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Topic: Indo European Dravidian words

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	Dravidian languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The origins of the Dravidian languages, as well as their subsequent development and the period of their differentiation, are unclear, and the situation is not helped by the lack of comparative linguistic research into the Dravidian languages.
		Dravidian languages are also characterized by a three-way distinction between dental, alveolar, and retroflex places of articulation as well as large numbers of liquids.
		Words in Dravidian languages have the property that, by reversing the consonants and applying a well defined set of transformations of the vowels, another word with a similar meaning is obtained.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Dravidian_languages (824 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Dravidian language family was first described in 1816 by Francis Ellis, a British civil servant who recognized the relationship between the four literary languages as well as Tulu, Kodagu and Malto.
		Phonetically, Dravidian languages are notably characterized by a three-way distinction between dental, alveolar, and retroflex places of articulation.
		Words in dravidian languages have a the property where by reversing the consonants and applying a well defined set of transformations of the vowels, another word with a similar meaning is obtained.
	www.informationgenius.com /encyclopedia/d/dr/dravidian_languages.html (327 words)

	Proto-Indo-European language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The asterisk is used to mark reconstructed PIE words, such as wódr̥ "water", ḱwṓn "dog", or *tréyes "three (masculine)".
		Many of the words in the modern Indo-European languages seem to have derived from such "protowords" via regular sound change (e.g., Grimm's law).
		However, by means of internal reconstruction and morphological (re-)analysis of the reconstructed, seemingly most ancient PIE word forms, it has recently been shown to be very probable that at a more distant stage (then: Early) PIE may have been a root-inflectional language like e.g.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language (2556 words)

	"Knowing" Words in Indo-European Languages
		Words that are related to each other by descent from a common source are called "cognates." English "wise" and Sanskrit "veda" are thus cognates.
		The word ârya, which later simply meant "noble" in Sanskrit, was of course used in European theories of the "master race," the "Aryans." This had one curious consequence.
		The exceptions are the languages of the Dravidian group, largely spoken in the south.
	www.friesian.com /cognates.htm (2865 words)

	DISCOVERY OF DRAVIDIAN AS THE COMMON SOURCE OF INDO-EUROPEAN
		Dravidian, the common source of Indo-European, illustrates the linguistic basis why Indo-European words such as mama, mamma, mammary, mammilla, mammal, Mammalia are associated with this root amma and that the evidence for it does not rest on the conjecture that the root represents baby talk or the sound of suckling.
		For instance, in Dravidian, a Kannada man belonging to the Kannada land is referred to as knnatan, kannatikan, kannatiyan (1284-Ta); a Tamil man belonging to the Tamil land is reffered to as tamilan (3080-Ta), and so on.
		Thus it is clear that even as the Dravidian words, the "bricks" were shaped and formed in time to accommodate the grammar, intonation, etc., of Indo-European, Dravidian lent a helping hand in such processes.
	www.datanumeric.com /dravidian/page021.html (534 words)

	DISCOVERY OF DRAVIDIAN AS THE COMMON SOURCE OF INDO-EUROPEAN
		Such important words as canine, (from which: canine tooth), Canidae = family and genus of the dog, wolf, fox, jackal; and the dog stars Canis Major, Canis Minor, Sirius, etc., are associated with this IE root, and kunni in Kannada specifically denotes a puppy or a very young dog.
		It must be underscored that the colloquial Dravidian words which have gone unlisted in DED and other Dravidian dictionaries are of the utmost importance in the context of Dravidian as the common source of Indo-European.
		The phonetic and semantic relationship which numerous unlisted colloquial Dravidian words illustrate in their genetic relationship with a number of very ancient Indo-European words is astonishing not only because of the clarity they have retained throughout the intervening millennia, but because of the useful light they shed on many aspects (such as cultural, religious, social.
	www.datanumeric.com /dravidian/page059.html (709 words)

	Learn more about Aryan invasion theory in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The theory further proposes that this race displaced the indigenous Dravidian people and their Indus Valley Culture, and that the bulk of the indigenous people moved to the Southern reaches of the subcontinent.
		At this time most historians accept the theory, although the idea of a large-scale invasion that was prevalent around 1900 has given way to some extent to the idea of a much more modest invasion, in which the Aryans either merged in with the existing population or formed its upper layer.
		While Dravidian languages are primarily confined to the south of India, there is a striking exception: the Brahui, which is spoken in the Indus Valley area, indicating that Dravidian languages were formerly much more widespread and were supplanted by the incoming Indo-European languages such as Sanskrit.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /a/ar/aryan_invasion_theory.html (1292 words)

	DISCOVERY OF DRAVIDIAN AS THE COMMON SOURCE OF INDO-EUROPEAN
		To this picture must be added the fact that, as we witnessed earlier, Dravidian, in spite of her great age still has the phonetic correspondences, her birthmarks, which she has bequeathed to her European languages.
		The Dravidian seed-word of this IE root is elo which denotes: the other, the other one (919-Ta).
		The Dravidian seed-word of this IE root is the Kannada ale = to wander (240-Ka).
	www.datanumeric.com /dravidian/page020.html (437 words)

	ipedia.com: Nostratic language Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Words for concepts and objects that were not familiar to these people would be named essentially randomly after the time when the languages began to split; only things they knew would produce phono-semantic sets in their successor languages.
		Proto-Indo-European is rich in words related to agriculture and animal husbandry, and to a plains-like landscape.
		Claims (by Aharon Dolgopolsky, among others) that the words reconstructed for Proto-Nostratic point to a pre-agricultural society in the Middle East (as one might expect for a language pre-dating Proto-Indo-European) have been dismissed by mainstream linguists as wishful thinking exacerbated by that very expectation shaping the results.
	www.ipedia.com /nostratic_language.html (1533 words)

	Linguistics
		The main difference between the two is that derivational affixes are added to morphemes to form new words that may or may not be the same part of speech and inflectional affixes are added to the end of an existing word for purely grammatical reasons.
		Compounds are a combination of words, acronyms are derived from the initials of words, back-formations are created from removing what is mistakingly considered to be an affix, abbreviations or clippings are shortening longer words, eponyms are created from proper nouns (names), and blending is combining parts of words into one.
		Words or expressions referring to certain acts that are forbidden or frowned upon are considered taboo.
	www.ielanguages.com /linguist.html (8123 words)

	Encyclopedia: Indo-European languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Kurgan (ÐºÑƒÑ€Ð³Ã¡Ð½) is the Russian word (of Turkic origin) for tumulus, a type of burial mound or barrow, heaped over a burial chamber, often of wood.
		The Urnfield culture of central European culture is dated roughly between 1300 BC and 750 BC.
		Another example may be the Paleolithic Continuity Theory proposed by Italian theorists that derives Indo-European from the European Paleolithic cultures.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Indo_European-languages (8504 words)

	Indian Lexicon: An Overview
		This belies the received wisdom of cleavage between, for example, the Dravidian or Munda and the Aryan languages.
		A special use of a familiar foreign word was adopted for the usually corresponding native word.
		Indian Lexicon establishes that over 3000 etyma of the Dravidian Etymological Dictionary (DEDR) have concordant sememes in the lexemes of Indo-Aryan and Munda languages, thus negating the linguists' differentiation of the Dravidian tongues from the Indo-Aryan and Munda language streams.
	www.hindunet.org /hindu_history/sarasvati/html/indlexmain.htm (1446 words)

	Etymology of Selected Words of Indian Language Origin
		Rather the words that were borrowed which already had meanings were used to adorn a text or speech since it sounded different and fashionable.
		The words that came from South Indian languages meanwhile took the exact opposite course, with 't' and 'd', being pronounced softly or not at all: as in cheroot (Tamil churuttu/shuruttu).
		This word was probably absorbed to Portuguese, when the Portuguese ruled over Goa, Bombay during the early part of the 17th century, and from Portuguese was absorbed to English.
	www.wmich.edu /dialogues/themes/indianwords.htm (3061 words)

	DISCOVERY OF DRAVIDIAN AS THE COMMON SOURCE OF INDO-EUROPEAN
		The fact is, considering that millions of words and more than a hundred Indo-European languages have been born out of the common source of Indo-European, each root-word has been ascribed a number of derived words by the scholars.
		The importance and implication of the fact that Dravidian illustrates this in spite of the fact that each of these roots is reconstructed in the same shape and form but denotes different meaning or meanings as compared to those of the others can not be exaggerated.
		This is the same word which is in scores of Indian place-names such as Trichinapalli; a very large and growing city of great antiquity in southern India.
	www.datanumeric.com /dravidian/page006.html (716 words)

	Igor K. Garshin. About an opportunity of the Indo-European origins of the Bible names
		As to an origin of other resulted words the part from them has been borrowed at contacts with next Indo-European dialects (and consequently has irregular phonetic conformity), the part has close semantics, but, probably, genetically is not connected to forms deiuo and dieuo.
		The most probable origin of this word is given to M. M.Makovsky who erects it to IE *deb, teb, teib "sacred" [13], but it is possible to assume and loan from earlier ancient Greek Zeues.
		Both, most likely, occur from Indo-European Words with value "person" (it is literally, "s-mert-ny" (mortal)), and ancient cartvelians have borrowed this name when in Indo-European Dialects it was still kept concordant H (from Hmert-), and Babylonians have borrowed via Indo-Arian or Indo-Iranian.
	www.garshin.bravehost.com /Jehovah.htm (9819 words)

	English language -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Almost without exception, Germanic words (which include all the basics such as (A function word that is used in place of a noun or noun phrase) pronouns and (The grammatical relation between linguistic units (words or phrases or clauses) that are connected by a conjunction) conjunctions) are shorter, and more informal.
		However, the excessive use of Latinate words is often a sign of either pretentiousness (as in the stereotypical policeman's talk of "apprehending the suspect") or obfuscation (as in a military document which says "neutralize" when it means "kill").
		The words were considered very French borrowings when first used in English, even accused by some of being foreign phrases used where English alternatives would suffice, but today their French origin is largely forgotten.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/e/en/english_language.htm (5064 words)

	Indo-European and Semitic languages – part three
		In a lot of instances it is hard to guess whether we observe words which are inherited from a distant proto-language, borrowings that took place in a newer epoch, or there is a simple coincidence.
		Remark: the table above contains instances of words which appear in only one group of the Indo-European languages, or such instances which are present in various groups of IE and in Semitic but with no counterparts in other Nostratic languages.
		And so, there are no examples of words which can also be found in other languages in the shape which suggests that they are inherited rather than borrowed.
	grzegorj.w.interia.pl /lingwen/iesem3.html (1826 words)

	semulajadi - Nature (in Malay) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The deeper background of these Dravidian words is found in the verbal root mûTu- 'to cover, shroud, veil, conceal'—for as roots are hidden within the ground, so the ultimate origin of things is mysteriously veiled.
		The Sanskrit word jâti is from the Proto-Indo-European root *gen- 'beget, be born, happen', which also produced Greek genesis, Latin nasci (earlier gnasci) 'to be born', and English kin.
		The Arabic word for nature is Tabî‘ah, literally 'that which is stamped or impressed (with a quality)', referring to innate tendencies in beings.
	members.aol.com /yahyam/semulajadi.html (925 words)

	The Homeland of Indo-European Languages and Culture: Some Thoughts
		In the first place, if the Europeans, on the one hand, and the Indo-Iranians, on the other, had once lived together as agriculturists in Anatolia, they ought to have a common vocabulary for agricultural items, which unfortunately is not the case.
		Discounting this equation, Renfrew (1999: 268) holds that on the European scene mounted warriors appear only as late as the turn of the second-first millennia BCE and these could in no case have been Gimbutas’s Kurgan warriors predating the facts by some 3,000 years.
		The presence of a few Dravidian words in the Vedas can be explained by an adstratum and not necessarily by a substratum.
	www.geocities.com /ifihhome/articles/bbl001.html (2921 words)

	SOME APPARENT UNIFORMITIES BETWEEN LANGUAGES IN COLOUR-NAMING
		Now at first sight 71 words out of 103 which fall into groups could suggest a rather impressive degree of uniformity but this may be due to the fact that the languages from which the words are drawn are related or because the resemblance is less convincing when critically examined.
		Except for one word of Mexican origin, all these words are from African languages; it is interesting that the two where the resemblance is less clear, fum' and Òfiá, come from the same language group as most of the rest of the words.
		It is impossible on this basis to conclude that between the words for WHITE taken as a whole and the words for BLACK taken as a whole, the resemblances are as numerous and as striking as those between words for WHITE taken separately and words for BLACK taken separately.
	www.percepp.demon.co.uk /colours.htm (5493 words)

	The Museum of Human Language
		What linguists do is to look for words with similar meanings and similar sounds (cognates) in selected languages, and see if they can guess what sound changes would have taken place to yield these words.
		The word Volapük was actually a compound noun, Vol a pük "world ('s) speak", where the first and last syllables were supposed to resemble the English words.
		From sound similarities in cognate words and regular sound changes from Latin to Spanish, linguists know that Spanish is definitely a daughter language of Latin.
	www.geocities.com /agihard/mohl/mohl_languages.html (3867 words)

	INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES
		In 1786, Sir William Jones, a supreme court judge in India, proposed that Sanskrit, the language of ancient India, was similar to Greek and Latin, so they must have a common source.
		Not only did Sanskrit have cognates with European languages, it had a similar inflectional system, suggesting that the inflectional systems also shared a common source.
		I-E Cultural: complex sense of family relationship and organization; used gold and silver but not copper and iron; words for "wheel," "axle," and "yoke" show they used animals to pull wheeled vehicles; they farmed (not nomadic) with plows and kept domestic animals; they believed in multiple gods.
	www.cord.edu /faculty/sprunger/e315/i-e.htm (442 words)

	KryssTal : Borrowed Words in English
		This is a collection of tables listing words from the many languages that have contributed words to English.
		Word from around the world that one day may enter the English language.
		The World of Words is a very readable history of the European languages, their influences, dialects and prospects for the future.
	www.krysstal.com /borrow.html (534 words)

	WTAworld.com - Borrowed words in the English language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Here is a list of words borrowed by the English language and their sources.
		A Dravidian language spoken in South India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia and Singapore: anaconda, curry, mango, pariah...
		It says that 'Babylon' is a borrowed word from the Akkadian language.
	www.wtaworld.com /showthread.php?t=99558 (2130 words)

	Indo-European and Semitic languages – part one
		In other words, today the Semitic languages show more common features with the IE family than several thousands of years ago.
		In various forms of a given morpheme in various words, and even in various forms of a given word in its inflexion, the e or o vowels can be seen.
		Vocalization (or the quality of vowels in a given word) depends on whether the verb is transitive or intransitive.
	grzegorj.w.interia.pl /lingwen/iesem1.html (3197 words)

	Indo-European languages - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Indo-European languages
		In general terms, many Indo-European languages (such as English, French, and Hindi) have tended to evolve from the highly inflected to a more open or analytic grammatical style that does not greatly depend on complex grammatical endings to nouns, verbs, and adjectives.
		Eastern Indo-European languages are often called the satem group (Zend ‘a hundred’) while western Indo-European languages are the centum group (Latin ‘a hundred’); this illustrates a split that occurred over 3,000 years ago, between those that had an s-sound in certain words and those that had a k-sound.
		Scholars have reconstructed a Proto-Indo-European ancestral language by comparing the sound systems and historical changes within the family, but continue to dispute the original homeland of this ancient form, some arguing for northern Europe, others for Russia north of the Black Sea.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Indo-European+languages (371 words)

	sci.lang FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		But this is true of all words in the language (and indeed of all agglutinative languages), not just the words for snow.
		Native Japanese words are also written using the Chinese characters for the closest Chinese words: if the Japanese word overlaps several Chinese words, different characters must be written in different contexts, according to the meanings in Chinese.
		When it comes to word and phrase origins, most people's standard of proof seems to be "Doesn't violate the laws of physics!" But a plausible story is not a proof.
	www.faqs.org /faqs/sci-lang-faq (8460 words)

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