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