Indo-Greek Kingdom

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Topic: Indo-Greek Kingdom

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EXECUTIVE POWER

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ANALYSIS

Pakistan

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	Indo-Greek Kingdom - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		From the 1st century CE, the Greek communities of central Asia and northwestern India lived under the control of the Kushan branch of the Yuezhi, apart from a short-lived invasion of the Indo-Parthian Kingdom.
		The adoption of Indo-Greek monetary conventions by neighbouring kingdoms, such as the Kunindas to the east and the Satavahanas to the south, would also suggest that Indo-Greek coins were used extensively for cross-border trade.
		Buddhism flourished under the Indo-Greek kings, and it has been suggested that their invasion of India was intended to show their support for the Mauryan empire, which had a long history of marital alliances, treaties of friendship, and exchange of ambassadors and religious emissaries with the Greeks
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom (7992 words)

	India on Encyclopedia.com
		Meanwhile, Greeks following Alexander had settled in Bactria (in the area of present-day Afghanistan) and established an Indo-Greek kingdom.
		The Muslim kingdoms that succeeded it were defeated by a Turkic invader from Afghanistan, Babur, a remote descendant of Timur, who, after the battle of Panipat in 1526, founded the Mughal empire.
		The first important Aryan kingdom was Magadha, with its capital near present-day Patna; it was there, during the reign of Bimbisara (540-490 BC), that the founders of Jainism and Buddhism preached.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/I/India.asp (5958 words)

	Gupta Empire: gupta empire map, capital of the gupta empire, india gupta empire
		He then took the Kingdom of Kota and attacked the tribes in Malvas, the Yaudheyas, the Arjunayanas, the Maduras and the Abhiras.
		By his death in 380, he had incorporated over twenty kingdoms into his realm, his rule extended from the Himalayas to the river Narmada and from the Brahmaputra to the Yamuna.
		With a dowry of the kingdom of Magadha (capital Pataliputra) and an alliance with the Lichchhavis, Chandragupta set about expanding his power, conquering much of Magadha, Prayaga and Saketa.
	wikipedia.openfun.org /wiki/Gupta_Empire (2220 words)

	Indo-Parthian Kingdom - Biocrawler
		The Indo-Parthian Kingdom was established during the 1st century CE, by a Parthian leader named Gondophares, in an area covering today's Afghanistan, Pakistan and Northern India.
		Around 20 CE, Gondophares, one of the Parthian conquerors, declared his independence from the Parthian empire and established the Indo-Parthian kingdom in the conquered territories.
		The northern Indian part of the kingdom was retaken by the Kushans around 75.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom (317 words)

	Greco-Bactrian rule of Pakistan
		One of the Greek kings of the Punjab is specially remembered by Buddhism as the patron of the philosopher- monk Nagasena; this was Milinda (Menander) whose long discussions with the sage are recorded in a well-known Pali text, the Questions of Milinda.
		It is in Greek, as Strabon states, that the message of the Indus (Pakistan) King Por to the Roman Emperor Augustus (27 B.C. to A.D. 14) was composed.
		Through the Graeco-Bactrian kingdom western theories of astrology and medicine began to enter Southasia and perhaps the development of the Sanskrit drama was in part inspired from this source.
	www.geocities.com /pak_history/grecobactrian.html (730 words)

	greek coins hand made athena
		Greek mythology said Athena gave the city its chief source of wealth, the olive tree, and Athenians remembered that when they designed their coins...
		Greek rulers to depict a gesture of benediction made with the right hand, identical to the Buddhist vitarka mudra.
		Greek coins with common genuine ones, especially of Northern and Central Greece.
	www.aboutcoins.info /coin/greek-coins-hand-made-athena.html (587 words)

	Iranica.com - INDO-GREEK DYNASTY
		The final phase of the Greeks and the emergence of Indo-Scythians and Indo-Parthians are dated by setting the numismatic sequence within the context of literary references.
		However, the rule of the Indo-Greeks over territories south of the Hindu Kush lasted for a further150 years, finally collapsing under the pressure of the Yüeh-chih and Scythian (Saka) invasions.
		He was the only Greek king in India who made a clearly identifiable appearance in Indian literature, and his reputation as a good king gave rise to legends that inspired some classical writers.
	www.iranica.com /articles/supp4/Indo_Greeks.html (921 words)

	Talk:Indo-Greek Kingdom - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		I have seen many maps of the indo greeks, by published historians, and none have been so audacious in their treatment, particularly in the wake of a dearth of evidence, of the extent of their domains.
		And yes, the greeks ultimately prevailed at salamis and finally at platea, as the hathigumpha inscription and you yourself note, the greeks were soon removed from the madhyadesha as well.
		The greeks did have achievements in India: the gandhara school of art, cultural and intellectual exchange, increased trade, verifiable holdings in the Punjab, and improvement of coinage on the subcontinent.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talk:Indo-Greek_Kingdom (8209 words)

	Gandara
		His kingdom was divided between his generals; Gandara and the other eastern provinces were given to Seleucus, the first king of the Seleucid empire.
		According to the Greek researcher Herodotus of Halicarnassus (fifth century BCE), the Gandarians belonged to the seventh (and poorest) tax district of the Achaemenid empire, together with three other tribes, the Sattagydians, the Dadicae and Aparitae.
		The Greeks called the western part this region Parapamisos, which may be derived from the old Old Persian name of the Hindu Kush mountain range, Upairisaena (mentioned in the Avesta, Yasna 10).
	www.livius.org /ga-gh/gandara/gandara.html (2186 words)

	Hephaestus Encyclopedia Article @ VariedTastes.com
		Hephaestus, Greek god of forging, riding a Donkey; Greek drinking cup (skyphos) made in the 5th century B.C. Hephaestus (World Book «hih FEHS tuhs») (Greek: Ἡφαιστος Hêphaistos) is the Greek god whose approximate Roman equivalent is Vulcan; he is the god of blacksmiths, craftsmen, artisans, sculptors, metals and metallurgy, and fire.
		Either way, in Greek thought, the fates of the goddess of wisdom and war (Athena) and the god of the forge that makes the weapons of war were linked.
		According to ancient Greek mythology, Aphrodite was the wife of Hephaestus.
	www.variedtastes.com /encyclopedia/Hephaestus (1168 words)

	Bactrian and Indo-Greeks (250 BC - 55 BC) - DBA 50
		We know the Indo greeks were excellent coin-smiths, with their coins far exceeding in quality the "true" greek coins.
		There is virtually no information on the Indo greeks surviving apart from the writings of Strabo - although some bits are turning up in Muslim libraries All we have, virtually, are a few coins, and of course the ruins of various Alexandrias.
		Perhaps some Indo Greeks spoke no Greek, but could speak only Sanskrit.
	www.fanaticus.org /DBA/armies/dba50lim.html (809 words)

	Apollodotus I
		Apollodotus I was an Indo-Greek king between 180 and 160 BC who ruled the western and southern parts of the Indo-Greek kingdom, from Taxila in Punjab to the areas of Sindh and Gujarat.
		This is confirmed by the Periplus, a 1st century AD document on trade in the Indian Ocean, which describes the remnants of Greek presence (shrines, barracks, wells, coinage) in the strategic port of Barygaza (Bharuch) in Gujarat.
		Greek legend ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΠΟΛΛΟΔΟΤΟΥ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ "Saviour King Apollodotus".
	www.mlahanas.de /Greeks/Bios/ApollodotusI.html (508 words)

	Maurya dynasty
		When the situation in Alexander's former kingdom had stabilized, one of his successors, Seleucus, tried to reconquer the eastern territories, but the war was inconclusive, and the Macedonian and Chandragupta signed a peace treaty.
		In c.240, the Bactrian leaders -who were of Greek descent- revolted from their Seleucid overlords, and although king Antiochus III the Great restored order in 206, the Bactrian leader Euthydemus declared himself independent within a decade.
		A Greek visitor, Megasthenes, gives a very strange description of the caste system (accepting seven instead of the usual four classes of people), and it is likely that he describes an attempted reform.
	www.livius.org /man-md/mauryas/mauryas.html (1317 words)

	All Empires History Forum: Greek artistic influence on Budist art
		After Alexander's conqest and the establishment of several Indo-Greek kingdoms, Greek art flourished and influenced the art of all conquered regions.
		After the fall of Taxila, it became the capital of an Indo-Greek kingdom which had as most famous kings Agathocles and Pantaleon.
		One example from the later period is of the transformation of Greek Bactria into the kingdom of Ghandara, where a Greek is said to have converted to Buddism.
	www.allempires.com /forum/forum_posts.asp?TID=845&PN=5 (989 words)

	India - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		This led to the establishment of the Indo-Greek, Indo-Scythian and Indo-Parthian kingdoms in the northern Indian Subcontinent, and finally the Kushan Empire.
		Nevertheless, several indigenous kingdoms flourished, especially in the relatively sheltered south, one of which was the Vijayanagara Empire.
		During mid-second millennium AD, several European countries, including Portugal, Netherlands, France and the United Kingdom, who initially wanted to trade with India, took advantage of the fractured kingdoms fighting each other, to establish colonies in the country.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/India (4267 words)

	Miscellenous ancient coins
		Demetrius established an Indo-Greek kingdom in the northern and northwestern part of India, which was to last until the end of the 1st century BCE, and under which Buddhism was able to flourish.
		The core of the kingdom was that portion of Bihar lying south of the Ganges, with its capital at Rajagriha (modern Rajgir).
		The Kingdom of Kuninda was an ancient central Himalayan kingdom from around the 2nd century BCE to the 3rd century, located in the modern state of Uttaranchal in northern India.
	www.ancientcoins.ca /india.html (2127 words)

	Hearing Archives :Committee on Ways & Means :: U.S. House of Representatives :
		By the beginning of the Christian era the remnants of the Indo-Greek and Indo-Scythian kingdoms had fallen to the Indo-Parthians and to the Yueh-Chih, who later became known as the Kushans.
		Greek coins with royal Seleukid types were issued until in 256 b.c., the Seleukid realm lost its eastern provinces.
		After the khanate split into independent kingdoms around 600 a.d., the Persians made a temporary recovery, but the Sasanian regime disintegrated after a disastrous war with the Byzantine Empire, falling to the rising power of Islam in 651 a.d.
	waysandmeans.house.gov /hearings.asp?formmode=view&id=3640 (4058 words)

	Ethnologue report for language code:ell
		Greeks in Russia and Ukraine speak either Greek or Turkish and are called 'Urums'.
		The Greek of Italy and that of Corsica are probably separate languages (R. Zamponi 1992).
		In Cyprus, the dialect is reported to be closer to Classical Greek than that spoken in Greece in some vocabulary and grammar, and to have many Arabic and Turkish loanwords.
	www.ethnologue.com /show_language.asp?code=ell (502 words)

	Pakistan
		Various Greek kings ruled into the beginning of the 1st century CE, as petty rulers (such as Theodamas) and as administrators, after the area was conquered by various Central Asian groups, most notably the Tocharian Kushans.
		To the south, this kingdom captured Sindh and extended to the coast of the Arabian Sea.
		His territories covered the eastern dominions of the divided Greek empire of Bactria (from the areas of the Panjshir and Kapisa, now in Afghanistan) and extended to the Pakistani province of Punjab with diffuse tributaries to the south and east, possibly even as far as Mathura in modern India.
	q-basic.xodox.de /Pakistan (7574 words)

	CUAQ Result
		(17) Tue Aug 30 20: 01:25 1994 Newsgroups: alt.hindu (8) The Indo-Greek kings struck coins with bilingual legends, usually in Greek on the obverse and in an Indian language (Prakrit in Kharoshthi or, very rarely, in Brahmi script) on the reverse.
		(12) The kingdom of Gandhaar, for instance, was established by Taksha, the grandson of Bharat of Ayodhya, and its borders went from Takshashila (Taxila) to Tashkent (corruption of Taksha Khand) in present day Uzbekistan.
		(11) He was the only Greek king in India who made a clearly identifiable appearance in Indian literature, and his reputation as a good king gave rise to legends that inspired some classical writers.
	aquaint.cs.columbia.edu /CUAQ/result.cgi?q=1091;s=1 (11009 words)

	Yavana -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust!
		In the 2nd century BC, Greek adventurers from Bactria had founded kingdoms in the Punjab...
		The word appears in Achaemenian (Persian) inscriptions in the forms Yauna and Ia-ma-nu and referred to the Ionian Greeks of Asia Minor, who were conquered by the Achaemenid king Cyrus the Great in 545 BC.
		Magadha was the nucleus of the Sunga kingdom, which succeeded the Mauryan.
	www.britannica.com /ebc/article-9077866 (529 words)

	India - free-definition
		With the arrival of the Portuguese, French and English traders, advantage was taken of the fractured, debilitate kingdoms to colonise India.
		Most parts of India were ruled by the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal dynasty following the Islamic ingress during the second millennia, though some Hindu kingdoms remained in or subsequently arose to power.
		The first millennium saw many highly developed independent kingdoms, some of which acquired imperial stature, come to the fore.
	www.netlexikon.akademie.de /India.html (2691 words)

	Hindunet: The Hindu Universe: Year of Mahabharata, Pioneer Daily
		He was succeded by Philoxenus and Diomedes who jointly ruled the western Indo-Greek kingdom from river Indus to Qunduz region of bactria.Their coins depicts king wearing flat cap (kausia) sitting on prancing horse.
		On obverse the legends are in Greek with his name at the bottom of portrait while reverse shows Pallas facing left with sloping shield.
		Seleucid monarch, Antiochus III (223-187 BC) carried out the third Greek (first Greek invasion is considered to be by Alexander while second is by Seleucus) invasion of India in 206 BC.
	www.hindunet.org /forum/showflat.php?Cat=&Board=anci...a&Number=40181&Main=40065 (4355 words)

	Greco-Buddhism - OccultForums.com
		The Greek stylistic influence on the representation of the Buddha, through its idealistic realism, also permitted a very accessible, understandable and attractive visualization of the ultimate state of
		The length of the Greek presence in Central Asia and northern India provided opportunities for interaction, not only on the artistic, but also on the religious plane.
		Ashoka also claims he converted to Buddhism Greek populations within his realm: "Here in the king's domain among the Greeks, the Kambojas, the Nabhakas, the Nabhapamkits, the Bhojas, the Pitinikas, the Andhras and the Palidas, everywhere people are following Beloved-of-the-Gods' instructions in Dhamma."
	www.occultforums.com /showthread.php?t=8687 (1679 words)

	Wikinfo Classics
		At Oxford University Classics is known as Literae Humaniores, comprising the study of Ancient Greek and Latin language and literature, history and philosophy, sometimes called "Greats", after the nickname for the final examinations.
		Classics (or Classical Studies), particularly within the Western University tradition, when used as a singular noun, means the study of the language, literature, history, art, and other aspects of Greek and Roman culture during the time frame known as classical antiquity.
		Cicero commented, "All literature, all philosophical treatises, all the voices of antiquity are full of examples for imitation, which would all lie unseen in darkness without the light of literature".
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Classics (801 words)

	Meteoroloo.com :: India - map of india
		Nevertheless, several indigenous kingdoms remained or rose to power, especially in the relatively sheltered south.
		During the middle of the second millennium, several European countries, including the Portuguese, Dutch, French, and British, who were initially interested in trade with India, took advantage of fractured kingdoms fighting each other physical map of india to establish colonies in the country.
		From around 500 BC onwards, population of india many independent kingdoms came into being.
	www.meteoroloo.com /Met-countries-e-l/India.html (3939 words)

	Indo-Greek
		The Greek rulers of Bactria seceded from the Seleucid king in the 256 B.C. and creating their own kingdom.
		After Alexander the Great's death his empire was divided into three kingdoms, one of them being the Seleucid kingdom.
		The founder of the Parthian empire was Arsaces I, who had been a governor under Diodotus, king of the Bactrian Greeks.
	users2.ev1.net /~legionary/mainevent/coins/IndoGreek.html (626 words)

	Persia: Shaw's Outline of Ancient History
		Diodotus I creates Graeco-Bactrian kingdom of Bactria (lasting to 100 B.C.), around which gravitate Sogdiana (to the north), Margiana (to the north-west) and Aria (in the west)
		300-400 CE 301 - Kingdom of Armenia is first nation to make Christianity a state religion
		It was unknown until 1938, when expeditions of the Oriental Institute in Chicago discovered a long inscription on the walls of an Achaemenid building known as the Ka'be-ye Zardusht (Ka'ba of Zarathushtra).
	www.juyayay.com /outline/persia (3623 words)

	globalEDGE (TM) country insights - History of Pakistan
		Alexander the Great included the Indus Valley in his empire in 326 B.C., and his successors founded the Indo-Greek kingdom of Bactria based in what is today Afghanistan and extending to Peshawar.
		At the end of World War II, the United Kingdom moved with increasing urgency to grant India independence.
		Following the rise of the Central Asian Kushan Empire in later centuries, the Buddhist culture of Afghanistan and Pakistan, centered on the city of Taxila just east of Peshawar, experienced a cultural renaissance known as the Gandhara period.
	globaledge.msu.edu /IBRD/CountryHistory.asp?CountryID=34&RegionID=3 (2367 words)

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In the News (Sun 3 Jun 12)