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Topic: Indo-Greek

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Indo-Greek Kingdom - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia On these coins, the wheel is associated with the Greek symbols of victory, either the palm of victory, or the victory wreath handed over by the goddess Nike. Western Kshatrapa king Rudrakarman I. Indian astronomy is widely acknowledged to be derived from the Alexandrian school, and its technical nomenclature is essentially Greek: "The Yavanas are barbarians, yet the science of astronomy originated with them and for this they must be reverenced like gods" (The Gargi-Samhita). One can not assume however that the present Greek population is representative of the Macedonian army under Alexander.This army probably contained a large number of Persians and other groups such as Scythians and Thracians.The Macedonians themselves may not have been genetically 'Greek',since they where initially considered outsiders by 'Greeks'. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Indo-Greek

THE BLACK GREEKS These scholars have reviewed the writings of the classical authors, the anthropological, linguistic and historical evidence to reach the conclusion that the ancient Greeks were blacks and that the European Greeks learned the liberal arts and sciences from their "black ancestors" who first settled Greece and the Egyptians. Greek traditions speak of Egyptian colonies founded by Cecrops who settled Atica, Danaus the brother of Aegyptus was the founder of Argolis. An Egyptian creation of one of the early Greek alphabets is not out of the question because the early Predynastic Egyptians used the Proto-Saharan script as did the founders of the 12th Dynasty. clyde.winters.tripod.com /chapter6.html

1.1. Barbarous Europe, and it cultural worlds. The tradition of similar differentiation takes the beginning in the Greek sources speaking about "Celts" and "Scythians" (using these concepts it is wider, than we). Indian rishas, Celtic bards Scandinavian skalds and even Greek aedas sang of gods and brave leaders with such force of images because their hearts were young. We shall not approve "barbarians" environmental peoples began then when Greeks have counted as their those. greek-gods.tripod.com /myth1.htm

Ecclectica - The Ancient Greeks in Afghanistan Greek techniques of stone and metalworking began to be used in India, Greek coins began to appear in the bazaars, and settlements of Greek type were found as urban islands in the sea of Indian native villages. Other remnants of the ancient Greek influence in the area are the characteristic "double-hat" or kausia, the ancient Macedonian hat, the Macedonian cloak or sari as worn by most women today and the polo on horseback, Pakistan's national sport. The male survivors were taken as prisoners to Kabul, a city whose ancient Greek name was Kofin, meaning the place were bees accumulate, or the place of honey, or a place rich in food supplies. www.ecclectica.ca /issues/2002/1/issigonis.asp

The Myth of Greek Ethnic 'Purity' Greek nationalism refused Macedonia even the right to its name on the grounds that all Macedonia is essentially Greek and part of a Greek nation-State, presumably ever since the father of Alexander the Great, king of Macedonia, became ruler of the Greek lands on the Balkan peninsula... The Greek fight for independence had attracted European sympathy because of European distrust of the Moslem Turks, sympathy with the Christian Greeks, a great respect for classical Greek scholarship, and views developing in Europe that the ancient Greeks were "northern Europeans" and the originators of philosophy and science. Greek myth-making today can be seen as inspired by the wider European racism of the nineteenth and early twentieth century, and even a continuation of that racism. www.ancientmacedonia.com /greekmyth.html

Ancient Macedonian Language - a distinct Indo-European language Alexander enjoyed a Greek education and adopted Greek as the language of his empire but to claim that that made him Greek is to suggest that the Irish and the Indians are really British because they have adopted English for administrative purposes. He argues firstly that "they (the Makedones) were already Greek speaking 150 years to 200 years earlier than Augustus' time." This observation would seem to be of little weight in the present discussion since we have already noted the increasing, and deliberately chosen, use of Attic Greek by the Macedonian nobility. The limited evidence that remains consists of words preserved by Greek lexicographers, especially Hesychius, from about the fifth century A.D. According to Crossland, these words were listed as "used by the Macedonians" or "used in Macedonia" without any indication of the origins of the words. www.ancientmacedonia.com /shea2.html

Indo-Europeans: The Invisible Race However, according to the distinguished Greek Professor of Archaeology, Christos Douma, 90% of the "Indo-European" words believed to correspond with Greek words, are, in reality, nothing more than the hypothetical products of the over-active imaginations of Indo-Europeanizing philologists. The Indo-Europeanizers, of course, persist in their views, claiming that there are many similarities between the Neolithic Greek civilization and that of the corresponding ones which developed in the Balkans (from today's Serbia to present-day Moldavia), which they, of course, consider to be Indo-European. From the moment we acknowledge that the Greeks were already seafaring from the middle of the 5th millennium B.C., with what were at that time state-of-the-art ships, we can speak about their initial expansion starting from the Palestinian coast. www.grecoreport.com /indo-europeans_the_invisible_race.htm

Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2001.04.07 Phobos was the Greek god, not goddess, of fear (page 15), note 100 here takes us not to Quintus Curtius, but Plutarch's Life of Alexander and the reference there should read 31.4 rather than the mysterious "p.129". This is a sad omission from the book as in the opening chapters S. shows himself capable of dealing with such matters, underlining the tensions that existed between the Greeks and Macedonians in the area. Bactria is also seen very much as an outpost of the Greek world. ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/2001/2001-04-07.html

Bactrian and Indo-Greeks (250 BC - 55 BC) - DBA 50 After the death of Alexander and the decline of the Seleucids, the Greeks who remained in Bactria were able to hang on and even extend their influence throughout Northern India as a result of the successful campaigns of such generals as Euthydemos I, Demetrios I and Menander. Comments, questions or suggested additions to this page can be sent to Chris Brantley, brant@erols.com. fanaticus.org /DBA/armies/dba50.html

NEWCOMERS AND CRISIS IN ANCIENT NEAR EASTERN CIVILIZATION: Mycenaeans, Assyrians, and Hebrews in the 2nd millenium I'll first talk about the Indo-Europeans (concentrating on the Greeks), and then two of the major Semitic speaking peoples - Assyrians and Hebrews. The political and economic system of these Mycenaean Greeks was centered on the palaces of their war chiefs (chiefs called kings - wanax). The sea connected the early Greeks with one another - the Greeks of the mainland visited and settled on the islands near Greece. www.luc.edu /faculty/ldossey/assyrians.htm

Coinage of the Indo Greeks Perhaps all the Indo Greek coins may have been the products of a single school of engravers, the realism makes us to believe that they were familiar with the Hellenestic school of Pergamon. The portraits of early Indo Greek rulers such as Euthydemos-I, Demetrios-I (wearing elephant's scalp) and Antimachus (wearing Kausia - a flat shaped cap and with a smily face) are so realistic in appearance that the coin portrait seems to represent the ruler faithfully. Indo-Greek remained very Greek which could be witnessed by the bilingual legends they carried on their coins. prabhu.50g.com /indogrek/igrk_coinage.html

Indo-Greek Kingdom - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia To the south, the Greeks occupied the areas of the Sindh and Gujarat down to the strategic harbour of Barigaza ( Bharuch), as attested by several writers (Strabo 11; Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, ch.41) and by coinage of the Indo-Greek ruler Apollodotus I. The Greeks of the territory of the Paropamisadae were probably closely associated to the Hellenized Yuezhi tribes, settled to the north-west in neighbouring Bactria from an early date. Greek representations and artistic styles, with some possible admixtures from the Roman world, continued to maintain a strong identity down to the 3rd-4th century, as indicated by the archeological remains of such sites as Hadda in eastern Afghanistan. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Indo-Greek

Apollodotus I - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia It is found mainly in the provinces of Punjab, Sindh and Gujarat, indicating the southern limit of the Indo-Greek expansion in India. This is confirmed by the Periplus, a 1st century AD document on trade in the Indian Ocean, which describes the remnants of Greek presence (shrines, barracks, wells, coinage) in the strategic port of Barygaza ( Bharuch) in Gujarat. Greek legend ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΠΟΛΛΟΔΟΤΟΥ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ "Saviour King Apollodotus". en.wikipedia.org /wiki/King_Apollodotus_I

Indo-Greek Kingdom - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia From the 1st century CE, the Greek communities of central Asia and northwestern India lived under the control of the Kushan branch of the Yuezhi, apart from a short-lived invasion of the Indo-Parthian Kingdom. Buddhism flourished under the Indo-Greek kings, and it has been suggested that their invasion of India was intended to show their support for the Mauryan empire, which had a long history of marital alliances, treaties of friendship, and exchange of ambassadors and religious emissaries with the Greeks The adoption of Indo-Greek monetary conventions by neighbouring kingdoms, such as the Kunindas to the east and the Satavahanas to the south, would also suggest that Indo-Greek coins were used extensively for cross-border trade. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom   (7992 words)

Bibliography Page 34 The corresponding official title in Greek seems to be strategos. Battles of the Greek and Roman worlds : a chronological compendium of 667 battles to 31 B.C., from the historians of the ancient world (2000) The conclusions drawn in the paper may be summarised as follows: 1) The army commander in Seleucid and Ar?akid Babylonia was "the General (of Akkad)", at least until the first appearance of the title "the Chief of the Troops". www.parthia.com /webreport_34.htm   (7992 words)

Coinage -- Ancient India Coinage These coins with their Greek legends are historically significant, as the history of the Indo-Greeks has been reconstructed almost entirely on their evidence. Hellenistic traditions characterise the silver coins of the Indo-Greeks, with Greek gods and goddesses figuring prominently, apart from the portraits of the issuers. The legends on the coins were generally in Greek and Brahmi. www.rbi.org.in /currency/museum/c-ancient.html   (7992 words)

Who were the Illyrians The Indo European Etymological Dictionary shows that the name Albanian is not of Albanian origin. Albanian language is the only Indo European language that has preserved the archaic structure of proto Aryan language. Albanians are the most mysterious Indo European people. www.geocities.com /protoillyrian   (7992 words)

The Ferguson Centre for African and Asian Studies, The Open University This paper will consider the development of Indo-Greek studies, with special reference to the Indo-Greek states of the north-western Indian Subcontinent from the third century BC to first century AD. Both sides made a clear identification between the ancient Greeks and the modern British (each perceived as representatives of 'European' culture and colonialism), an identification which has continued to be made without more careful consideration of the evidence. The classically-educated officers of the Raj saw themselves as the heirs of the ancient Greeks and Romans, a ‘civilising influence’ on the barbarian East. www.open.ac.uk /Arts/ferguson-centre/archive/ClassConfAb2004pg17.html   (7992 words)

UCLA Asia Institute :: Story, Print Version Few as they may be and as difficult to interpret, the fragments of Greek and Latin sources enable us to establish a few chronological markers which form the framework for the reconstruction of the history of the Greeks in India. He was the Director of French Mission of Archaeological Co-operation in Sri Lanka, Corresponding member of the American Numismatic Society, Life Member of the Polish Numismatic Society, Life Member of the Hellenic Numismatic Society (Athens), Fellow of the Royal Numismatic Society (London) and the President of the Indian Society for Greek and Roman Studies. The prime importance of numismatic evidence in reconstructing the history of the Greeks and the nomadic tribes who reigned over Central Asia and India after the death of Alexander the Great, has rightly been emphasized by many historians. www.isop.ucla.edu /asia/printevent.asp?eventid=2052   (7992 words)

greek1.html On obverse the legends are in Greek with his name at the bottom of portrait while reverse shows Pallas facing left with sloping shield. Seleucid monarch, Antiochus III (223-187 BC) carried out the third Greek (first Greek invasion is considered to be by Alexander while second is by Seleucus) invasion of India in 206 BC. He ruled in Bactria or Panjab in 315-305 BC and minted Greek styled coins (I am hoping to get his coin which are just too expensive). www.med.unc.edu /~nupam/greek1.html   (7992 words)

The Invasions The main invaders were the Bactrian Greeks, the Parthians, the Shakas and the Kushans. The Bactrian Greeks ruled the north-west for two hundred years. This was an era symbolised by progress and upheavals; of kingdoms and cultural fusion. indiainfocentre.tripod.com /files/invasions.htm   (7992 words)

History of India Menander stabilised Indo- Greek power, in addition to extending its frontiers in India. During the years that he ruled, 155-130 B.c., he is known to have held the Swat valley, and the Hazara district and the Punjab as far as the Ravi river. www.indiansaga.info /history/post_mauryan_greeks.html   (7992 words)

Bactria [Definition] The paradox that Greek presence was more prominent in Bactria than in areas far more adjacent to Greece could possibly be explained by the supposed policy of Persian kings to deport unreliable Greek as colonists to this the most remote province of their huge empire. Greeks remained as rulers, administrators, or scribes in the region for many centuries, intermixing with the primarily Buddhist dynasties in such settlements as Taxila.... Bactria (Bactriana) was the ancient Greek Greece, formally called the Hellenic Republic (Greek: Ελληνική Δημοκρατία), is a country in the southeast of Europe on the southern tip of the Balkan peninsula. www.wikimirror.com /Bactria   (7992 words)

India on Encyclopedia.com Meanwhile, Greeks following Alexander had settled in Bactria (in the area of present-day Afghanistan) and established an Indo-Greek kingdom. The Muslim kingdoms that succeeded it were defeated by a Turkic invader from Afghanistan, Babur, a remote descendant of Timur, who, after the battle of Panipat in 1526, founded the Mughal empire. The first important Aryan kingdom was Magadha, with its capital near present-day Patna; it was there, during the reign of Bimbisara (540-490 BC), that the founders of Jainism and Buddhism preached. www.encyclopedia.com /html/I/India.asp   (5958 words)

Gupta Empire: gupta empire map, capital of the gupta empire, india gupta empire He then took the Kingdom of Kota and attacked the tribes in Malvas, the Yaudheyas, the Arjunayanas, the Maduras and the Abhiras. By his death in 380, he had incorporated over twenty kingdoms into his realm, his rule extended from the Himalayas to the river Narmada and from the Brahmaputra to the Yamuna. With a dowry of the kingdom of Magadha (capital Pataliputra) and an alliance with the Lichchhavis, Chandragupta set about expanding his power, conquering much of Magadha, Prayaga and Saketa. wikipedia.openfun.org /wiki/Gupta_Empire   (2220 words)

Indo-Parthian Kingdom - Biocrawler The Indo-Parthian Kingdom was established during the 1st century CE, by a Parthian leader named Gondophares, in an area covering today's Afghanistan, Pakistan and Northern India. Around 20 CE, Gondophares, one of the Parthian conquerors, declared his independence from the Parthian empire and established the Indo-Parthian kingdom in the conquered territories. Obv: Bust of Gondophares and Greek legend: BACIΛEΩC CΩTHPOC VNΔOΦEPPOV "King Gondophares, the Saviour". www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom   (317 words)

Drews, R.: The Coming of the Greeks: Indo-European Conquests in the Aegean and the Near East. "The fact that [a] pattern of localized Near Eastern takeovers coincides with the inception of chariot warfare, coupled with his carefully documented hypothesis that Proto-Indo-European-speaking (PIE) peoples in Armenia were responsible for the development and spread of chariot warfare, serves as the backdrop to Drews's innovative scenario for the arrival of the Greeks.... Drews, R.: The Coming of the Greeks: Indo-European Conquests in the Aegean and the Near East. And, more specifically, when did the Greeks come to Greece? pup.princeton.edu /titles/4293.html   (317 words)

1.1.2.7 Bactria, the Indo-Greeks and Kushans The last Greek king, Hermaios, was defeated by the Kushan ruler Kujula Kadphises in 1 bc ending more than 300 years of Greek rule in northwest India. About 250 bc Diodotos, satrap of the Seleukid province of Bactria, revolted  and established the independent Greek  kingdom of Bactria, which lay mostly in what is now Afg h anistan. What remained of Alexander 's conquests was now largely in India, and gradually became absorbed by Indian culture. www.classicalcoins.com /page68.html   (317 words)

ONSNUMIS.ORG - New and Recent Publications - 04/99 In an addendum a new and remarkable find is published, the coin of the ‘Indo-GreekÂ’ king Artemidoros on which he states that he is the son of the Scythian king, Maues! Articles of interest to ONS members in volume 16 are: The last Greek kings in India by R. Senior, which deals with the Kings called Strato who struck coins in ‘JammuÂ’ up to the rule of Rajuvula. Mostly in Greek but with an English summary, this article publishes a colour photograph of the only Greek parchment to survive bearing the name of a Bactrian king - Antimachos Theos. onsnumis.org /news/0499newrecpubl.shtml   (317 words)

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