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Topic: Induced demand

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	Induced demand - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Induced demand is the phenomenon that after supply increases, more of a good is consumed.
		This is entirely consistent with the economic theory of supply and demand, however has become important in the debate over the expansion of transportation systems.
		Research indicates that the elasticity of traffic demand with respect to roadway expansion is between 0 and 1, indicating that a 1% increase in roadway expansion will generate less than a 1% increase in traffic demand.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Induced_demand (426 words)

	Supply and demand - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The theory of supply and demand is important for some economic schools' understanding of a market economy in that it is an explanation of the mechanism by which many resource allocation decisions are made.
		In this case the good demanded is actually prestige, and not a car, so when the price of the luxury car decreases, it is actually changing the amount of prestige so the demand is not decreasing since it is a different good (see Veblen good).
		Even with downward-sloping demand curves, it is possible that an increase in income may lead to a decrease in demand for a particular good, probably due to the existence of more attractive alternatives which become affordable: a good with this property is known as an inferior good.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Supply_and_demand (4930 words)

	Induced demand (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		This is entirely consistent with the economic theory of supply and demand, however has become important in the debate over the expansion of transport ation systems.
		Demand Management Systems information about the distributors of Demand Solutions software, who are a PC-based demand management and supply chain consultant.
		Demand Clarity Inc. Specializes in designing and implementing demand and supply planning processes for medium to large size retailers.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Induced_demand.html (705 words)

	Induced demand - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Demand induced price changes - substituttes and complements: a cautionary comment.
		The demand induced impact of land redistribution: a minor possibility?
		The demand induced impact of land redistribution (LTC)
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /induced_demand.htm (500 words)

	Assessing the Issue of Induced Travel
		This briefing explains what induced travel is, what it is not, how it occurs across modes, how it is accounted for in the travel modeling process, and what recent research suggests about the potential magnitude of induced travel both at the project level and relative to other causes of travel growth.
		Induced and redistributed travel are not the only factors that are responsible for growth in travel on each of the facilities described in the prototypical examples.
		Induced travel is also a dynamic phenomenon, thus as induced travel occurs, travel speeds decrease and demand for new travel correspondingly diminishes.
	www.secondcrossing.org /Assessing_Induced_Travel.htm (3827 words)

	Learn more about Supply and demand in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In general where goods are traded in a market, prices of goods tend to rise when the quantity demanded exceeds the quantity supplied at that price, leading to a shortage, and conversely that prices tend to fall when quantity supplied exceeds the quantity demanded.
		The theory of supply and demand is important in the functioning of a market economy in that it explains the mechanism by which most resource allocation decisions are made.
		The theory of supply and demand is usually developed assuming that markets are perfectly competitive.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /s/su/supply_and_demand.html (1700 words)

	Accounting for Induced Travel in Evaluation of Urban Highway Expansion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		We demonstrate how the effects of induced travel can be incorporated into the evaluation process at a sketch planning level of analysis, especially in cases where four-step urban travel models are either unavailable or are unable to forecast the full induced demand effects, such as in small and medium-sized urban areas.
		Induced VMT estimates are calculated for the freeway as well as for parallel arterials using these elasticities.
		To account for the fact that some induced travel at the corridor level is actually due to diversion of traveler destination or diversion of development, SMITE allows a portion of the corridor-wide induced traffic attributable to these diversions to be first subtracted out to obtain true "regional-level" induced travel.
	www.fhwa.dot.gov /steam/doc.htm (3757 words)

	Induced Travel: Frequently Asked Questions - Planning - HEP - FHWA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		"Induced travel" is a term that has been widely used to describe the observed increase in traffic volume that occurs soon after a new highway is opened or a previously congested highway is widened.
		Economists use the term "induced travel" to describe the additional demand for travel that occurs as a result of a decrease in the generalized cost of travel, including both travel-time and out-of-pocket costs.
		For example, a demand elasticity value of -0.5 means that a 10 percent decrease in the price of a good will result in a 5 percent increase in demand for that good.
	www.fhwa.dot.gov /planning/itfaq.htm (2403 words)

	New induced demand studies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		This represents the first research that examines the Washington area to gauge an effect called "induced travel." This is the amount of added traffic that occurs, for instance, when motorists take advantage of a new lane to make more or longer trips or to switch from transit to driving.
		A 10 percent expansion in roads led to a 4.5 percent increase in motorists in Maryland and a 5.1 percent increase in Virginia.
		Though the concept of induced travel has often been challenged by road builders and highway engineers, the findings yesterday were readily accepted by two top Washington area planners who participated in the discussion.
	www.elpc.org /lists/iltollways/msg00111.html (898 words)

	Induced demand (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Induced (or latent) demand is the phenomenon that after supply increases,more of a good is consumed.
		Research indicates that the elasticity of traffic demand with respect to roadway expansion is between 0 and 1, indicating thata 1% increase in roadway expansion will generate less than a 1% increase in traffic demand.
		However it is greater than 0%, so newroadway construction will result in some additional traffic that would not have occurred but for the new capacity.
	www.therfcc.org /induced-demand-9524.html (405 words)

	Applying an Integrated Model to the Evaluation of Travel Demand Management Policies in the Sacramento Region (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The induced travel hypothesis is grounded in economic theory and predicts that an increase in roadway supply reduces the time cost of travel and thus increases the quantity of travel demanded (or vehicle travel).
		First, the scenarios were simulated with the full model functionality and all of the associated components of induced demand represented, including changes in land use (acres of land developed and employment and population location), trip distribution, mode choice, and traffic assignment.
		The induced travel effects of changes in land use and trip distribution (or destination choice) may be critical to the accurate evaluation of transit and highway alternatives.
	transweb.sjsu.edu /publications/SAC.htm (13323 words)

	Eastern Economic Journal: Supplier-induced demand and quality competition: An empirical investigation
		Such supplier-induced demand (SID) is a particularly contentious issue in medical economics.(2) As in the legal profession or the service trades, the existence of SID is not the issue.
		If h is an appropriate proxy for quality, the inverse demand curve (that is, fees expressed as a function of quantity, time per visit and other factors) should be increasing in h.
		Finding a positive correlation between the number of physicians and market demand does not imply positive correlations between the number of physicians and the demand faced by an individual physician (which is the correct SID implication).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3620/is_199510/ai_n8718643 (1347 words)

	Induced Travel Demand
		Jonak’s simple observation summarizes the complex issue of "induced travel demand," or the degree to which building new highway capacity encourages new car and truck trips that would not have otherwise occurred.
		A study of highway projects in the mid-Atlantic states concluded that between 20% and 60% of new highway capacity was consumed by new vehicles – induced demand – within two years of the project’s completion.
		A thorough and honest environmental impact statement would carefully model the induced demand of the proposed highway expansion and weigh the purported travel time benefits against the environmental costs of the project and the demand it induces.
	www.citizensforappropriatetransportation.org /catissuebriefsep2002.htm (792 words)

	Taxpayers League of Minnesota -- Press Releases (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		It’s called “induced demand,” and it is almost purely a myth.
		Simply put, induced demand is the increase in the consumption of a product that accompanies the increase in the supply.
		To call that kind of “induced demand” a bad thing is ridiculous—it would be the same as decrying the availability of low cost, high quality housing to everybody who wants it, because that would increase the demand for houses.
	www.taxpayersleague.com /issues/pr_display.php?rid=209 (475 words)

	Chapter 5: Migration: Supply-driven or demand-induced?: Emigration pressures and structural change: Case study of the ...
		However strong the supply side variable might be in such an explanation, what gets left out of the picture is the fact that even in the countries of the greatest absolute and relative magnitudes of "emigration pressure" or "migration potential," the actual incidence of migration is very minor indeed.
		The deduction must be that in determining the actual flows of migrants between rich and poor countries, it is the demand and not the supply side factors which dominate the magnitude of flows.
		This brings in the issue of official immigration policies, the nature and strength of public sentiment and prejudice with regard to the import of workers, the extent of direct opposition from local workers' organisations, all influence the final outcome of the migration equation as determined by the more objective factors mentioned earlier.
	www.ilo.org /public/english/protection/migrant/papers/emphil/ch5.htm (1539 words)

	Induced Traffic
		Similar conclusions are reached by those who have analyzed the phenomenon of Induced Traffic, which is defined as any increase in vehicle miles traveled (VMT) that results from an infrastructure change such as increase in road capacity.
		Induced traffic is a key fact in transportation planning, but it has yet to be accounted for in making traffic projections for the widening of Highway 1.
		Since then, demand has increased, with the result that some motorists travel on parallel routes (e.g., Soquel Avenue/Drive), others travel at earlier or later times ("peak-spreading"), others ride the bus, others carpool or ride in a commuter van, and still others avoid the route entirely.
	www.sensibletransportation.org /induced.html (636 words)

	JHR Abstracts Volume 19, 1984 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		A model is developed which includes the patient’s financial burden as a limiting factor on demand inducement.
		New data from a national survey are used to test the demand inducement hypothesis and identify physician-initiated expenditures.
		When individual health insurance and other factors are held constant, additional corroboration of the physician-induced demand hypothesis is found, but the magnitude of the effect is very small and is statistically significant only for more discretionary expenditures.
	www.ssc.wisc.edu /jhr/1984ab/rossiter2.htm (256 words)

	Conditions and Trends: I-71 MIS Land Use Impact Analysis
		A Critical Analysis of the Induced Demand Hypothesis, indicates that the unprecedented increase in urban travel is not just a response to an improved LOS but is also the result of redistribution of some new traffic which would have been created anyway independent of the LOS change.
		The results of the study indicated that induced travel, as a function of latent demand, will increase when capacity is added to an uncongested freeway.
		The final result may be that as travel increases due to induced demand, the initial price reduction that was given to the travelers in the corridor will slowly erode as traffic increases.
	planning.co.cuyahoga.oh.us /i71/trends10.htm (1377 words)

	JHR Abstracts Volume 12, 1977 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		This paper addresses the theoretical models designed to ascertain the existence of a variable level of physicians' activity in shifting the demand of their patients.
		Two basic approaches are followed: equilibrium models of the demand for health care, and disequilibrium models.
		Using the monopolistic model, a statistical test of the hypothesis of "no induced demand" is constructed, and fails to reject it.
	www.ssc.wisc.edu /jhr/1978ab/green5.htm (160 words)

	Induced intensification: Agricultural change in Bangladesh with implications for Malthus and Boserup -- Turner and Ali ...
		Induced intensification: Agricultural change in Bangladesh with implications for Malthus and Boserup -- Turner and Ali 93 (25): 14984 -- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
		Induced intensification: Agricultural change in Bangladesh with implications for Malthus and Boserup
		The underlying premise of induced intensification was not rejected,
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/93/25/14984 (6271 words)

	Induced Traffic
		Induced Travel is Multimodal Phenomenon -- The literature (& policy debate) focus on highway-related induced travel, but any type of transportation system project can have an induced travel effect.
		Also, the construction of new facilities that extend into developing areas is likely to increase the share of new house starts that are single family and that, in turn, generally increases trips per household...
		Sherret (1979), in an interpretation of the BART reports, noted that "induced travel is a common phenonmenon...
	userpages.chorus.net /burleigh/issues/traffic_bib.html (2340 words)

	Transportation Supply & Demand Issues
		"Induced" traffic is that growth in vehicle miles travelled that is theorized to be caused -specifically- by an increase in road capacity.
		Transportation economists generally agree that while there is some "inducement" of traffic with expansion of a corridor's trunk road due to pent-up demand, the amount is dwarfed by the effects of increased regional population and employment on traffic growth.
		Induced or Generated Traffic, Cuyahoga County Planning Commission addresses Population and the Labor Force, Female Labor Force Participation, Household Size, Vehicle Availability, and Residential and Workplace Dispersion impacts on VMT and trends.
	www.scwalkandroll.com /LibraryIndices/SplyDmnd.html (1333 words)

	Induced Supply: A Model of Highway Network Expansion at the Microscopic Level (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Abstract: This paper analyzes the induced demand hypothesis using a disaggregate approach at the link level.
		The results indicate that capacity enhancements in the previous years, given by lane additions have a positive and significant effect on the VKT of the link, confirming the induced demand hypothesis.
		The elasticities are lower than reported in previous research, indicating the importance of separating new construction from the expansion of existing links.
	www.ce.umn.edu /~levinson/Papers/InducedDemand.html (212 words)

	Induced Demand (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		child could have a lollipop or two every time a demand is made...
		``Any price-induced demand decline is likely transient in nature and will rebound as prices ease.''.
		However, a slowing down of demand induced by higher interest rates will unquestionably have some impact on growth in the next year.
	www.wikiverse.org /induced-demand (550 words)

	AcademyHealth Interest Group Forums: Supplier-induced demand (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		I had never heard of it, but it was the proper term for the topic of the paper, and to this day I think our work demonstrated that supplier-induced demand was in effect for our data.
		He said I didn’t know what I was talking about (I agree), that we couldn’t prove supplier-induced demand was in effect without extremely complicated research designs (I disagree), and that the phenomenon is an insignificant force in U.S. healthcare economics.
		Supplier-induced demand is real, and I think of pharmaceutical companies first as the major contributor to high costs.
	www.academyhealth.org /membership/forum/forum_posts.asp?TID=103&PN=1 (350 words)

	Induced Demand Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
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	www.alienartifacts.com /encyclopedia/Induced_demand (594 words)

	Induced Traffic
		Hard evidence from the City of Ottawa's own traffic counts showing increases well beyond those predicted by forecasts that ignore induced traffic: APETIS report from 1999.
		Do your own web Google search on "induced traffic" and see how much has been written describing this effect that many local traffic planners still treat as a myth.
		The City is not accounting for induced traffic in their predictions.
	www.ottawaeast.ca /inducedtraffic.html (272 words)

	Economics of health care. Unequal information - doctors as agents
		This means we are expecting our doctor to divide herself in half - on the one hand to act in our interests as the buyer of health care for us but on the other to act in her own interests as the seller of health care.
		In a free market situation where the doctor is primarily motivated by the profit motive, the possibility exists for doctors to exploit patients by advising more treatment to be purchased than is necessary - supplier induced demand.
		So if doctors behaved like some financial advisers or computer salesmen in the past and maximised profits without any limit from a professional code, we would expect supplier induced demand to be a very major problem.
	www.oheschools.org /ohech3pg4.html (818 words)

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