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	Inductive reasoning - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Inductive reasoning is the complement of deductive reasoning.
		Induction or inductive reasoning, sometimes called inductive logic, is the process of reasoning in which the premises of an argument support the conclusion but do not ensure it.
		Inductive arguments are never binding but they may be cogent.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Induction_(philosophy) (1937 words)

	Logic - LoveToKnow 1911
		The founder of logic anticipated the latest logic of science, when he recognized, not only the deduction of mathematics, but also the experience of facts followed by deductive explanations of their causes in physics.
		Logic, according to this new school, which has by our time become an old school, has to co-ordinate these three operations, direct them, and, beginning with conceptions, combine conceptions into judgments, and judgments into inference, which thus becomes a complex combination of conceptions, or, in modern parlance, an extension of our ideas.
		Logic is related to all the sciences, because it considers the common inferences and varying methods used in investigating different subjects.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Logic (15617 words)

	The Nature of Logic
		Inductive Logic is concerned with the correctness of inferences for which the evidence is not conclusive (i.e.
		Logic is not the science of the laws of thought--in which case it would be a descriptive science like psychology.
		Logic is the study of the modes of correct reasoning as shown in an interpersonal manner.
	philosophy.lander.edu /logic/nature_log.html (777 words)

	logic - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		LOGIC [logic] the systematic study of valid inference.
		Although Aristotle was concerned with problems in modal logic and other minor branches, it is usually agreed that his major contribution in the field of logic was his elaboration of syllogistic logic; indeed, the Aristotelian statement of logic held sway in the Western world for 2,000 years.
		Mill held that the scientist or experimenter is not interested in moving from the general to the specific case, which characterizes deductive logic, but is concerned with inductive reasoning, moving from the specific to the general (see induction).
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/l1/logic.asp (944 words)

	Logic
		Logic was developed independently and brought to some degree of systematization in China (5th to 3rd century BC) and India (from the 5th century BC through the 16th and 17th centuries AD).
		A major step in modern logic is the discovery that it is possible to examine and characterize other formal systems in terms of the logic resulting from their elements, operations, and rules of formation; such is the study of the logical foundations of mathematics, set theory, and logic itself.
		Examples of applied logics are practical logic, which is concerned with the logic of choices, commands, and values; epistemic logic, which analyzes the logic of belief, knowing, and questions; the logics of physical application, such as temporal logic and mereology; and the logics of correct argumentation, fallacies, hypothetical reasoning, and so on.
	abyss.uoregon.edu /~js/glossary/logic.html (973 words)

	Inductive logic programming - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Inductive logic programming (ILP) is a machine learning approach which uses techniques of logic programming.
		From a database of facts and expected results, which are divided into positive and negative examples, an ILP system tries to derive a logic program that proves all the positive and none of the negative examples.
		Inductive logic programming is particularly useful in bioinformatics and natural language processing.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Inductive_logic_programming (125 words)

	Inductive Logic
		The degree of strength of an inductive argument may be measured by the probability of that the conclusion is true given that all the premises are true.
		Inductive logicians have made a distinction between inductive, or logical, probability and epistemic probability.
		Inductive probability was intended to be an objective probability of the conclusion of an inductive argument given its premises that depends solely on the strength of the evidence that the premises furnish for the conclusion of the argument.
	philosophy.wisc.edu /forster/220/Notes1.html (2227 words)

	67 Inductive Logic
		logical probabilities, and logical modality in general, ultimately have a de-re status too: their way of 'being' may be more remote, but it is still a measure of existence.
		The conclusion to draw is not however that they are all fictions (that is for inductive logic to determine, case by case); rather, we should notice that this gives initial meaning to the words used, and it is significant that it refers back to causally related experiences.
		An honestly universal logic is one which is capable of handling, not only the 'square' outlook of science, but the full range of thought, from the notional and vague to very clear concepts.
	www.thelogician.net /2_future_logic/2_chapter_67.htm (9277 words)

	Inductive Logic
		The point is that a full account of inductive logic should not be limited to enumerative induction, but should also explicate the logic of hypothetical reasoning through which hypotheses and theories are tested on the basis of their predictions about specific observations.
		The notion of logical entailment is interdefinable with it.
		The logic should explicate the notion of evidential support for all sorts of hypotheses, ranging from simple diagnostic claims (e.g., “the patient is infected with the HIV”) to scientific theories about the fundamental nature of the world, like quantum mechanics or the theory of relativity.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/logic-inductive (12753 words)

	Dr Smith's Logic Page - Inductive logic
		Inductive logic therefore, is a formal a priori (axiomatic) system, that can be distinguished from deductive logic in that the premises we feed into these arguments are not not categories or definitions or equalities, but observations of the real world - a posteriori world.
		Inductive logic is basically a form of probability.
		This inductive logic is similar to the argument from analogy.
	www.candleinthedark.com /inductive.html (3460 words)

	Interview with James Nance, Part 3
		Inductive logic and deductive logic are the two main branches of formal logic.
		Inductive logic draws conclusions from experience, conclusions which go beyond the premises but which can be strengthened by further experience as more data is made available.
		Logic is so fundamental, so basic, that those who attack it must use logic in order to attack logic.
	www.christianlogic.com /articles/interview_with_james_nance_3.htm (1363 words)

	BRICS Mini-Course: Inductive Logic Programming
		Inductive logic programming (ILP) is a research area, combining principles of inductive machine learning and logic programming.
		ILP is of interest to inductive machine learning as it significantly extends the usual attribute-value representation and consequently enlarges the scope of machine learning applications; it is also of interest to logic programming as it extends the basically deductive framework of logic programming towards the use of induction.
		She was a visiting researcher at the University of Illinois, the George Mason University and the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, and has held graduate courses at the universities of Stockholm, Linkoping and Sao Paulo.
	www.brics.dk /BRICS/Activities/97/IndLogicProg (606 words)

	Deductive vs. Inductive Logic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		deductive logic is deducing the effect from the cause
		inductive logic is illogical and unreliable without extensive testing
		inductive logic is inferring the cause from the effect
	mac01.eps.pitt.edu /courses/GEO0871/ILU2000_files/logic.html (89 words)

	Deductive/Inductive logic
		In traditional Aristotelian logic, deductive reasoning is inference in which the conclusion is of no greater generality than the premises, as opposed to inductive reasoning, where the conclusion is of greater generality than the premises.
		Other theories of logic define deductive reasoning as inference in which the conclusion is just as certain as the premises, as opposed to inductive reasoning, where the conclusion can have less certainty than the premises.
		Inductive is to make a general theory or premise from the special cases.
	www.biology-online.org /biology-forum/about4268.html (306 words)

	Inductive Logic Programming
		Inductive Logic Programming (ILP) is a research area formed at the intersection of Machine Learning and Logic Programming.
		A unifying theory of Inductive Logic Programming is being built up around lattice-based concepts such as refinement, least general generalisation, inverse resolution and most specific corrections.
		Inductive hypothesis formation is characterised by techniques including inverse resolution, relative least general generalisations, inverse implication, and inverse entailment.
	www.cs.york.ac.uk /mlg/ilp.html (316 words)

	Inductive Logic Programming - Theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		Inductive inference is, in a sense, the inverse of deduction.
		Inductive inference based on inverting resolution in propositional logic was the basis of the inductive inference rules within the Duce system.
		In contrast, a 'V' inductive inference step derives one of the clauses on the arm of the `V' given the clause on the other arm and the clause at the base.
	www.doc.ic.ac.uk /~shm/ilp_theory.html (2111 words)

	Deductive and Inductive Logic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		In contrast to inductive reasoning, the conclusions of deductive reasoning are as valid as the initial assumption.
		Inductive reasoning is supported by inductive logic, for example:
		In contrast to deductive reasoning, conclusions arrived at by inductive reasoning do not necessarily have the same validity as the initial assumptions.
	physics.weber.edu /carroll/Xhonors/logic.htm (129 words)

	Projects on Inductive Logic Programming funded by TFR
		Inductive Logic Programming (ILP) is a research area in the intersection of machine learning and computational logic whose main goal is the development of theories of and practical algorithms for inductive learning in first-order logic representation formalisms.
		Inductive Logic Programming II (ESPRIT LTR No. 20237), the group has cooperated with the following European universities and institutes: K.U. Leuven (Belgium), Universities of Oxford, York and Bristol (Great Britain), GMD (Germany), Jozef Stefan Institute (Slovenia), Universite Paris Sud (France), Universita di Torino (Italy) and Joszef Attila University (Hungary).
		Input sentences are analyzed by the source language version as far as the level of quasi logical form (QLF), and then undergo transfer, by using so-called transfer rules, into another QLF having constants and predicates corresponding to word senses in the target language.
	www.dsv.su.se /~henke/ML/TFR/ilp.html (3622 words)

	The World Wide Web Virtual Library: Logic Programming
		Logic Programming Group and searchable papers related to logic programming by people at Department of Computing, Imperial College, London, UK.
		Inductive Logic Programming (ILP): ILPNET is the Inductive Logic Programming European Scientific Network.
		RELFUN extends Horn logic by higher-order syntax, first-class finite domains, and eager expressions of non-deterministic, non-ground functions, explicitly distinguished from structures.
	www.afm.sbu.ac.uk /logic-prog (1454 words)

	Inductive Logic Programming (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		Logic has always been very popular as a representation language for inductive concept-learning.
		Her main research interest is in inductive logic programming and medical applications of machine learning.
		She was the coordinator of ILPNET, the European Scientific Network in Inductive Logic Programming (1993-96), and a co-chair of the ECML-95 conference and the ILP-97 workshop.
	www.cs.kuleuven.ac.be /~ml/lucdr/icml.html (444 words)

	An Introduction to Probability and Inductive Logic - Cambridge University Press
		This is an introductory textbook on probability and induction written by one of the world's foremost philosophers of science.
		Inductive behaviour as an evasion of the problem.
		It is well suited for graduate or advanced undergraduate courses in inductive logic or related areas (such as philosophy of science or methodology courses in particular empirical sciences).
	www.cambridge.org /catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521775019 (281 words)

	Notes to Inductive Logic
		Although enumerative inductive arguments may seem similar to what classical statisticians call estimation, they are not really the same thing.
		Of course, the claim that a given subpopulation C is representative is itself a hypothesis that is open to inductive support by evidence.
		So, for the purposes of inductive logic, in many cases where it is helpful to treat evidence as composed of result-independent chunks one may decompose the less specific composite disjunctive hypotheses into their more specific disjuncts.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/logic-inductive/notes.html (4510 words)

	Amazon.ca: Structural Reliabilism : Inductive Logic as a Theory of Justification: Books: P. Kawalec (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		Kawalec's monograph is a novel defence of the programme of inductive logic, developed initially by Rudolf Carnap in the 1950s and Jaakko Hintikka in the 1960s.
		The main strength of the work is its link between inductive logic and contemporary discussions of epistemology.
		Through this perspective the author succeeds to shed new light on the significance of inductive logic.
	www.amazon.ca /Structural-Reliabilism-Inductive-Theory-Justification/dp/1402010133 (284 words)

	Inductive Logic Programming
		24] is situated in the intersection of machine learning or data mining on the one hand, and logic programming on the other hand.
		With logic programming it shares the use of clausal first order logic as a representation language for both data and hypotheses.
		Inductive logic programming can be used for many different purposes, and the problem statements found in ILP papers consequently vary.
	www.cs.cmu.edu /afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/jair/pub/volume16/blockeel02a-html/node2.html (1014 words)

	UT ML Group: Inductive Logic Programming
		Inductive logic programming is a form of relational data mining that discovers rules in first-order logic from multi-relational data.
		Inductive Logic Programming (ILP) is the intersection of Machine Learning and Logic Programming in which the learner's hypothesis space is the set of logic programs.
		This paper demonstrates the capabilities of FOIDL, an inductive logic programming (ILP) system whose distinguishing characteristics are the ability to produce first-order decision lists, the use of an output completeness assumption as a substitute for negative examples, and the use of intensional background knowledge.
	www.cs.utexas.edu /~ml/publication/ilp-abstracts.html (6649 words)

	Research grant: Inductive Logic Programming
		Inductive logic programming (ILP) is the intersection of inductive learning and logic programming.
		The main long term technical goal of the ILP project is to update the techniques of the classical empirical learning paradigm to a logic programming framework.
		The expected outcome is a sound basis for the development of systems that are able to induce logic programs from examples in real-life applications that involve substantial amounts of background knowledge.
	web.comlab.ox.ac.uk /oucl/research/grants/hw.html (438 words)

	ILP2000: Tenth International Conference on Inductive Logic Programming
		This is the tenth conference in the highly succesful series of International Workshops/Conferences on Inductive Logic Programming, which has run anually since 1991.
		Inductive logic programming (ILP) is built on foundations laid by research in other areas of computational logic.
		The purpose of this talk is to interest researchers from other areas of computational logic in contributing their special skill sets to help ILP meet these challenges.
	www.cs.york.ac.uk /ILP-events/ILP-2000 (560 words)

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