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Topic: Indochina Union

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	French Indochina - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		French Indochina was a federation of protectorates and one directly ruled colony in Southeast Asia, part of the French colonial empire.
		French Indochina was formed in October 1887 from Annam, Tonkin, Cochin China, and the Kingdom of Cambodia; Laos was added in 1893.
		The partition was agreed to at the Geneva Conference, where the United States of America, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, France and the People's Republic of China also settled a number of outstanding disputes relating to the Korean War.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/French_Indochina (638 words)

	Indochina. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The cultures of Indochina were influenced by China and India.
		The centuries before European intervention saw the growth and decline of the Khmer Empire in Cambodia, the rise and fall of Champa, and the steady expansion of Annam.
		In 1887 they formed those four states into a union of Indochina, with a governor-general at its head; Laos was added to the union in 1893.
	www.bartleby.com /65/in/Indochin.html (308 words)

	Vietnam War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Control of Indochina at the end of the war was divided between British and Chinese areas of occupation.
		The British arrived in the south in October and supervised the surrender and departure of the Japanese army from Indochina south of the 16th parallel.
		The last official U.S. battle in Indochina was on May 15, 1975, when 18 soldiers were killed on the last day of a rescue operation known as the Mayagüez incident involving a skirmish with the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Indochina_conflict (12795 words)

	Colonial Cambodia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In October of 1887, the French announced the formation of the Union Indochinoise (Union of Indochina), which at that time comprised Cambodia, already an autonomous French possession, and the three regions of Vietnam (Tonkin, Annam, and Cochinchina.
		Rather than pass the throne on to Norodom's sons, the French passed the succession to Norodom's brother Sisowath, whose branch of the royal family was more submissive and less nationalistic to French rule than Norodom's, who was viewed as the more nationalistic branch of the family.
		Not long after the French first established an autonomous presence in Cambodia in 1863, the French realized their dream of Cambodia becoming the "Singapore of Indochina" was an illusion and that Cambodia had no hidden wealth.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Colonial_Cambodia (3123 words)

	New Page 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Geneva Conference was attended by representatives of Cambodia, North Vietnam, the Associated State of Vietnam (the predecessor of the Republic of Vietnam, or South Vietnam), Laos, the People's Republic of China, the Soviet Union, France, Britain, and the United States.
		Indochina Union, comprising Cambodia and the three constituent regions of Vietnam: Tonkin, Annam, and Cochinchina.
		(Laos was added to the Indochina Union after being separated from Thai suzerainty in 1893.) Cambodia's chief colonial official, responsible to the Union's governor general and appointed by the Ministry of Marine and Colonies in Paris, was a resident general (résident supérieur).
	www.khmerkampongspeu.org /monument.htm (801 words)

	Cambodian History Part I
		In October 1887, the French proclaimed the Union Indochinoise, or Indochina Union, comprising Cambodia and the three constituent regions of Vietnam: Tonkin, Annam, and Cochinchina.
		The cultivation of rubber and of corn were economically important, and the fertile provinces of Batdambang and Siemreab became the rice baskets of Indochina.
		In stark contrast to neighboring Cochinchina and to the other Vietnamese-populated territories of Indochina, Cambodia was relatively quiescent politically during the first four decades of the twentieth century.
	www.ess.uwe.ac.uk /genocide/cambhist1.htm (3097 words)

	WHKMLA : History of French Indochina, 1945-1954
		Indochina was reorganized, now consisting of the three monarchies Laos, Cambodia and the republic Vietnam.
		The term "independence within the French Union" translated to outward signs of independence, such as the issuance of Laotian, Vietnamese, Cambodian stamps, and foreign diplomatic recognition; but French influence was still dominant.
		In 1954, the French lost the decisive BATTLE OF DIEN BIEN PHU; at the GENEVA CONFERENCE, the dissolution of Indochina and the French withdrawal was negotiated.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/seasia/frindochina19451954.html (480 words)

	Pentgon Papers-vol 1 Chap 2
		Lesser considerations concerning the modalities of relations between the States of the FR Union and the REP of FR must, for instance, be at least temporarily laid aside in face of serious threat to very existence of Vietnam as autonomous state, within FR Union or otherwise.
		In Indochina we have allied ourselves to the desperate effort of the French regime to hang on to the remnants of an empire.
		The situation in Indochina is not satisfactory and shows no substantial prospect of improving, that no decisive military victory can be achieved, that the Bao Dai government gives little promise of developing competence and winning the loyalty of the population.
	25thaviation.org /id965.htm (10084 words)

	Indochina
		The French then made protectorates of AnnamAnnam and Tongking in 1884, and united the whole lot into the Union Indochinoise in 1887 (with the capital still at Saigon).
		"Indochina" as a name was proposed for the region in the early 19th century by Scottish poet and orientalist John Leyden, because it lay between India and China -- and perhaps because it had in its early history been dominated by those superpowers.
		This is the flag we show, above as the flag of Indochina, or close to it in the fact the author shows white stripes in place of the yellow between the blue.
	flagspot.net /flags/vn-inchn.html (1950 words)

	Nhan Dan --- Life
		From 1930 to the sixth plenum’s resolution of the Indochinese Communist Party (November 1939), the slogan was: Supporting the peace policy of the Soviet Union” but the seventh plenum’s resolution (November 1940) was expanded and elevated to “Allying with the Soviet Union and supporting the Soviet Union”.
		Therefore, in Indochina, the anti-fascist struggle against Japanese fascists is part of the struggle of China and the Soviet Union against the world fascism.” In that spirit, the Indochinese Communist Party regarded the support to the Soviet Union ever more important.
		Therefore, as far as the vital path of Indochina peoples was concerned there was no other way of overthrowing the French imperialists and fighting against any aggressor, regardless of their being yellow or white skin people for national independence.
	www.nhandan.com.vn /english/life/090505/vietnamese.htm (2303 words)

	National Intelligence Estimate-91, "Probable Developments in Indochina through 1954," 4 June 1953 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Although the Viet Minh did not defeat any large French Union forces in these operations, they did force the French to withdraw the bulk of their offensive striking power from the Tonkin delta and disperse it in isolated strong points, dependent on air transport for logistic support.
		Viewed solely in terms of the Viet Minh objective to win all of Indochina, however, the Viet Minh offensive in Laos is an extension of the 1952 winter's offensive in northwestern Tonkin, and represents a shift in Viet Minh military tactics.
		In this manner, the Viet Minh probably hope to retain the military and political initiative and, by dispersing French Union forces, to prevent either a clean-up by the French Union in the Tonkin delta or offensive operations by the French Union against Viet Minh troop concentrations and supply installations outside the delta.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/intrel/pentagon/doc15.htm (4718 words)

	AllRefer.com - Cambodia : History : Early History to Independence, Cambodia (Cambodian Political Geography) - ...
		Cambodia became part of the Union of Indochina in 1887.
		In Jan., 1946, France granted Cambodia self-government within the French Union; a constitution was promulgated in May, 1947.
		Cambodia withdrew from the French Union in 1955 and was admitted into the United Nations later that year.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/C/Cambodia-history.html (480 words)

	cr30jun53 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The troops she has there are as good as any in the world--certainly the flower of her army--and she has maintained the jungle war against numerous and skillful native armies for a long period.
		The organs of the French Union were developed at the conclusion of World War II to insure the continued dominance of Metropolitan France over the other countries of the Union.
		In the assembly of the French Union the control is again rested in the Government of France, and the Assembly can express its opinions only on bills submitted to it by the French Assembly or the governments of the Associated States.
	copperas.com /jfk/cr30jun53.htm (3024 words)

	The Avalon Project : Indochina - The Defense of Indochina: Communiqué Regarding Discussions Between Representatives of ...
		Indochina - The Defense of Indochina: Communiqué Regarding Discussions Between Representatives of the United States, France, Viet-Nam, and Cambodia, June 18, 1952 (1)
		The partners, however, recognize the obligation to help each other in their areas of primary responsibility to the extent of their capabilities and within the limitations imposed by their global obligations as well as by the requirements in their own areas of special responsibility.
		The conversations reaffirmed the common determination of the participants to prosecute the defense of Indochina and their confidence in a free, peaceful and prosperous future for Cambodia, Laos, and Viet-Nam.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/intdip/indoch/inch012.htm (682 words)

	WWF Indochina Programme (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Some of the most majestic mammals roam the grasslands and rainforests of Indochina, along with species previously unknown to science, including the saola, first announced by WWF in 1992.
		Seen as the source of economic growth and prosperity, the Mekong's natural wealth is threatened by the construction of hydroelectric dams, massive dredging to improve commercial navigation and poorly designed dikes and roads.
		Along with its partners, including The Mekong River Commission representing Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand and Lao PDR, WWF Greater Mekong is striving to raise awareness of the devastating impact huge construction projects have on the natural dynamics of the river while promoting the recommendations of the World Commission on Dams and sources of alternative energy.
	www.wwfindochina.org (566 words)

	www.Khmerson.com
		A gradual decline in the coercive authority of the Khmer Empire was followed by losses of territory to the Vietnamese and the Thais.
		The French protectorate began by treaty in 1863 and became a colonial relationship with Cambodia's incorporation into the Union of Indochina in 1887.
		Indochina fell to the Japanese during World War II, but France reclaimed it in 1945 as part of the newly conceived French Union.
	www24.brinkster.com /oudom/history.htm (1527 words)

	[No title]
		The effort remained concentrated on the war in Indochina throughout 1992 and only one investigator was detailed, in July, to work part time on the question of the missing from World War II, Korea, and the Cold War.
		On the question of whether any American POWs survived in Indochina after Homecoming: The Nixon Administration expected more POWs to be returned than the North Vietnamese released at Homecoming, it pressed the DRV for a full accounting, but it publicly asserted that none remained alive in captivity.
		The other indication that POWs might still be held in remote regions of Indochina was the appearance of possible evasion and escape symbols, appeals for rescue, covertly constructed by POWs in accordance with their training and using prearranged numbers and figures.
	www.ibiblio.org /pub/academic/history/marshall/military/vietnam/pow_mia/amer_legion_powmia.txt (16760 words)

	HighBeam Encyclopedia - Indochina (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Les Temps modernes and the French war in Indochina.
		The tangled web: America, France and Indochina 1947-50: Sami Abouzahr untangles US policy towards France at the time of the Marshall Plan and the war in Indochina.
		Bagrichthys obscurus, a new species of bagrid catfish from Indochina (Teleostei: Bagridae).
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/I/Indochin.asp (421 words)

	Society of Indo-china Philatelists - Articles
		After the Japanese occupation of Indochina during World War Two, and the return of the French in 1946, the Kingdom of Laos was guaranteed its democratic freedom by the constitutional proclamation of 10 May 1947.
		Laos was declared an independent state within the French Union on 22 October 1953, but did not become fully independent until 7 December 1956, well after the end of the prolonged Indochina War.
		An International Control Commission (ICC) for Indochina was established as part of the Geneva Declaration partitioning Vietnam in August 1954, to help achieve stability in the newly independent states of Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam.
	www.sicp-online.org /archive/laos_001.htm (2159 words)

	A short history of Vietnam
		These possesions are united in 1887 with Cambodia into the Union of Indochina.
		Between 1940 and 1945 Indochina is occupied by Japan, that establishes in 1945 the Vietnam Empire.
		France's post-World War II unwillingness to leave Vietnam leads to failed talks and an 8-year guerilla war between the communist-led Viet Minh on one side and the French and their anti-communist nationalist allies on the other.
	www.electionworld.org /history/vietnam.htm (655 words)

	French And American Involvement In Indochina
		Chinese officiais encouraged the Soviet Union to continue supporting Vietnam and thereby drain Vietnamese and Soviet resources in fighting the Khmer Rouge.12 CONCLUSIONS In contrasting French and American involvement in Indochina, a number of questions need to be resolved.
		United States efforts in Indochina were directed against the Chinese and Soviets from the beginning to balance World power between the Western Free World and the Eastern Communist block.
		The ideas that the Vietnamese had of America were likewise inadequate and inappropriate to provide for meaningful relationships.14 Ho Chi Minh was one of the few individuals of influence in the north or the south who probably understood both the French and the Americans having lived in both countries.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/library/report/1995/ADS.htm (11439 words)

	H-Net Review: Irwin Wall on The Road to War: France and Vietnam, 1944-1947
		The Indochina war established the disastrous pattern of unauthorized actions by colonial and military officials in the colonies later being rationalized and "covered" by weak Paris politicians preoccupied with domestic political crises, the malady which eventually was to destroy the Fourth Republic in 1958.
		Indochina was under a Vichy administration covered by a virtual Japanese protectorate for most of the war; only in March 1945 did the Japanese finally push the Vichy administration aside in a coup d'état.
		A "free" French Vietnam in the French Union in fact was intended to enjoy autonomous powers neither in defense, foreign policy, finances, or education.
	www.h-net.org /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=20601874695875 (2921 words)

	Vietnam: History
		The truce agreement was signed by representatives of the French Union and of the Viet Minh forces.
		These elections, which were considered likely to favor the Communists, were never held; the South Vietnamese government refused to participate on the grounds that it had not signed the Geneva agreements and was therefore not bound by them.
		Vietnam succeeded in establishing close ties with the Soviet Union during this period, a necessity in consideration of the severe economic difficulties caused by the war.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/world/A0861793.html (2463 words)

	VIETNAM: FRENCH INDOCHINA WAR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		At the end of World War II, the Southeast Asian land of Vietnam was a French colony, part of their Indochina Union that included Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos.
		Ho Chi Minh went to the Soviet Union and China for training in the 1920s and 1930s and was one of the organizers of the Indochinese Communist Party in 1930.
		During the nine years of the First Indochina War, the French and their local allies counted 94,000 dead or missing while the north Vietnamese claimed 150,000 dead.
	www.olive-drab.com /od_history_vietnam_french.php (1322 words)

	Kampuchea Briefing
		By 1884, Cambodia was a virtual colony; soon after it was made part of the Indochina Union with Annam, Tonkin, Cochin-China, and Laos.
		Although France recognized Cambodia as an autonomous kingdom within the French Union, the drive for total independence continued, resulting in a split between those who supported the political tactics of Sihanouk and those who supported the Khmer Issarak guerilla movement.
		The prestige of his name assisted the insurgents in attracting new recruits from the peasantry, but control of the movement rested with the Communist Party under the nominal leadership of Khieu Samphan of the Paris-educated faction of the Communist Party, rather than a Hanoi returnee.
	www.compnow.com /homepage/users/chonekim/camhist.html (2901 words)

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