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Topic: Indonesian Monarchies

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	Royal (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The term monarchy is also used to refer to the people (especially the dynasty, also known as 'royalty') and institutions that make up the royal or imperial establishment, or to the realm over which the monarch reigns.
		Monarchies are one of the oldest forms of government, with echoes in the leadership of tribal chiefs.
		The economic structure of such monarchies is often of concentrated wealth, with the majority of the population living either as agricultural serf s, or, as in Gulf Monarchies, a paternalistic model showering benefits on the citizens (while politically they may remain subjects) and importing cheap foreign labor.
	www.seattleluxury.com.cob-web.org:8888 /encyclopedia/entry/royal (1668 words)

	Monarchy (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		One of the distinguishing characteristics of monarchy is that the Head of State usually reigns for life; in a republic, the Head of State (often called the president) is normally elected for a certain amount of time.
		In an absolute monarchy, the Monarch has power over every aspect of the state, and a constitution may be granted or withdrawn, while in a constitutional monarchy he is subject to it as well as any citizen (though it may grant him such priviliges as inviolability).
		Elective monarchies, distinguished by the Monarchs being appointed for life, have in most cases been succeeded by hereditary monarchies, but both secular sovereign nation cases at present are 20th century creations.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com.cob-web.org:8888 /encyclopedia/m/mo/monarchy.html (2266 words)

	Brujula.Net - Your Latin Stating Point (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Elective monarchies, distinguished by the monarchs being appointed for life, have in most cases been succeeded by herary monarchies.
		Some monarchs rule absolute monarchies, where a constitution may be granted or withdrawn, in a society with technologies that allow the concentration and organization of power but not enough for education and rapid communication to flourish.
		Sometimes, component members of federal states are monarchies, even though the federal state as a whole is not; for example each of the emirates that form the United Arab Emirates has its own monarch.
	www.brujula.net /english/wiki/Monarchy.html (1182 words)

	The Dispatch - Serving the Lexington, NC - News
		Many monarchies are constituted by tradition or by codified law so that the Monarch has little real political power, in others the monarch holds substantial power but is limited from exercising it by popular or precedental opinion, but in others the Monarch holds substantial power.
		In an absolute monarchy, the Monarch has absolute power over every aspect of the state, if not of social life in general, and a constitution may be granted or withdrawn, while a constitutional monarch is subject to it as well as any citizen (though it may grant him such privileges as inviolability).
		Spain under Francisco Franco was officially a monarchy even though there was no Monarch on the throne; upon his death, Franco was succeeded as Head of state by the Bourbon heir to the throne, King Juan Carlos.
	www.the-dispatch.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Kingdom_(politics) (2177 words)

	Monarchy (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The distinguishing characteristic of monarchies is that the Head of State holds his office for life, unlike in republics, where presidents are generally elected for a certain amount of time.
		The term monarchy is also used to refer to the people and institutions that make up the royal establishment, or to the realm in which the monarchy functions.
		The economic structure of such monarchies is that of concentrated wealth, with the majority of the population as agricultural serfs.
	monarchy.kiwiki.homeip.net.cob-web.org:8888 (1446 words)

	Royalty.nu - History of Indonesia - Royalty in Indonesia and East Timor
		Monarchy in South East Asia: The Faces of Tradition in Transition by Roger Kershaw.
		Letters of an Indonesian princess, written between 1899 and 1904, when the author died in childbirth at age 25.
		Indonesian Embassy to the Royal Kingdom of the Netherlands
	www.royalty.nu /Asia/Indonesia.html (866 words)

	History of Indonesia : Tropical Fury
		Indonesians are used to see their collective history as a series of 'generations'; major changes are taken as points of reference - there is the 'class of '45' (Independence) and the 'class of '66' (the end of the Old Order).
		Indonesian freedom fighters got themselves busy with the self-assigned duty to disarm the Japanese all over the country; an instinctive rather than coldly calculated action, the result was the same as what would have come out of practical pragmatism.
		The Indonesian military has been one of the most infamous in the world -- especially during the Suharto era (1971-1998), where a lot of ammo was wasted on fellow Indonesians instead of enemies from outside the realm.
	www.geocities.com /amemorikaze/indonesianhistory4.htm (8286 words)

	Monarchy (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In an absolute monarchy, the monarch has power over every aspect of the state, and a constitution may be granted or withdrawn.
		The economic structure of such monarchies is that of concentrated wealth, with the majority of the population living as agricultural serfs.
		Countries may regard themselves as monarchies without a named monarch, as Spain did from 1947 to 1975, and Hungary from 1920 to 1944.
	monarchy.iqnaut.net.cob-web.org:8888 (1347 words)

	Indonesia - The Global Relations of the Many Nations
		They were mostly ruled by totalitarian monarchies, with different rulers in control of certain regions.
		Social elements emerged, and the Indonesians began to compete with the commercial class.
		The Dutch attacked, however, claiming that the Indonesians had betrayed a transaction that was supposed to restore Dutch control.
	library.thinkquest.org /25029/indo.back.shtml (2051 words)

	ipedia.com: Monarchy Article (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The distinguishing characteristic of monarchies is that the Head of State holds his office for life, unlike in republics, where...
		A monarchy, (from the Greek "monos arkhein", meaning "one ruler") is a form of government that has a monarch as Head of State.
		Elective monarchies, distinguished by the monarchs being appointed for life, have in most cases been succeeded by hereditary monarchies; in which the position of monarch involves inheritance according to an order of succession, usually within one royal family tracing its origin back to a historical dynasty or bloodline.
	www.ipedia.com.cob-web.org:8888 /monarchy.html (1374 words)

	Security Council
		On the international diplomatic front, Indonesian diplomats at the time attacked the results of the UN fact-finding team because they contradicted several UN resolutions and guidelines concerning non-self-governing territories.
		Even while West Papua was under the temporary administration of the UN from 1962 to 1963, Indonesian soldiers had already moved in to exterminate the forces of the small West Papua Independent Movement (OPM), which was born out of the Papua battalion set up by the Dutch.
		Strange as it may sound, I believe that the biggest perpetrators of human rights violations are not the stupid soldiers and paramilitary men who only know how to pull a gun's trigger or to hack their machetes.
	www.globalpolicy.org /security/issues/etimor26.htm (2006 words)

	Iran Daily (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Indonesian housemaid Nour Miyati lies on a Saudi hospital bed in Riyadh, March 22.
		The story of an Indonesian maid, Nour Miyati, whose gangrenous fingers were amputated after she was brutally beaten and locked in a bathroom by her employer, should have made shock waves in the Kingdom’s press but it didn’t.
		As with the story of Rania Al-Baz, the Saudi TV announcer who was brutally beaten and strangled by her husband, the maid’s story represents just a few of the hundreds of cases that never get into the media or receive any attention at all.
	www.iran-daily.com /1384/2246/html/dotcoms.htm (2485 words)

	Alleged al-Qaeda-Connected Groups Targeted in Malaysia and Singapore
		Although based in Malaysia, its leadership apparently consists of Indonesians: one, Mohamed Iqbal, was arrested in Malaysia in June, but two more are sought by the Malaysian authorities as “directing figures” of the KMM.
		Monarchy is an old and respected institution in Malaysia.
		The monarchy was in the news briefly in November, when Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah died at the age of 75.
	www.wrmea.com /archives/march2002/0203061.html (1960 words)

	[No title]
		The most familiar traditional authoritarian regime is that of the "monarchy," in which rule belongs to a "king," "queen," "emperor/empress," or "amir," "Sultan," or single ruler by any other title.
		The monarchy ordinarily was hereditary although there were also cases of elective monarchies: The Holy Roman Emperor ordinarily was one of several noblemen bearing the title of "Elector" and would be elected by his fellow-Electors.
		In Chile (1970-1972) and in Turkey (1976-1980) the rampages of leftist and rightist street gangs and "death squads" left the militaries of these respective nations with the choice of sitting idly and watching their nation dissolve in flames and political bloodshed, or else of using force to end the near-anarchy.
	www.isu.edu /~andesean/SEK9.htm (3586 words)

	Indonesia: Glory and Sorrow - history and social aspects USA Today (Society for the Advancement of Education) - Find ...
		The Indonesian entity's first relief from Dutch role came in 1942, when the Japanese interrupted, and really concluded, European control of this configuration of states.
		A sense of Indonesian nationalism was born, and it was fostered between 1942 and 1945, leading to the independence movement that, in turn, led to revolution against the returning Dutch.
		It was the Asian financial crisis of 1997 and Indonesian economic collapse that changed the course of Indonesian history.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1272/is_2672_129/ai_74572237 (915 words)

	After the war, a lingering legacy of hate - War on Iraq - smh.com.au
		The virulent tone of the protests has alarmed some Indonesian leaders who see in them the potential to inflame the conflicts that lie dangerously close to the surface of political and social life in the country.
		These have been covered widely in the Indonesian media and have helped Syafii Maarif and other commentators to argue that the conflict is not one between the West and the Islamic world.
		Last weekend, the head of the East Java branch of a paramilitary youth group affiliated with the organisation stated that 1500 of his members were being trained to fight in Iraq.
	www.smh.com.au /articles/2003/04/04/1048962934802.html (2026 words)

	Indonesian Monarchies - Creedopedia (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Today, almost all monarchies are hereditary monarchies in which the monarchs come from one royal family with the office of sovereign being passed from one family member to another upon the death or abdication of the incumbent.
		In hereditary monarchies, there is a formalized system used to determine succession to the throne, also known as the order of succession.
		Indonesian Monarchies 469: * Pappa : A state and town in the Makassar region in the S
	www.creedopedia.com.cob-web.org:8888 /topics/Indonesian-Monarchies (998 words)

	FDL - AP Archives: "Interview with Nobel Laureate Jose Ramos Horta"
		Their fierce defensive war against the onslaughts of the Indonesian army lasted nearly four years before it was crushed with modern fighter jets and other high tech weaponry illegally supplied by the U.S. and British governments.
		We have people in these areas whose identities are obviously not known but whose function is precisely to follow the events, to manipulate the events, to influence events, to study policies, to report to the leadership, but also to be ready for any eventuality.
		If the Indonesian government collapses in Indonesia and in East Timor, the CNRM is ready automatically to take over without any breakdown of law and order, without any anarchy or chaos.
	www.nancho.net /fdlap/jrhorta.html (6477 words)

	Politics of Brunei Summary
		One of the few absolute monarchies in the world, Brunei Darussalam projects itself to the world as a peerless Islamic state, albeit imbued with the characteristic features of Malay world kingship and civilization.
		The Politics of Brunei take place in a framework of an absolute monarchy, whereby the Sultan of Brunei is both head of state and head of government.
		The Sultan's role is enshrined in the national philosophy known as Melayu Islam Beraja (MIB), or Malay Islamic Monarchy.
	www.bookrags.com /Politics_of_Brunei (2066 words)

	Indonesian Monarchies biography .ms (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Ati Ati: A state in the east of Indonesian New Guinea...
		Bangkalan: An Indonesian island whose 354 km² state was legendarily founded by the last Mojopahit Emperor.
		Supiori: On Biak Island in Indonesian West Guinea (Irian Jaya).
	indonesian-monarchies.biography.ms.cob-web.org:8888 (7828 words)

	It's testing time for Islam, democracy in 2004 -DAWN - International; 07 January, 2004
		To some extent, the Indonesian poll would also bring to the fore issues that frame the Malaysian poll.
		Young voters - some two-thirds of Iranians are under 30 years of age, are likely to shape the outcome, since young people have been at the vanguard of demonstrations for reform and more openness in Iran.
		Since 1980, after the Islamic revolution a year earlier that overthrew the autocratic monarchy, the country has had 19 elections, including eight presidential polls.
	www.dawn.com /2004/01/07/int6.htm (1138 words)

	odiousdebts.org
		Let me explain what the doctrine of odious debts is, how its principles have been used to resolve sovereign debt disputes in the past and, finally, why it is so relevant to Indonesia's debt crisis today.
		Professor Sack, a Russian professor of law teaching in Paris, wrote his doctrine in the 1920s - in a time when colonial territories were becoming independent nation states, when monarchies were being replaced by republics and when military rulers were being replaced by civilians.
		According to the principles of international law laid out by Alexander Sack, the World Bank had a contract with the Indonesian people that the money it lent to the people's representative would indeed be spent in the interest of the people.
	www.odiousdebts.org /odiousdebts/print.cfm?ContentID=2454 (2609 words)

	Promoting Democracy and Human Rights (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In preparing for trials for the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia and for elements of Indonesia's military who committed human rights abuses in East Timor, the Cambodian and Indonesian governments are demanding a reversal of the Nuremberg principles.
		These regimes are trying to hold on to power by stimulating economic development and raising the living standards of the general population.
		Traditional monarchies, particularly in the Gulf States of the Middle East, have a similar strategy.
	www.brook.edu /press/REVIEW/fall2000/dalpino.htm (2130 words)

	Foreign Policy Association: South East Asia\|SE Asia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Mass organizations of Muslim Indonesians have come forward to urge their brothers in the Arab world to set aside their differences and advocate nonviolent means of resisting U.S. military action in Iraq.
		The region is bounded by the Philippines to the east, to Thailand heading west, Myanmar to the north, and the Indonesian archipelago to the south.
		In early February 2003, Indonesian police nabbed the Singaporean head of JI, Mas Selamat Kastari on the Indonesian island of Bintan that is close to Singapore.
	www.fpa.org /newsletter_info2485/newsletter_info.htm (4305 words)

	Islamic Voice
		A chat revealed that Indonesian women have several names common to Hindus in India.
		Cultural aspects of Diwali and Holi are still observed by Indonesians.
		We fight shy of even conveying that information which could be harmless or tolerable for our monarchies, infant democracies and dictatorial regimes.
	www.islamicvoice.com /december.2000/viewpoint.htm (1296 words)

	Papua New Guinea - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		(The Indonesian provinces of Papua (Indonesian province) and West Irian Jaya (Irian Jaya Barat) occupy the western half of the island of New Guinea.) It is located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, in a region defined since the early 19th century as Melanesia.
		Its capital and one of its few major cities is Port Moresby.
		As the Indo-Australian Plate (includes landmasses of India, Australia, and the Indian Ocean floor in-between) drifts north, it collides with the Eurasian Plate, and the collision of the two plates pushed up the Himalayas, the Indonesian islands, and New Guinea's Central Range.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/p/a/p/Papua_New_Guinea_eb0d.html (2080 words)

	Divorcing The Feds 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Channel 7 TV crew were killed by an Indonesian guerrilla force that was launching the initial attack on East Timor, in 1975; with the full knowledge of the Australian government.
		The Indonesian authorities, and the regime of the Generals, will presumably be big winners from the trial and execution of a foreigner; already described in the local media as the Queen of Marijuana.
		Don't waste your time petitioning the Feds, they despise ordinary citizens and are quite happy for their counterparts in the Indonesian totalitarian state to shoot one of our young women in the interests of political advantage and a 'tough on drugs' image.
	www.javaspider.com /freenet/index-127.html (16752 words)

	Asian History @ Suite101.com: Ancient to modern historical developments from China and Hong Kong to India and Pakistan, ...
		Monarchies seem like an anachronism in the modern world of democracies, religious zealots and military strongmen.
		Krakatoa, the world's biggest volcanic explosion in modern times, is a reminder of geology's important role in history and its impact on Indonesian sprituality.
		Taiwan's history is a subtle mix of China, Japan, commerce and native talents that defies reunification through rhetoric.
	asianhistory.suite101.com (637 words)

	a little perspective
		Jeremy Sewall, ICC Policy Analyst, said, “The Indonesian government is sacrificing true justice to provide judicial ‘balance’ by executing these three Christians to appease Muslims who are upset that three Islamic terrorists are also set to be executed for their part in the Bali bombings.
		This is a glaring injustice and hints of massive cover-up by the Indonesian government.
		Entire Christian villages were attacked with government munitions and burned down using Indonesian government fuel trucks.
	www.homeschoolblogger.com /christinemiller/204997 (709 words)

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