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Topic: Inductive effect

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	Mesomeric effect - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Mesomeric effect is the effect of the overlap of a p-orbital with the p-orbital on an adjacent atom in the chemical compound to form a delocalised cloud of electrons over both the atoms called a π (pi) bond.
		Additionally, the effect of delocalising the electrons and therefore the charge, will reduce the probability of the anion being reprotonated as it is now a "soft nucleophile" (disperse charge) compared to the "hard electrophile" of the proton (small localised charge).
		It's important to note that the mesomeric affect as a result of p - orbital overlap has absolutely no affect on the inductive effect, as this effect is purely to do with the electronegativity of the atoms and their structural chemistry (which atoms are connected to which).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mesomeric_effect (318 words)

	Inductive storage capacitor - US Patent 6642552 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		An inductive capacitor that includes a trap material between the two elements is also referred to as an "inductive storage capacitor." Such an inductive storage capacitor is used to implement a nonvolatile memory cell in one application, and a timing circuit in another application.
		Such an inductive storage capacitor 20 is of a different design than a storage capacitor in conventional non-volatile solid state memory devices known to applicant, and uses a new method for programming and reading the levels of the electrons that are stored in the device.
		Inductive storage capacitor 100 further includes a fifth material which is a conductive material like aluminum or copper and which forms a plug 195 that is located inside the via hole 101.
	www.patentstorm.us /patents/6642552.html (9435 words)

	Defintion of inductive_effect - Chemistry Dictionary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		A theoretical distinction may be made between the field effect, and the inductive effect as models for the Coulomb interaction between a given site within a molecular entity and a remote unipole or dipole within the same entity.
		Ordinarily the inductive effect and the field effect are influenced in the same direction by structural changes in the molecule and the distinction between them is not clear.
		To indicate the all-inclusive use of the term inductive, the phrase "so-called inductive effect" is sometimes used.
	www.bonus.com /contour/Chemicool/http@@/www.chemicool.com/definition/inductive_effect.html (224 words)

	Aromatic Reactivity
		The three examples on the left of the bottom row (in the same diagram) are examples of electron withdrawal by conjugation to polar double or triple bonds, and in these cases the inductive effect further enhances the deactivation of the benzene ring.
		We have already analyzed the activating or deactivating properties of substituents in terms of inductive and resonance effects, and these same factors may be used to rationalize their influence on substitution orientation.
		The balance between inductive electron withdrawal and p-π conjugation is such that the nitrogen and oxygen substituents have an overall stabilizing influence on the benzenonium intermediate and increase the rate of substitution markedly; whereas halogen substituents have an overall destabilizing influence.
	www.cem.msu.edu /~reusch/VirtualText/benzrx1.htm (2788 words)

	Increase Your Productivity with Proper Sensor Selection
		Hall effect sensors are triggered by a magnet influencing the Hall effect element.
		Inductive sensors are triggered by sensing the eddy current effect when a metal target is in close proximity.
		Hall effect sensors tend to be power hungry and if used in a two wire system have prohibitively high leakage current (this concept will be explained later) usually 4 to 15 milliamps.
	www.stonel.com /stonel/sensor2.html (1532 words)

	Summary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The purpose of this study is to discover whether the practice of rotating three-dimensional objects will have an effect on the inductive processes used for shapes by hearing impaired children.
		The study checked whether practicing the rotation of 3-D objects has an effect on the inductive processes used for shapes by hearing-impaired children aged 8-11.
		Before the experiment, it was discovered that the hearing impaired children attained lower scores in inductive abilities used for shapes and in flexible thinking than the children with normal hearing.
	www.passig.com /pic/abstract.htm (711 words)

	Electrical noise -- what a racket (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In general, if the receiver is less than about one-sixth of a wavelength from the radiating source, the noise coupling mechanism will be dominated by either capacitive or inductive effects, but if it is greater than one-sixth wavelength, the radiated noise is a plane wave and the coupling will be by radio frequency effects.
		Inductive or magnetic-coupled noise reaches a circuit via an inductive effect and is current-based.
		The portion of the circuit into which the inductive noise is coupled can be viewed as a single loop or coil being inductively coupled by a noise coil (circuit).
	www.manufacturing.net /CTL/index.asp?layout=articlePrint&articleID=CA188300 (489 words)

	Chemical Reactivity
		Resonance stabilization is generally stronger than inductive effects, and is the predominant factor stabilizing the tropylium and trityl cations.
		Since hyperconjugation and the inductive effect act in the same manner, their relative importance in carbocation stabilization is a matter of interest.
		Inductive stabilization of these cations should be similar to that of the tert-butyl cation, so if this were the predominant stabilizing factor from alkyl substitution, the reactivity of these halides should be similar to their tert-butyl counterparts.
	www.cem.msu.edu /~reusch/VirtualText/special3.htm (9089 words)

	electronegativity - polar bonds in organic compounds
		Allowing for the shielding effect of the 1s electrons, the bonding pair feels a net pull of about 4+ from the carbon, but about 7+ from the fluorine.
		Most atoms that you will come across have a negative inductive effect when they are attached to a carbon atom, because they are mostly more electronegative than carbon.
		Inductive effects are sometimes given symbols: -I (a negative inductive effect) and +I (a positive inductive effect).
	www.chemguide.co.uk /basicorg/bonding/eneg.html (1067 words)

	I
		The effect on the rate or equilibrium constant of two reactions that differ only in the isotopic composition of one or more of their otherwise chemically identical components is referred to as a kinetic isotope effect (see isotope effect, kinetic) or a thermodynamic (or equilibrium) isotope effect (see isotope effect, thermodynamic), respectively.
		A kinetic isotope effect attributable to isotopic substitution of an atom to which a bond is made or broken in the rate-controlling step or in a pre-equilibrium step of a specified reaction is termed a primary isotope effect.
		A kinetic isotope effect that is attributable to isotopic substitution of an atom to which bonds are neither made nor broken in the rate-controlling step or in a pre-equilibrium step of a specified reaction, and is therefore not a primary isotope effect, is termed a secondary isotope effect.
	www.chem.qmul.ac.uk /iupac/gtpoc/I.html (3495 words)

	Emphasis Topics for the Third Exam
		The deactivating effect of EWG's arises from the destabilization of the positive charge by the substituent dipole, which is oriented with the positive end of the dipole nearest to the charge on the ring.
		You should be able to explain the deactivation effect by applying the Method of Competing TS's to the TS's for substitution of an electrophile (E+)meta to an EWG such as nitro with that for the substitution of the same electrophile upon benzene, itself, where there is no substituent present to destabilize the positive charge.
		However, there is another effect which operates only at the para (and ortho) position, and not at all at the meta, and this effect is a carbocation stabilizing effect.
	research.cm.utexas.edu /nbauld/teach/emphtopB3.html (2995 words)

	AMERICAN - Online Information article about AMERICAN
		Thus for a dot, first a negative and then a positive current is sent to the line, the effect of the current continuing during the time required for the paper to travel the space between two holes.
		The armature of the electromagnet is normally attracted by the effect of the permanent magnet, but it is furnished with two antagonistic springs tending to throw it upwards.
		When a current comes in from line it passes through the electromagnet in such a direction as to weaken the effect of the permanent magnet; hence the springs are able to release the armature, which rises smartly and in its turn releases the printing mechanism.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /ALM_ANC/AMERICAN.html (8725 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		] A method of analyzing the effects of defects on an integrated circuit, in which a computer simulates an electron that scatters at random faults in the form of additional or missing areas of material on the set of drawings of the masks from which the circuits are fabricated.
		Transfer of energy from the output circuit to the input circuit of an amplifying device through an inductor, or by means of inductive coupling.
		] Effect arising from the characteristics and inductive relations of electric supply and communications systems of such character and magnitude as would prevent the communications circuits from rendering service satisfactorily and economically if methods of inductive coordination were not applied.
	www.accessscience.com /Dictionary/I/I8/DictI8.html (2559 words)

	Noise and Reliability Project EE215B: Proposal
		Ground bounce is inductive noise seen on the ground and power lines when the input of a circuit is switched.
		An inductive model used to simulate ground bounce consists of two inductors coupled to the supply and ground lines and a capacitor coupled to an inductor and then to the output of the inverter.
		Simulating the inductive effect is similar to showing the situation where wire length increases.
	home.earthlink.net /~hsieht/final.htm (1035 words)

	Ch12: Substituent Effects
		This is a similar effect to that for type 1 except that the electrons are from a bonded pair not a lone pair.
		The reason is that they are both inductive electron withdrawing (due to their electronegativity) but they are also resonance donating (lone pair donation).
		The inductive effect lowers the reactivity of the starting material but the resonance effect controls the regiochemistry due the stability of the intermediate carbocations.
	www.chem.ucalgary.ca /courses/351/Carey5th/Ch12/ch12-8d.html (488 words)

	Effect of C(19)-substituents on previtamin D - vitamin D thermal interconversion
		The effects of fluorine and methoxy or acetoxy substituents at C-19 on the [1,7]-hydrogen migration in previtamin D analogs have been studied experimentally in the last twenty years by several groups in the USA and in Europe.
		Importantly, it was suggested that not only inductive effects, but also orbital-orbital and steric interactions may affect the energetics of this pericyclic reaction.
		The first and most logical assumption about the origin of the opposite effects of methoxy (acetoxy) and fluoro substituents at C-19 could be their different electron-donating/withdrawing properties that may change the electron distribution in the triene system in opposite directions.
	www.udel.edu /chem/bach/pages/ECCC32.html (2471 words)

	ACEE Lesson Page
		Cite the equation for determining the value of inductive reactance, given the values of applied frequency and inductance.
		Calculate the total inductive reactance of a series circuit, given the values of the individual reactanaces.
		Calculate the total inductive reactance of a parallel circuit, given the values of the individual reactanaces.
	www.free-ed.net /sweethaven/modelec/acee/lessonMain.asp?iNum=0603 (243 words)

	The educational encyclopedia, hall effect sensors, inductive sensors, magnetic resistive sensors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Hall effect if an electric current flows through a conductor in a magnetic field, the magnetic field exerts a transverse force on the moving charge carriers which tends to push them to one side of the conductor
		Hall effect sensors when a current-carrying conductor is placed into a magnetic field, a voltage will be generated perpendicular to both the current and the field.
		Hall effect sensors the function of a Hall sensor is based on the physical principle of the Hall effect named after its discoverer E. Hall: It means that a voltage is generated transversely to the current flow direction in an electric conductor (the Hall voltage), if a magnetic field is applied perpendicularly to the conductor
	users.pandora.be /educypedia/electronics/sensorshall.htm (406 words)

	Bimba Manufacturing Company - Actuator Position Sensing in the Fluid Power Industry -- Present & Future (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		An inductive sensor detects the proximity of a metal object by gauging the effect the metal target has upon a magnetic field emanating from the sensor.
		Inductive sensors are very accurate, highly repeatable, non-contact devices that employ solid state technology and exhibit very low hysteresis.
		Inductive sensors are also one of the most expensive types of discrete sensor.
	www.bimba.com /techctr/position.htm (3284 words)

	International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
		Inductive effect - The polarization of chemical bonds due to shifts of their electron pairs in the direction of the electronegative group.
		Within a molecule, the inductive effect is transmitted through space and is determined by electrostatic forces between the interacting sites.
		Another original (G. Lewis) model of inductive effect relates to through-bond transmission by successive polarization of the bonds between a dipolar or charged substituent and the reaction site.
	www.iupac.org /reports/1999/7110minkin/i.html (1100 words)

	Exam3
		Select the group that is most likely to have an electron donating inductive effect and resonance effect as a substituent on an aromatic ring.
		In choice B the activating influence of the methyl group occurs at the same carbons as the activating effect of the OH group.
		To get an accurate comparison of the inductive effect of the OH group in the benzene/phenol pair with that in butane/2-butanol pair, you have to be certain the number of sigma bonds between the OH group and the H atom it is affecting is the same in both cases.
	www.usm.maine.edu /~newton/Chy251_253/Exams/C253/E3_99/E3Key.html (1084 words)

	QSAR and Drug Design
		It relates the effect of substituents on that equilibrium to the effect of those substituents on the benzoic acid equilibrium.
		For a nitro group in the meta position, electron-withdrawal is due to an inductive effect produced by the electronegativity of the constituent atoms.
		For chlorine, the electronegativity of the atom produces an inductive electron-withdrawing effect, with the magnitude of the effect in the para position being less than in the meta position.
	www.biochem.vt.edu /modeling/qsar_drug.html (3804 words)

	ACEE Lesson Page
		Describe the effect that inductive reactance has upon the amount of current flowing in an AC circuit.
		Inductive reactance is the opposition to AC current flow that is caused by the presence of an inductor in the circuit.
		The units of measure for inductive reactance is ohms, W. The amount of inductive reactance in a circuit is proportional to:
	www.free-ed.net /sweethaven/modelec/acee/lessonMain.asp?iNum=0601 (144 words)

	Effect of Frequency on Inductive Reactance
		As you can see, the higher the frequency, the greater the inductive reactance; the lower the frequency, the less the inductive reactance for a given inductor.
		That is, the lower the frequency, the greater the capacitive reactance; the higher the frequency, the less the reactance for a given capacitor.
		As shown in figure 1-3, the effect of capacitance is opposite to that of inductance.
	www.tpub.com /neets/book9/34a.htm (638 words)

	The Inductive Kick Effect (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Inductive kick effect can be used to best effect with a synchronous rotary spark gap because the time at which the spark gap fires can be adjusted to obtain the desired voltage gain (and power throughput.) The graph below shows the effect of adjusting the point at which the sync rotary fires.
		Firing later than 5ms results in greater energy storage in the ballast but reduces the benefit from the inductive kick effect as progressively more energy is transferred from the tank capacitor back to the ballast before the spark gap fires.
		In summary both Resonant rise and inductive kick are a result of the interaction between the ballast inductance and the tank capacitor.
	www.richieburnett.co.uk /indkick.html (1538 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Galkin V.I., Sayakhov R.D., Cherkasov R.A., Pudovik A.N. Substituent steric effect at phosphorus, sulfur, arsenic and antimony atoms.
		Sayakhov R.D., Mironov A.V., Galkin V.I., Cherkasov R.A., Kutyrev G.A., Pudovik A.N. Substituent steric effect in the reaction of (hydroxymethyl)phosphonates with phenyl isocyanates.
		Theoretical calculation of inductive constants of substituents on the basis of a new model of inductive effect.
	www.ksu.ru /eng/departments/f7/k5/persons/srd_publ.htm (1032 words)

	Effect of a Ligand Selective for Peripheral Benzodiazepine Receptors on the Expression of Rat Hepatic P-450 ...
		Effect of a Ligand Selective for Peripheral Benzodiazepine Receptors on the Expression of Rat Hepatic P-450 Cytochromes: Assessment of the Effect In Vivo and in a Hepatocyte Culture System -- Yamada et al.
		the effect of PK11195 on the induction of rat hepatic CYP2B1/2
		), it is conceivable that the inhibitory effect of
	dmd.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/27/11/1242 (3992 words)

	ANGEO - Abstracts
		Analytic expressions for the electric and magnetic wave fields in the magnetosphere, ionosphere and atmosphere are derived within the context of an inductive ionosphere.
		The inductive shielding effect (ISE) arises from the generation of an ``inductive" rotational current by the induced part of the divergent electric field in the ionosphere which reduces the wave amplitude detected on the ground.
		The inductive response of the ionosphere is described by Faraday's law and the ISE depends on the horizontal scale size of the ULF disturbance, its frequency and the ionosphere conductivities.
	www.copernicus.org /EGU/annales/22/4/1155.htm (258 words)

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