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Topic: Indochina conflict

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	French Indochina
		French Indochina was a federation of French colonies and protectorates in Southeast Asia, part of the French colonial empire.
		French Indochina was formed in October 1887 from Annam, Tonkin, Cochin China, and the Kingdom of Cambodia; Laos was added in 1893.
		During World War II, the USA had supported the Viet Minh in resistance against the Japanese; the group was in control of the country apart from the cities since the French gave way in March 1945.
	www.vietnamwar.net /FrenchIndochina.htm (553 words)

	petropulse.com » conflict
		The United States may never have entered the war were it not for Japan’s desperation to capture the oil fields of Indochina.
		Faced with Japan’s invasion of Southern Indochina and its new alliance with Germany and Italy the US had frozen all Japanese financial assets cutting off its ability to purchase US oil.
		These inventions increased mobility on the battlefield, spreading the conflict over a far greater area than military planners had ever imagined.
	petropulse.com /category/conflict (3853 words)

	Foreign Affairs - The Third Indochina Conflict - Bernard K. Gordon
		It is a complex conflict, with some actors onstage and others off in the wings.
		Because this level of the conflict is between two ostensibly communist groups, it is sometimes referred to as an "East-East" struggle.
		The East-East element of the conflict is underscored by the role of the Soviet Union.
	www.foreignaffairs.org /19860901faessay7807/bernard-k-gordon/the-third-indochina-conflict.html (789 words)

	Indochina Wars Summary
		The Second Indochina War (or "Vietnam War" in the West) began as a conflict between the United States-backed South and the Communist North, beginning in the late 1950's and lasting until 1975.
		The Third Indochina War was a short war fought in February-March 1979 between the People's Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
		In the First Indochina War, the Communist North Vietnamese supported by the Communist powers of the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union fought to hold their independence from the French supported by the French loyalist-Vietnamese and the United States, and to liberate the French-controlled south.
	www.bookrags.com /Indochina_Wars (2186 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Indochina
		Indochina, or the Indochinese Peninsula, is a region in Southeast Asia.
		The Second Indochina War (or "Vietnam War" in the West) began as a conflict between the United States-backed South and the Communist North, beginning in the late 1950's and lasting until 1975.
		The Third Indochina War was a short war fought in February-March 1979 between the People's Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Indochina (708 words)

	ARMED FORCES JOURNAL - A failure in generalship - May 2007
		Global conflicts such as World War II require the full mobilization of entire societies to provide the men and materiel necessary for the successful prosecution of war.
		The greatest error the statesman can make is to commit his nation to a great conflict without mobilizing popular passions to a level commensurate with the stakes of the conflict.
		In both conflicts, the general officer corps designed to advise policymakers, prepare forces and conduct operations failed to perform its intended functions.
	www.armedforcesjournal.com /2007/05/2635198 (4537 words)

	Nationalism Painted Red
		At the core of the explanation of the Vietnam-Cambodia war in terms of 'historical animosities' is the assumption that the conflicts of the post-colonial era are a resumption of the rivalries of the traditional states of pre-modern Indochina.
		Even their anti-French stance underwent revision as conflict with the Communists intensified, and by the 1950s many of them were looking to the French for protection from the Communists, while the French found them a congenially moderate alternative to Communism.
		As in the First Indochina War, the policy of the Vietnamese Communists in the areas they occupied in Cambodia was to keep a low profile, to encourage and arm local insurgents, and to withdraw when these groups appeared capable of standing on their own.
	www.angelfire.com /folk/laorevolution/nationalism_painted_red.htm (13100 words)

	Electronic Resources
		Less than four years after the end of the Vietnam War, Indochina reappeared in headlines with what would be known as the Third Indochina Conflict.
		At the heart of this conflict are the implications of an unequal relationship that had evolved between the Khmers and the Viets over hundreds of years.
		This is a study of the Third Indochina Conflict, its roots, implications, and evolution to the present impasse.
	sunzi1.lib.hku.hk /ER/detail/2695089 (141 words)

	China and the Vietnam Wars, 1950-1975, by Qiang Zhai. Introduction. (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This study analyzes the sources of Beijing's Indochina policy by placing it in the historical, domestic, and international contexts within which it was made.
		Beijing's actions in Indochina were often driven by Mao's vision of China's place in the world.
		In sum, Beijing's Indochina policy was the result of a convergence of geopolitical realities, ideological beliefs, personality, and political circumstances.
	uncpress.unc.edu /chapters/zhai_china.html (2776 words)

	Yale > Genocide Studies Program > Thailand’s Response
		Their disapproval of the policy on the Cambodian conflict often focused merely on different tactics in negotiations with Vietnam, or the degree to which Thailand should get involved in, and the implications of, this protracted conflict.
		Chai-anan Samudavanija has noted that the prolonged Indochina conflict gave the Thai military a justification to exert its role in internal politics by keeping the perceived threat of communism alive in Thai politics, despite its earlier claim of victory over communism.
		Later on when the border conflict intensified, they emphasized the sabotage activities by the Thai military-supported Cambodian opposition forces as a major cause of misunderstandings and casualties in the border area.
	www.yale.edu /gsp/publications/ThailandResponse.html (5167 words)

	John M. Gates, Ch. 5, The Philippines and Vietnam - Title
		Whereas American leaders in Indochina were compelled to cooperate with indigenous governments that frequently proved to be frustrating beyond belief, their counterparts in the Philippines had tremendous freedom of action.
		Both of these experiences were repeated in the course of the conflict in Indochina, yet many American military officers continued to adhere to a doctrine that should have been repudiated by their own experience.
		In Indochina, despite the employment of highly technological weapon systems that were beyond the imagination of the old army's soldiers, Americans failed to achieve their goals.
	www.wooster.edu /history/jgates/book-ch5.html (5876 words)

	56. American and Chinese Drafts of the Joint Communiqué, Beijing, October 22-26, 1971
		The two sides agreed that the basic principle guiding the settlement of the Indochina question is: All foreign troops must withdraw from the region of Indochina, and the peoples of Viet Nam, Laos and Cambodia should be left to settle their own questions by themselves free from foreign interference.
		The two sides agreed that the basic principle guiding the settlement of the Indochina question is: All foreign troops should withdraw from each of the countries of Indochina, and the people of Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia should be left to settle their own questions by themselves free from foreign interference.
		The U.S. side stated that the peoples of Indochina should be allowed to determine their destiny without outside intervention; and that in the absence of a negotiated settlement it envisaged the ultimate withdrawal of all U.S. forces from the region consistent with the aim of true self-determination for each country of Indochina.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ho/frus/nixon/e13/72507.htm (7512 words)

	First Indochina War Summary
		The First Indochina War (also called the French Indochina War) was fought in Southeast Asia from 1946 through 1954 between the nation of France and Vietnam's resistance movement led by Ho Chi Minh, called the Viet Minh.
		By 1954, the war in Indochina was unpopular with the French public, but the political stagnation of the Fourth Republic meant that France was unable to extract itself from the conflict.
		France was increasingly unable to afford the conflict in Indochina and, by 1954, the United States was paying the majority of France's costs(PDF).
	www.bookrags.com /First_Indochina_War (5422 words)

	[No title]
		This was the case in the jungle of Indochina where primitive roads and tracks did not facilitate the swift deployment of assault troops.
		Weaving together the histories of three distinct conflicts, Davidson follows the entire course of the Vietnam War, from the initial French skirmishes in 1946 to the dramatic fall of Saigon nearly thirty years later.
		What France faced in Indochina was a new kind of conflict -- a revolutionary war fought without fronts in the heavy jungle against a mobile enemy that had an active sanctuary, a sympathetic neighbor offering support and supplies.
	www.denismcd.com /_fiweng.txt (15813 words)

	The Face of War - New York Times
		Between 1945 and the fall of Saigon in 1975, journalists paid dearly for the privilege of working in Indochina; some 300 were killed, of whom at least 135 were photographers.
		But more important, ''Requiem'' is the first photo collection published in the West to include a generous sampling of photographs taken by North Vietnamese and Vietcong combat photographers (of whom 72 were killed), along with their counterparts from nearly a dozen countries, including the United States, Cambodia, France and South Vietnam.
		For example, Vietcong cameramen in some cases created panoramic battlefield photographs by assembling composite images in their stifling underground darkrooms: a remarkable achievement when one recalls that the Cu Chi tunnel fortress, where some of the photographers worked, was right under the noses and bombs of Saigon's defenders.
	query.nytimes.com /gst/fullpage.html?res=9C06EFD9133EF931A35752C1A961958260 (686 words)

	Indochina conflict (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The war was part of a larger regional conflict involving the neighboring countries of Cambodia and Laos, known as the Second Indochina War.
		In Vietnam, this conflict is known as the American War (Vietnamese Chiến Tranh Chống Mỹ Cứu Nước, literally War Against theAmericans to Save the Nation).
		The Vietnam War was in many ways a direct successor to the French Indochina War, sometimes referred to as the First Indochina War, in which the French fought, with the financial and logistical support of the United States, to regain control of their former colony in Indochina.
	www.therfcc.org /indochina-conflict-34511.html (4966 words)

	Haje’s Writings » Blog Archive » Did the Media lose the Vietnam War?
		In order for the transition from low-intensity conflict to war to have taken place, a change in the public opinion surrounding the war must have taken place, resulting in the politicians of the time having support for the conflict.
		The US media did not become interested in the conflict until November 1960, when the US troops stationed in Saigon suffered a spectacular failure during a hunt for a small group of rebels: approximately 400 civilians were killed by American troops.
		With the conflict suddenly caught in the media spotlight, a small group of war correspondents were sent to Vietnam.
	www.kamps.org /haje/media-vietnam-war (1676 words)

	Yale > Cambodian Genocide Project > Resources > Thailand's Response to the Cambodian Genocide
		Despite the ongoing border conflict, significant development in the relationship between the Seni and the Khmer Rouge governments was evident particularly in the ambassadorial exchange and trade issues.
		In the meantime, the conflict between the Khmer Rouge and Vietnam was intensified.
		The Cambodian conflict was no longer bilateral between Vietnam and Cambodia or Thailand and Vietnam, after it was brought to the attention of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and of United Nations forums.
	www.yale.edu /cgp/thailand_response.html (14662 words)

	81. Letter From the President's Deputy Assistant for National Security Affairs (Haig) to the Military Attaché at the ...
		The release of all military men and innocent civilians captured throughout Indochina will be carried out in parallel with the troop withdrawals mentioned in point 1.
		Among the problems that will be settled is the implementation of the principle that all armed forces of the countries of Indochina must remain within their national frontiers.
		There will be international supervision of the military aspects of this agreement including the ceasefire and its provisions, the release of prisoners of war and innocent civilians, the withdrawal of outside forces from Indochina, and the implementation of the principle that all armed forces of the countries of Indochina must remain within their national frontiers.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ho/frus/nixon/e13/72532.htm (890 words)

	Memorandum from Arthur Radford, Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff, "Studies with Respect to Possible US Action ...
		Seek to create conditions through the destruction of effective Communist forces and their means for support in the Indochina action and by reducing Chinese Communist capability for further aggression, under which Associated States forces could assume responsibility for the defense of Indochina.
		Although the Allied Commander in Chief in Indochina should be French, there must be a United States Deputy with sufficient staff assistance to provide liaison with the French and coordinate U.S. activities with the over-all operation.
		Whether or not the U.S. intervenes in Indochina, the Joint Chiefs of Staff consider that it is vital that the war in Indochina be financed by a method separate and distinct from the world-wide MDAP.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/intrel/pentagon/doc50.htm (1706 words)

	United States -- U.S. Containment Policy and the Conflict in Indochina by William J, Duiker Canadian Journal of History ...
		U.S. Containment Policy and the Conflict in Indochina, by William J. Duiker.
		He presents no new thesis, shaping the work around the idea that, given the decision to contain communism in Indochina and America's anticommunist hysteria, intervention was virtually inevitable.
		The U.S. became committed to Indochina because of its belief in the "universality of democratic ideals...
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3686/is_199512/ai_n8725379 (1015 words)

	AAS Abstracts: Southeast Asia 62 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This panel represents an international collaboration in examining the Indochina conflict and seeks to contribute to the emerging international history of the Vietnam War.
		Soviet-North Vietnamese military cooperation was an integral part of relations between the two countries throughout the years of conflict in Indochina.
		As the continuation of an earlier study dealing with China's involvement with the Vietnam War from 1964 to 1969, this paper aims to examine China's role in Laos during the Indochina conflict.
	www.aasianst.org /absts/1997abst/seasia/sea62.htm (990 words)

	HSC Online
		Central to any study of "Conflict in Indochina" must be a study of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
		There is also a tradition of conflict and the rise and fall of empires within the area we now call Vietnam.
		The Second Indochina War is more commonly known as the "Vietnam War" in the West and the "American War" in Vietnam.
	hsc.csu.edu.au /modern_history/international_studies/indochina/indo_viet/page13.htm (2154 words)

	Indochina
		Indochina and Vietnam: Causes of French and US involvement, events of each conflict, outcomes.
		Background to the Vietnam wars Covers the conquest of Vietnam by France, the emergence of the Viet Minh, the first Indochina war, the Geneva Accords and their aftermath and the Vietnam War.
		Indochina war in the air (1945-1956) Extract in English coming from "Histoire succincte de l'Aéronautique Navale (1910-1998)" written by VA Roger Vercken (ARDHAN)
	www.casahistoria.net /frenchindochina.htm (2158 words)

	Iraq-Vietnam Parallels Pile Up
		Photographs of hooded and naked Iraqi prisoners abused by US guards have triggered a wave of revulsion not seen here since the Indochina campaign, alarming one-time staunch supporters of the desert war.
		Both sprang from dubious provocations: in Vietnam it was disputed North Vietnamese attacks in the Gulf of Tonkin; in Iraq it was the weapons of mass destruction that were never found.
		Evocations of Indochina carry heavy political overtones in a presidential election year, and when Senator Ted Kennedy called Iraq "George Bush's Vietnam" last month, he drew a stinging rebuke from the president.
	www.commondreams.org /headlines04/0510-05.htm (845 words)

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