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Topic: Indo European language family

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	Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. 2000
		A curious byproduct of the age of colonialism and mercantilism was the introduction of Sanskrit in the 18th century to European intellectuals and scholars long familiar with Latin and Greek and with the European languages of culture — Romance, Germanic, and Slavic.
		The reconstruction of a protolanguage—the common ancestor of a family of spoken or attested languages—has a further implication.
		Language is a social fact; languages are not spoken in a vacuum but by human beings living in a society.
	www.bartleby.com /61/8.html (9441 words)

	Language - MSN Encarta
		A pidgin is an auxiliary language (a language used for communication by groups that have different native tongues) that develops when people speaking different languages are brought together and forced to develop a common means of communication without sufficient time to learn each other's native languages properly.
		A creole language, on the other hand, arises in a contact situation similar to that which produces pidgin languages and perhaps goes through a stage in which it is a pidgin, but a creole becomes the native language of its community.
		The family consists of a number of subfamilies or branches (groups of languages that descended from a common ancestor, which in turn is a member of a larger group of languages that descended from a common ancestor).
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761570647_4/Language.html (1303 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: List of state mottos
		Sotho (Sesotho, Southern Sotho or Southern Sesotho[1]) is a Bantu language spoken primarily in South Africa, where it is one of the 11 official languages, and in Lesotho, where it is the national language.
		The Malay language, also known locally as Bahasa Melayu, is an Austronesian language spoken by the Malay people who reside in the Malay Peninsula, southern Thailand, the Philippines, Singapore, central eastern Sumatra, the Riau islands, parts of the coast of Borneo and even in the Netherlands[1].
		Bislama is a Melanesian creole language, one of the official languages of Vanuatu.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/List_of_state_mottos/D (6856 words)

	Languages
		Language families can be divided into smaller phylogenetic units, conventionally referred to as branches of the family, because the history of a language family is often represented as a tree diagram.
		The terms superfamily, phylum, and stock are applied to proposed groupings of language families whose status as phylogenetic units is generally considered to be unsubstantiated by accepted historical linguistic methods.
		The common ancestor of the languages belonging to a language family is known as its protolanguage.
	www.languageexchanges.com /languages.html (383 words)

	Indo-European Languages - ninemsn Encarta
		Indo-European languages were first spoken in Europe and southern Asia and, because of European colonialism, are now widespread throughout the world.
		Proof that these highly diverse languages are members of a single family was largely accumulated during a 50-year period around the turn of the 19th century.
		Most linguists, however, no longer automatically divide the family in two in this way, partly because they wish to avoid implying that the family underwent an early split into two major branches, and partly because this trait, although prominent, is only one of several significant patterns that cut across different subfamilies.
	au.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761563984/Indo-European_Languages.html (569 words)

	The Indo-European Language Family
		Languages of the World is brought to you by the National Virtual Translation Center.
		Indo-European is a family of languages that first spread throughout Europe and many parts of South Asia, and later to every corner of the globe as a result of colonialization.
		The common origin of European languages and Sanskrit was first proposed by Sir William Jones (1746-1794).
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/december/IEFamily.html (1030 words)

	Indo-European language family - Information from Reference.com
		The Indo-Iranian languages form the largest sub-branch of Indo-European in terms of the number of native speakers as well as in terms of the number of individual languages.
		Membership of languages in the same language family is determined by the presence of shared retentions, i.e., features of the proto-language (or reflexes of such features) that cannot be explained better by chance or borrowing (convergence).
		A recent version of the hypothesis of European origin of PIE is the "Paleolithic Continuity Theory" proposed by Italian theorists, which derives Indo-European languages from the Proto-Indo-European Paleolithic cultures, arguing for linguistic continuity from genetic continuity.
	www.reference.com /search?q=Indo-European+language+family (3496 words)

	Languages : Indo-European Family
		Languages that are scattered around the world as their speakers are part of diasporas.
		Lithuanian is one of the oldest of the Indo-European languages.
		Armenian is spoken in Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh (an enclave in Azerbaijan).
	www.krysstal.com /langfams_indoeuro.html (1908 words)

	Language Log: Dating Indo-European
		Languages change in a number of ways: words are replaced by entirely different words, a word shifts in meaning, one grammatical construction is replaced by another.
		Much language change is systematic: a certain sound, in a certain context, changes into another sound in every word in which it occurs in that context.
		Languages that have undergone the same sound changes are likely to have been a single language at the point at which they underwent it.
	itre.cis.upenn.edu /~myl/languagelog/archives/000208.html (2093 words)

	Structural Variability of Indo-European Morphology
		In the 19th century linguists who studied different language families of the world concluded that the human language was gradually turning more and more complicated, from the isolative type to the flective one.
		Those language which have existed for a long time in history and are still in use today clearly prove the form of the curve: e.g., Persian which has passed the distance from point (2) to point (3) for over two thousand years of its history.
		But it appears possible that since the moment it was born the Indo-European language carries some nucleus of a general law, an algorithm of development which exists in every dialect of the family irrespective of their geographical or cultural transformations.
	indoeuro.bizland.com /archive/sinus.html (3821 words)

	INDO-EUROPEAN EXPANSIONS AND GLOBALIZATION OF ENGLISH
		Avestan, the language of the religious poetry or Gathas of Zoroaster, and Old Persian, the language of the official inscriptions of the Achaemenid rulers, are the two ancient languages known from texts or inscriptions dating from the sixth century BCE.
		Russian, Belarusan, and Ukrainian became the languages of the eastern Slavs: Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbo-Croatian, and Slovenian became the languages of the southern Slavs; Polish, Czech, Slovak, Kashubian, Wendish, and the extinct Polabian became the languages of the western Slavs.
		The Chinese dialects belong to the Sino-Tibetan family, and Malay-Indonesian to the Austronesian family.
	www.mnstate.edu /gunarat/languages.htm (11251 words)

	Latvian language at AllExperts
		The Baltic languages are of particular interest to linguists because they retain many archaic features believed to have been present in the early stages of the Proto-Indo-European language.
		The Eastern Baltic languages split from the Western Baltic ones (or, perhaps, from the hypothetic proto-Baltic language) between 400 and 600.
		The closest ties the Baltic languages have are with the Slavic and Germanic languages.
	en.allexperts.com /e/l/la/latvian_language.htm (1915 words)

	Indo-European languages information - Search.com
		Indo-European has the largest numbers of speakers of recognised families of languages in the world today, with its languages spoken by approximately 3 billion native speakers (the Sino-Tibetan family of tongues has the second-largest number of speakers).
		Tocharian languages, extinct tongues of the Tocharians, extant in two dialects, attested from roughly the 6th century.
		Archaic Proto-Indo-European languages occur in the Balkans (Starčevo-Körös-Cris culture), in the Danube valley (Linear Pottery culture), and possibly in the Bug-Dniestr area (Eastern Linear pottery culture).
	www.search.com /reference/Indo-European_languages (2448 words)

	Indo-European Language Families
		These languages became families by breaking up into dialects that became languages which themselves then produced dialects and languages, and so on and so forth.
		Ancient languages are listed under the heading "Family" and "Subfamilty" because they died out when other families and subfamilies were forming.
		Family and Subfamily names without bullets are just speculative groupings that do not correspond to languages whose existence is documented.
	www.yourdictionary.com /library/pietable.html (148 words)

	Indo-European languages
		The Finno-Ugric language family, which includes Hungarian, Estonian, Finnish and the languages of the Saami, is an example.
		The Basque language is unusual in that it appears to be separate from all other language families.
		Recent theories have been proposed by the linguist John Colarusso that the Caucasian languages, particularly the Northwest and South Caucasian families, spoken in Georgia and Turkey, may be the closest relatives to the Indo-European stock.
	www.findword.org /in/indo-european-languages.html (897 words)

	IndoEuropean Languages (Site not responding. Last check: )
		English, like most of the languages of Europe, is a member of a large family of languages, the Indo-European language family, probably the most widely studied of all language families.
		Their language, traced back over many, many years, by comparing the earliest known versions of the descendants of this language, is sometimes said to resemble modern Lithuanian more than any of the other Indo-European languages.
		The Indo-European languages are usually divided among eastern (“satem”) and western (“centum” or “kentum”) languages, depending on how the first consonant of the word for “hundred” was apparently pronounced in the earliest version of the language.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/8466/LANG01.html (515 words)

	Roots of the Proto-European Language
		As the people speaking this language moved farther and farther away from the center, their spoken language changed into varioius dialects and the dialects changed into languages like Proto-Germanic, Proto-Italic, and Proto-Slavic—none of which left traces.
		These languages then split into dialects which became languages until we reached our current state in which English, German, Dutch, and the Scandinavian languages are distinct, despite the fact that they are derived from the same mother language, Proto-Germanic.
		They were reconstructed using the Comparative Method of linguistic study: comparing various languages in a single family, then comparing the results between families until we work ourselves back up to the probably original form from which all the Indo-European forms of the word must have derived.
	www.yourdictionary.com /library/indoeuropean.html (214 words)

	Indic Language Families and Indo-European (Site not responding. Last check: )
		As the science of language, historical linguistics in the early 19th century saw itself as providing a framework for studying the history and relationships of languages in the same manner as biology describes the animal world.
		It is clear that language families belong to overlapping groups (Figure 1), because such a view allows us to represent better the complex history of the interactions amongst their ancestor languages.
		When the European side of the IE languages are examined, the tree or animal names will favour those found in its climate and when the Indian side of the languages are examined, the reference now will be to its flora and fauna.
	subhashkak.voiceofdharma.com /articles/ary2.htm (3666 words)

	Cover Pages: Code for the Representation of the Names of Languages. From ISO 639, revised 1989. (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The two-character language codes of ISO 639 are relevant to SGML encoding in two respects.
		Second, the WSD (Writing System Declaration) implemented in the Text Encoding Initiative uses the [two-character] language code of ISO 639 (as amended) as a language.code attribute of the nat.language declaration, specifying the language in which the WSD is written.
		The two-character language codes of ISO 639 are recognized as being inadequate for use as SGML language attributes when tagging text, viz, for use as global lang attributes attached to any element to identify the language of the text element or a language shift.
	www.oasis-open.org /cover/iso639a.html (687 words)

	Indo-European Languages
		Since Greek and Latin are European languages and Sanskrit is an Indian language, the name for their family of languages is "Indo-European." It turns out that all of the languages of Europe are Indo-European except for Basque, Finnish, Hungarian, and a few dead languages.
		Languages such as Arabic and Hebrew belong to the Semitic language family.
		The languages of North and South American Indians, and of Africans, and Australian aborigines, are not Indo-European, either.
	modena.intergate.ca /personal/gslj/indoeuropean.html (695 words)

	Celtic languages at AllExperts
		The Celtic languages are the languages descended from Proto-Celtic, or "Common Celtic", a branch of the greater Indo-European language family.
		Today, Celtic languages are now limited to a few areas in the British Isles, eastern Canada, Patagonia, scattered groups in the United States and Australia, and on the peninsula of Brittany in France.
		Within the Indo-European family, the Celtic languages have sometimes been placed with the Italic languages in a common Italo-Celtic subfamily, a hypothesis that is now largely discarded, in favour of the assumption of language contact between pre-Celtic and pre-Italic communities.
	en.allexperts.com /e/c/ce/celtic_languages.htm (1040 words)

	Indo-European languages Summary
		Genetically related languages are demonstrably derived from a common ancestor, a "Proto-Language," which, in the case of Indo-European, is thought to have flourished during the fourth–third millennia BCE, before it split up into the daughter languages from which scholars are able to infer its existence.
		Old Indian is represented by Vedic, the language of the sacred literature of Brahmanic religion, and Sanskrit, the highly normed and thus to a degree artificial language of classical Indian literature.
		Not unlike the Romance languages, which are derived from what is commonly called Vulgar Latin, New Indian languages can be seen as continuations of a protolanguage that was close to, without being identical with, an attested language, Sanskrit, which continues to be used as a language of religion and learning.
	www.bookrags.com /Indo-European_languages (3141 words)

	Indo-European language family - Information at Halfvalue.com
		Italic languages, including Latin and its descendants (the Romance languages), attested from the 7th century BC.
		Membership of languages in the same Language Family is determined by the presence of shared retentions, i.e., features of the proto-language (or reflexes of such features) that cannot be explained better by chance or borrowing (convergence).
		Membership in a branch/group/subgroup within a language family is determined by shared innovations which are presumed to have taken place in a common ancestor.
	www.halfvalue.com /wiki.jsp?topic=Indo-European_language_family (3154 words)

	Learn Latin
		Latin is a member of the Italic languages, subgroup of the Indo-European family of languages.
		The Latin language of the origins was influenced by the Etruscan, a non-Indo-European language from Central Italy.
		The Indo-European language is thought to be the language spoken by a nomadic tribe that moved into Europe from Asia around 4,500 BC.
	www.learnlatinlanguage.com /HISTORY.HTM (710 words)

	Indo-European Language Families
		These languages became families by breaking up into dialects that became languages which themselves then produced dialects and languages, and so on and so forth.
		Ancient languages are listed under the heading "Family" and "Subfamilty" because they died out when other families and subfamilies were forming.
		Family and Subfamily names without bullets are just speculative groupings that do not correspond to languages whose existence is documented.
	yourdictionary.com /library/pietable.html (148 words)

	Language Family tree
		The Indo-European language which is the earliest known ancestor of modern English is also the ancestor of most modern Western languages.
		From the family tree you can see that a surprising number of modern languages are related by way of a common ancestor.
		This does not mean that they can be understood by each other - in fact one major test of a language is that languages should be "mutually unintelligible" - but they will have some words in common, remaining from their common heritage.
	www.putlearningfirst.com /language/01origin/tree.html (206 words)

	Euskal Herria Journal \| Basque Language and Culture (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Besides Indo-European, there are to be found languages of four other families in Europe; the Uralic family and the Altaic stock are represented, and we have to add two language families in the Caucasian area, namely South Caucasian and North Caucasian.
		Estonian, Finnish and Saami (Lapp) are languages belonging to the Finnic branch of Finno-Ugric, Hungarian represents Ugric.
		Remember there is no single language family Caucasian“, but that we have to distinguish sharply between the South Caucasian language family on the one hand and the North Caucasian family on the other hand.
	www.ehj-navarre.org /blessons/mowstr.html (6025 words)

	Proto-Indo-European verbs conjugation (Site not responding. Last check: )
		By comparing the recorded Indo-European languages, especially the most ancient ones, much of the parent language from which they are descended can be reconstructed.
		Indo-European languages are a family of languages spoken in most of Europe and areas of European settlement and in much of Southwest and South Asia.
		The Indo-European languages are the descendants of a single unrecorded language that is believed to have been spoken more than 5,000 years ago in the steppe regions north of the Black Sea and to have split into a number of dialects by the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC.
	www.verbix.com /languages/proto-indo-european.shtml (153 words)

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