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Topic: Indo-Parthian

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ninemsn Encarta - Search Results - Parthians Parthians, designation of the rulers of the Parthian Empire, and general reference to all its inhabitants. The Parthian Empire Under Mithridates I (171-138 B.C.), the Parthians continued their conquests and annexed Media, Fars, Babylonia and Assyria, creating an empire that extended from the Euphrates to Herat in Afghanistan. THE PARTHIANS In 250 BC a new Iranian people, the Parthians, proclaimed their independence from the Seleucids, and went on to re-establish an Oriental Empire which extended to the Euphrates. au.encarta.msn.com /Parthians.html

Indo-Parthian Kingdom - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Following the weakening of the Parthian empire after conflicts with Rome and the death of Mithridates II in 92 BC, the Suren, a noble Parthian family of Arsacid descent, started to make inroads into eastern territories that had been occupied by the Indo-Scythians and the Yuezhi, until the demise of the last Indo-Scythian emperor Around 20 AD, Gondophares, one of the Parthian conquerors, declared his independence from the Parthian empire and established the Indo-Parthian kingdom in the conquered territories. Parthian leader named Gondophares, in an area covering today's Afghanistan, Pakistan and Northern India. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Indo-Parthian

Parthians (250 BC - 225 AD) - DBA 51 Enemies of the Parthians in the DBA list include Kushan (21b), Scythian (25), Later Seleucid (41b), Armenian (44), Bactrian and Indo-Greek (50), fellow Parthians (51), Han Chinese (54), Early Rhoxolani Sarmatian (55a), Siracae, Iazyges, or Later Rhoxolani Sarmatian (55c), Pontic (58), Marian Roman (59), Early Imperial Roman (64), Middle Imperial Roman (69), Early Sassanid (73a). Parthian defeat often came when the ratio of cataphracts to horse archers was too high or when the charge came before the enemy was sufficiently disordered. Parthian cataphracts wore iron or bronze armour from head to foot and their horses were covered all around by scale armour of iron, bronze or leather. www.fanaticus.org /DBA/armies/dba51.html

Parthia: History The Parthians were a subgroup of the nomadic steppe culture known to us as the Scythians. Trajan was successful in capturing all of Mesopotamia including Seleucia and the Parthian winter capital of Ctesiphon, across the Tigris from Seleucia. This control of trade was to be the foundation of Parthian wealth and power, and was jealously guarded by the Arsacids, who always attempted to maintain direct control over the lands through which the major trade routes passed. americanhistory.si.edu /csr/nnc/parthia/frames/phisfm.htm

The Sussanian Invasion on Afghanistan The Parthians established control in most of what is Iran as early as the middle of the third century B.C.; about 100 years later another Indo-European group from the north--the Kushans (a subgroup of the tribe called the Yuezhi by the Chinese)--entered Afghanistan and established an empire lasting almost four centuries. 150 B.C.-700 A.D. n the third and second centuries B.C., the Parthians, a nomadic people speaking Indo-European languages, arrived on the Iranian Plateau. The Kushan Empire spread from the Kabul River Valley to defeat other Central Asian tribes that had previously conquered parts of the northern central Iranian Plateau once ruled by the Parthians. www.laghman.net /sussanian.asp

Classical Armenian Online Artavazd I (160 - 115 B.C.) and Tigran I (115 - 95 B.C.), the successors of Artashes, were both subject to Parthian domination, forced to pay tribute and send royal family members as hostages to the Parthian capital at Ctesiphon. Finally Rome sent Pompey to advance on Armenia; when the Parthians simultaneously attacked from the east, Tigran struck a peace treaty with the Romans in 66 B.C. Rome allowed Tigran to maintain his rule of Armenia in order to keep this a buffer region between Roman and Parthian interests. But when Armenia refused to commit troops to the Roman effort against the Parthians, Antony blamed Artavazd for his defeat and took the Armenian capital by force in 35 B.C. Artavazd was taken to Egypt and executed. www.utexas.edu /cola/depts/lrc/eieol/armol-3-X.html

Bibliography Page 31 Administritive de-centralisation, which had earlier been an asset to the Indo-Greeks, led to the downfall of the Indo-Scythian realm which, fragmented among increasingly powerful satraps, became easy prey to Kushan and Indo-Parthian expansion. A list of Parthian musical instruments in Herodian and Plutarch, the "Asiatic cither" (Strabo), representations on Parthian coins. The Sakas who settled in western Afghanistan eventually reached an equilibrium with Parthia about 80 B.C. and issued a series of modified Parthian silver drachms during the rest of the first century B.C. Both Parthian-style drachms struck by these Sakas and drachms struck by the Parthians themselves in their eastern provinces are considered. www.parthia.com /webreport_31.htm

Mother right and the vengeance of Zainab There were few Arabs relative to the general populations although they, like the Macedonians and Romans and Parthians before them, were able to maintain control. This doesn't explain the rapid changeover among a vast majority of people. www.root-1.co.il /ch_4_ii.htm

History of Iran: India's Parthian Colony The dress of the Pallavas is cleary Parthian. Moreover, the word Parthian is itself derived from Parsa, as the Encyclopedia Britannica notes: "The first certain occurrence of the name is as Parthava in the Bisitun inscription (c.520 BC) of the Achaemenian king Darius I, but Parthava may be only a dialectal variation of the name Parsa (Persian)." (Enc.Brit. According to this school, the Pallavas were a northern tribe of Parthian origin constituting a clan of the nomads having come to India from Persia. www.iranchamber.com /history/articles/india_parthian_colony1.php

indoparth The Sacaraucae in eastern Iran came under the influence of the Parthians around 80 B.C.E. when Sinatruces, a member of the Parthian royal family, sought asylum among them. With the help of the Sakas Sinatruces obtained the Parthian throne and the Sacaraucae became Parthian vassals. All of the coins issued by the kings who followed Tanles are copies of Parthian drachms with the curious feature of having a countermark engraved on the die. www.ece.iit.edu /~prh/coins/t/june.rw/indoparth.html

Parthian Stations Under the Parthians it was evidently a state policy to encourage the passage of goods from Lake Helmund over the old northern route; but the understanding between the Kushan monarchy and the Nabatæan princes made it impracticable for Parthia to establish a commercial monopoly through its capital on the Tigris. The advantage gained by the Parthians was followed up in 51 B.C. by an invasion of Syria under Pacorus, son of the Parthian king Orodes, in which the Roman arms were all but driven from the eastern Mediterranean. It is clear that the southern kingdoms tributary to the Parthian state were in large measure independent in their commercial affairs, and that some understanding to this effect existed with the Parthian capital; otherwise the diversion of trade between the northern and southern routes at Lake Helmund could not peacefully have occurred. www.parthia.com /parthian_stations.htm

Bibliography Page 25 An examination of the find and some similar finds of Parthian galvanic cells is presented, and the device that might have been invented and what the electrolyte might have been are studied. Abstract: The Parthian coins found by the Oriental Institute of Chicago at the ancient site of Nippur in southern Iraq are published. It is argued that, already before Verus' Parthian triumph in October 166, major Roman initiatives on the northern frontier were in train which indicate a planned offensive, not a defensive reaction. www.parthia.com /webreport_25.htm

Regional Kingdoms (200 BC–AD 300) The northern part of the country saw a prolonged struggle between foreigners like Indo-Greeks, Parthians, Kushans and the Sakas. A number of small and large kingdoms emerged in the Indian subcontinent after the fall of the Mauryan dynasty. www.indianvisit.com /ivnew/thecountry/history/regionalkingdom.htm

The Prescise Iranian Calendar With as many as 80 rulers on the Iranian throne during the thousand and odd years of Achaemenians, Macedonians, Parthians, and Sassanians, much confusion in chronology has arisen, and many dates have been misinformed, misused, misplaced, misinterpreted, miscalculated, and missed. Earlier, each of the Iranian kings, following the pattern set by other Middle Eastern rulers, particularly the Babylonians, observed a new era from his own ascension to the throne. The Yazdgerdi era reminds one of the last Emperor who got overthrown by Arab invaders. www.zoroastrian.org /articles/The%20Precise%20Iranian%20Calendar.htm

ONSNUMIS.ORG - Kshaharata Questions These silver drachms have a parallel in the similar silver drachms issued in Sind by the Indo-Parthians and the drachms of the Paratarajas of Sind/Baluchistan. They probably grew out of, and were an extension of, the monetary system of the Parthians and were possibly influenced too by the appearance in the region of Roman silver denarii brought in trade. The silver drachm coinage of Gujerat was mainly issued by the successors of Chastana, of the Kardamaka dynasty, the rulers of which dynasty are generally referred to as the Western Satraps. www.onsnumis.org /articles/kshaharata.shtml

History of Afghanistan The nearest Sakas, the Surens or Indo - Parthians, reign, eventually becoming absorbed by the Indo - Parthians and Kushans. annals, suggest that Kujula Kadphises took the Kabul valley from the Indo - Parthians afghanistan_history.home.comcast.net

Guy Clark Ancient Coins and Antiquities- Eastern Coinages Parthian style bust left/King standing left before altar, BMC219,2. King wearing Parthian tiara left, legend behind/Diademed bust left, legends around, Alram 635/637. King wearing Parthian tiara left, legend behind/Deademed bust left, legends around, Alram 634/636. www.ancient-art.com /east.htm

FToI: A Brief History of the Iranics However, I should emphasize that the Turkic speaking people were already the result of a much more ancient mixing between Scythian and Parthian Iraniks of Central Asia with Mongol-Altaic tribes. However, since the Sassanids destroyed almost everything that was Parthian, many available historical sources cite that the Chief Zoroastrian Magi under Shahpour was called Athurpat (the Guardian of Fire). Azerbaijan, before the Arab Muslim occupation of Iran, was a land that hosted a mixture of Scythian, Parthians, and Median tribes. freethoughts.org /archives/000641.php

Bibliography Page 29 Iran I, by Jean Louis Huot, which dealt with Persia from the beginning until the Achaemenians, has now been followed by this volume covering the period from the death of Alexander the Great to the Arab conquest, i.e., the millennium corresponding to the reigns of the Seleucid, (Graeco- Macedonian) Parthian and Sassanian dynasties. Following the memories of one man's life encompassing, the earthquake of AD 115, war with the Parthians and ending in India where the Bhudda was given form. [no. 3] Parthian economic documents from Nisa: Plates III (1979). www.parthia.com /webreport_29.htm

Webstercc.com: Iran It was conquered by Alexander the Great, but soon after Persia regained its independence in the form of the Parthian and Sassanid Empires. History According to the reports of the Acts of the Apostles there were Persians, Parthians and Medians among the very first new Christian converts at Pentecost. Before the First World War The seventh century Arab-Muslim conquest of Iran was followed by conquests by the Seljuk Turks, the Mongols, and Tamerlane. www.worldwidewebfind.com /Iran.html

- Blank - Barbarians grow in power and unity along the N borders, and the Persians form a new empire in the East after the Parthians are weakened by emperor Severus' attacks during the first part of the century. Also this year, the Parthians turn back the invading force of Mark Antony. 53 - Crassus defeated by Parthians and killed in battle radium226.dyndns.org /hist/index-ext.html

Alliance: The Origins Of The Indo-Europeans I believe the Hittite language, while classified as Indo European, has other elements that make no sense if one considers it to have an IE base...it's thought that this means the Hittites must have arrived in Anatolia much earlier than the Greeks and other IE groups. Still, originally, I suppose one can propose a model for intermarriage and such...the problem is that groups splintered off at such different times. They then established themselves and took over some of the proto-hittite language...yet I've heard the opposite proposed, that the existing language took on elements of the new people. www.pritani.com /alliance/indo-european.html

Coins of India 1975 116pp The Parthians, the dynasties of Otannes and Vonones, the conquests of Maues ca. www.galatacoins.demon.co.uk /books/indian.html

Mythology's Myth*ing Links = Eurasia / Central Asia: Afghanistan, page 2 Ruling from 247 B.C. to A.D. 228 in ancient Persia (Iran), the Parthians defeated Alexander the Great's successors, the Seleucids, conquered most of the Middle East and southwest Asia, and built Parthia into an Eastern superpower. The Parthian empire revived the greatness of the Achaemenid empire and counterbalanced Rome's hegemony in the West. ...The Parthian Empire is a fascinating period of Persian history closely connected to Greece and Rome. www.mythinglinks.org /eurasia~Afghanistan2.html

RS 10 Indian Civ., Greek and Asian Dynasties Where did the Parthians establish their empire and who did they replace? How did the Parthians change culturally after the mid-first century C.E.? The Parthians and what other empire were the chief Eurasian powers? www.loyno.edu /~gerlich/122rs10.html

Section 10 – The Kingdom of Anxi 安息 (the Parthian Empire) It is not known whether the original Parthian name of Old Nisa was Mithradatkirt, or whether this was a renaming of the old site by Mithradates I.... Unloaded at Charax, the goods were sent along a network of routes through the Parthian Empire – up the Tigris to the capital, Ctesiphon; up the Euphrates to Dura-Europos and the frontier with the Roman Empire; or via Hatra and Palmyra and other caravan-cities in the heart of Arabia Deserta. On the other hand, we know that his reign was very disturbed; some of the Parthian barons refused to obey him, and plots were hatched, sometimes with the help of Rome. depts.washington.edu /~uwch/silkroad/texts/hhshu/notes10.html

Parthians (250 BC - 225 AD) - DBA II/37 Parthian cataphracts wore iron or bronze armour from head to foot and their horses were covered all around by scale armour of iron, bronze or leather. Parthian defeat often came when the ratio of cataphracts to horse archers was too high or when the charge came before the enemy was sufficiently disordered. Parthian horse archers were minor nobles and slave soldiers who were mounted on unarmored horses and armed primarily with bow. fanaticus.org /DBA/armies/II37

The Indo-Parthian Kingdom The Indo-Parthian kingdom was based on the power of the Sacaraucae, also known as Scythians, who were distant relatives of the Parthians, who had been forced south-westwards by the Yueh Chi into Parthian lands during the mid to late 2nd century BC. The Indo-Parthian kingdom was founded by the first of several kings named Gondophares in the late first century BC. Gondophares, as well as being a Saka king, was probably a member of the Suren family, one of the seven major noble houses of the Parthians, whose feifdom was in Seistan, by now known as Sakastan, on the eastern borders of the Parthian empire. americanhistory.si.edu /collections/numismatics/parthia/frames/indopar.htm

MENANDER (MILINDA) - LoveToKnow Article on MENANDER (MILINDA) But at this time the west, Kabul and the Punjab were already in the hands of a barbarous dynasty,, most of whom have Iranian (Parthian) names, and who seem therefore to have been of Arsacid origin (cf. Gujarat, Brahman Saurashtra) and the kingdom of Sigerdis (not otherwise known); and they extended their dominion to the Seres (i.e. The Miuinda Paho is preserved in Pali, in Ceylon, Burma and Siam, but was probably composed originally in the extreme northwest of India, and in a dialect spoken in that region. 73.1911encyclopedia.org /M/ME/MENANDER_MILINDA_.htm

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