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Topic: Indonesian Confrontation

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Konfrontasi

Federation of Malaysia

Operation Claret

Sukarno

Indonesian Chinese

Sabah

Australian Army

Foreign relations of Malaysia

Malaysia

Indonesian National Revolution

American War of Indepedence

History of Indonesia

Suharto

Federation of Malaya

British military history

	Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		On April 12, Indonesian volunteers — allegedly Indonesian Army personnel — began to infiltrate Sarawak and Sabah, to engage in raids and sabotage, and spread propaganda.
		On August 16, troopers of the Brigade of Gurkhas clashed with fifty Indonesian guerillas.
		On August 17, Indonesian paratroopers landed on the southwest coast of Johore and attempted to establish guerilla groups.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Indonesian_Confrontation (942 words)

	Sukarno (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The son of a Javanesenese nobleman and his Balinese wife from Buleleng regency, Sukarno was born in Surabaya (although several sources said he was born in Blitar, East Java) in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia).
		He accepted the role of a Indonesian head of state under Japanese military supervision in July 1942 and in 1943 became the head of Putera, a political auxiliary organization.
		Sukarno was stripped of his presidential title by Indonesia's provisional parliament on March 12, 1967 and he remained under house arrest until his death at age 69 in Jakarta in 1970.
	www.1-free-software.com /en/wikipedia/s/su/sukarno.html (1092 words)

	Indonesian Confrontation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Indonesian Confrontation (konfrontasi in Bahasa Indonesia and Malay in general) was a border conflict over the disputed island of Borneo, between British-backed Malaysia and Indonesia in 1962 - 1966.
		The British were in the process of withdrawing from their colonies in the Far East and were trying to form the country of Malaysia from a number of these colonies.
		Kalimantan, an Indonesian province, was located in the south of the island.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/indonesian_confrontation (844 words)

	Indonesian Confrontation: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com - All about Indonesian Confrontation
		Indonesian Confrontation (konfrontasi in Indonesia) was a conflict between British-backed Malaysia and Indonesia in 1962—1966.
		Indonesians apparently thought that Malaysians were ready to rally to their side.
		August 17 Indonesian paratroopers landed on the coast a south-west Johore and attempted to establish guerilla groups.
	www.encyclopedian.com /ko/Konfrontasi.html (666 words)

	Suharto (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		After the Indonesian declaration of Independence by Sukarno in 1945 his troops fought against the Dutch attempt to re-establish colonial rule and seized Yogyakarta from them on March 1, 1949.
		During the Indonesian Confrontation, Suharto was a commander of Kostrad (Strategic Reserve), the Army's most elite combat force.
		He also instituted repression against the Indonesian Chinese, banning the use of Chinese writing in most written material, and shutting down Chinese organizations because of their alleged communist sympathies.
	33beat.com /Suharto.html (1406 words)

	Confrontation in Indonesia 1964 - 1966
		The term "Confrontation" was coined by Indonesia's Foreign Minister, Dr Subandrio, in January 1963, and it has come to refer to Indonesia's efforts at that time to destabilise the new federation, with a view to breaking it up.
		The antagonism that gave rise to Confrontation was already apparent in December 1962, when a small party of armed insurgents, with Indonesian backing, attempted to seize power in the independent enclave of Brunei, only to be defeated by British troops from Singapore.
		By early 1963 military activity had increased along the Indonesian side of the border in Borneo, as small parties of armed men began infiltrating Malaysian territory on propaganda and sabotage missions.
	www.awm.gov.au /atwar/confrontation.htm (849 words)

	Confrontation with Indonesia - Attachment K
		The Indonesian Confrontation (or Konfrontasi in Indonesian) was a small undeclared war fought from 1962 - 1966 through which President Sukarno of Indonesia tried to destroy the newly created nation of Malaysia.
		Indonesian President Sukarno was a militaristic, tough, nationalist, who was also trying to balance two great powers in his nation - the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI), and the Army.
		During 1963 the Indonesians sent small parties of regular and irregular soldiers to wage terrorist and propaganda actions in the former British areas of Borneo (Sarawak and Sabah).
	www.anzacday.org.au /education/activities/konfrontasi/attachment_k.html (456 words)

	Confrontation; Indonesia flexes it's muscles
		In 1964, Indonesia launched a campaign of confrontation against the newly-created Federation of Malaysia, seeking to de-stabilise and ultimately to destroy it.
		In the meantime, several brigades of Indonesian regular troops had been moved from Java to Kalimantan, opposite Sarawak and Sabah.
		The Indonesian incursions into Sarawak and Sabah were in relatively small groups, often less than platoon-level.
	www.diggerhistory.info /pages-conflicts-periods/malaya-korea/confrontation.htm (761 words)

	Indonesian Conflicts, 1960-1966
		Indonesian Confrontation 1964-65, by Ted Harris (Digger History)
		New Zealand and the Confrontation in Borneo (NZ Ministry of Culture and Education)
		New Zealand and the Confrontation in Borneo, by Ted Harris (Digger History)
	www.regiments.org /wars/20thcent/60indone.htm (141 words)

	Suharto (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		After the Indonesian declaration of Independence by Sukarno in 1945 his troops fought against the Dutch attempt to re-establish colonialism colonial rule.
		During the Indonesian Confrontation, Suharto was a commander of ''Kostrad'' (Strategic Reserve), a sizeable Army combat force, which most importantly had significant presence in the Jakarta area.
		Ruslan Abdulgani, a former Indonesian foreign minister who organized the first summit of the nonaligned movement in 1955, was buried Thursday after dying from the effects of a stroke.
	www.infothis.com /find/Suharto (1964 words)

	Australians at War
		The 'Konfrontasi' or confrontation by Indonesia against Malaysia was due to President Sukarno's objection to the merger of the Federation of Malaya with Singapore, Brunei, British North Borneo (now Sabah) and Sarawak; prompted by the 1962 rebellion.
		Then, in 1964 the Indonesian government strengthened the forces with regulars, and by 1965-66 had trebled their regular garrisons in the Kalimantan/Sarawak area and were operating at almost Army divisional strength.
		Australian casualties during the Indonesian confrontation were four killed in action, one died of wounds, two drowned on operations, one died of sickness four were killed accidentally, two suicided.
	www.australiansatwar.gov.au /stories/stories.asp?war=MI&id=227 (1473 words)

	Royal Australian Navy Gun Plot The Indonesian Confrontation Borneo
		The Indonesian President (Dr. Sukarno) embarked on a policy of 'confrontation' and later threatened to 'crush' Malaysia.
		'Indonesian attacks', the Prime Minister told parliament, 'may create a real risk of war...it is tremendously important that Indonesia should not become communist.' On 10th November 1964 compulsory National Service was reintroduced for the army and the RAN permanent strength was to be increased from 12,569 to 15,893 over the next three years.
		It proved a turning point for 'confrontation', which declined thereafter and on 13th August 1966 a formal agreement concluded between Indonesia and Malaysia bringing the conflict to an end.
	www.gunplot.net /malayaindon/indoconf.htm (555 words)

	Confrontation in Borneo - New Zealand's involvement (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Confrontation was a conflict which developed in 1963 between Indonesia and the new state of Malaysia backed by Commonwealth allies.
		Although equipped with modern weapons from Moscow, the Indonesian armed forces were not capable of prevailing in an open engagement with the British.
		By the end of 1963, this strategy increasingly involved Indonesian army regulars, posing as guerrillas, crossing the border from Kalimantan to attack the security forces in Borneo and then quickly retreating to the safety of Indonesian territory.
	www.nzhistory.net.nz /Gallery/se-asia/borneo.html (1333 words)

	Sukarno (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Th eson of Javanesenese noble and his Balinese wife, Sukarno was born in Surabaya (some say Blitar) in Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia).
		He once remarked that when he was studying in Surabaya, he sat behind the screen in movie theaters reading the Dutch subtitles in reverse.
		This lead to Indonesian Confrontation and the end of remaining US military aid to Indonesia.
	www.theezine.net /s/sukarno.html (744 words)

	The Indonesian Confrontation 1963 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Around 1963 Indonesia began a confrontation policy against the formation of the state of Malaysia.
		Indonesian guerilla forces began to infiltrate that part of Borneo which had been incorporated into Malaysia.
		The British moved troops into the area to oppose the Indonesians.
	www.eurekatimes.net /Australian%20Defence/indonesian-confrontation.shtml (84 words)

	Documents 89-112
		His "confrontation" with Malaysia is possibly an attempt to divert attention from the serious local problems which he has not been able to solve.
		It is apparent that the Indonesian government has decided to apply to these relations its now well-established strategy of exerting a steadily-increasing pressure on the official and private interests of foreign countries with whose policies it does not agree with the expectation that it can force a change in those policies.
		The top Indonesian representative available should be called in and bluntly informed that the activities which the Indonesian government has been tolerating, encouraging and even engaging in are contrary to established international and diplomatic custom and usage and that we do not intend to continue to suffer such treatment without retaliating.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ho/frus/johnsonlb/xxvi/4443.htm (15863 words)

	Indonesia's Sense of Betrayal by Australia Still Lingers
		The Howard Government is the first Australian administration since the Indonesian confrontation with Malaysia in the early 1960s to actively oppose Indonesia on an important foreign policy issue.
		After almost a quarter of a century of support for Indonesia's occupation of the territory, Indonesians seem to have little understanding of the reasons for Australia's change of heart, or the depth of popular support for the change.
		The key task for both countries will be to rebuild the relationship but that will be more, not less, difficult as Indonesia becomes more democratic, and Indonesians more able to air sometimes intensely nationalistic views on their place in the world and their neighbours.
	www.etan.org /et2000b/june/25-30/28isens.htm (598 words)

	CNN.com - Living with the memories of East Timor - September 4, 2001
		On September 5, one day after results from the independence referendum were announced, dozens of armed men along with Indonesian policemen attacked the church, killing as many as 200 people, including Father Hilario.
		He was running away from a confrontation between Indonesian police and pro-independence demonstrators.
		To them, it was literally a matter of life and death and ironically, despite the violence surrounding the run-up to August 30 and immediately after, the day of the vote was peacefully calm.
	archives.cnn.com /2001/WORLD/asiapcf/southeast/09/04/timor.memories (805 words)

	Harpoon HQ - Harpoon Classic, Harpoon II, Harpoon 3, Harpoon 4 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		On 20th January 1963, The Indonesian Foreign Minister, Doctor Sabandrio, announced a policy of confrontation towards Malaya 'because at present they represent themselves as accomplices of neo-colonist and neo-imperialist forces pursuing a policy hostile towards Indonesia'.
		At one stage in the Borneo Confrontation, there was a force of some sixteen ships operating in and around the waters of Borneo, most of them coming from the 6th Minesweeping Squadron, who's tasks were to hunt,stop, and search small boat traffic.
		HMS Eagle suffered 1 AS-1 missile hit during the engagement resulting in damage to the forward end of the flightdeck wreaking the catapults and destroying numerous aircraft in the fire that followed, she is limping back to Perth for repairs.
	www.harpoonhq.com /harpoon3/colonialwars (2439 words)

	Documents 206-224
		Indonesian recovery is also in the interest of the Soviet Union and its Eastern European allies, who regard Indonesia as a desirable market and source of raw materials.
		Indonesian officers in informal conversations have indicated an interest in resuming a military assistance program for Indonesia and have spoken of "requirements," running into hundred millions of dollars, which they hope to obtain from the United States.
		With the ending of confrontation on the Malaysian border and to keep the military from becoming restless, it was necessary to keep the large numbers of troops in Indonesia satisfied and occupied.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ho/frus/johnsonlb/xxvi/4433.htm (15873 words)

	Session 76 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		As a result of the creation of the IMS-GT, the island of Batam, on the Indonesian side of the border, has witnessed a rapid economic development and population growth during the last ten years.
		Singaporean investment and Indonesian labor have led to the emergence of hundreds of factories and a prostitution industry that caters mainly to Singaporean men.
		As the Indonesian rupiah collapsed in the latter part of 1997 there was a crackdown on Indonesian labor in Singapore and especially Malaysia, forcing many migrants to return to Batam.
	www.aasianst.org /absts/2000abst/Southeast/SE-76.htm (1183 words)

	Indonesian Confrontation Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
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	www.karr.net /encyclopedia/Indonesian_Confrontation (1087 words)

	Far East Strategic Reserve Navy Association (Australia) Inc.
		The Indonesian Confrontation consisted of incursions into the Malaysian regions of Sabah and Sarawak in northern Borneo.
		By the end of 1965 and throughout 1966, the Indonesian terrorists were increasingly replaced by well-trained and well-armed regulars from the Indonesian army.
		Subritzky, John Confronting Sukarno : British, American, Australian and New Zealand Diplomacy in the Malaysian-Indonesian Confrontation, 1961-5 [John Subritzky is Policy Officer at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in NZ]
	www.fesrassociation.com /indo.htm (916 words)

	V27N1 - Book Review: The Undeclared War: The Story of the Indonesian Confrontation 1 962-1 966 by Harold James and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Reviewed by LTA (NS) Toh Boon Ho The general literature on the Indonesian Confrontation is both vast and varied.
		Subsequently, in later stages as the conflict drew on, company-level and sometimes, battalion levels of Indonesian regulars were deployed in short, sharp pitched battles against the Commonwealth defenders strung out in outposts along the tense and porous border.
		In addition, the only way to effectively engage the enemy in such a low-intensity conflict was through the ambush, by deploying forces to ambush known entry and exit routes in the border region.
	www.mindef.gov.sg /safti/pointer/back/journals/2001/Vol27_1/9.htm (988 words)

	Documents 263-276
		Ghazali characterized current Indonesian terrorism in Malaya and Singapore as "very low level" but said that it was a great nuisance and that the Malaysians were giving considerable thought to retaliation in kind.
		One school felt that the Malaysians should knock out subversive bases in neighboring Indonesian territory, presumably the Riau Islands, but that he felt this would be rather futile and that the way to strike back was through sponsoring similar terrorist activity in Indonesia by discontented Indonesians.
		The question of Indonesian reaction has drastically changed from the past, and our participation would give a tremendous boost to the younger and more modern leaders who are evolving a new Malaysia.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ho/frus/johnsonlb/xxvi/4431.htm (12459 words)

	InfoHub Forums - View Single Post - Indonesia - Islands of the Riau
		Heading out through the shipping lanes into Indonesian waters, I felt like we were delving into the real world of Southeast Asia, rougher hewn and more directly felt.
		Due to the period in Indonesia's recent past known as Confrontation, the Indonesian government restricted general access to outsiders to the islands in the Riau Archipelago.
		While we waited, we sat around a rough-hewn picnic table and provided hapless entertainment to the 10 young Indonesian women who were lounging about, applying make-up, eating bits of cake and preparing for the shift change at the quarry.
	www.infohub.com /forums/showpost.php?p=2179&postcount=1 (1658 words)

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