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Topic: Inductrack

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	Inductrak
		Inductrack involves two main components: a special array of permanent, room-temperature magnets mounted on the vehicle and a track embedded with close-packed coils of insulated copper wire.
		However, as soon as the train exceeds a transitional speed of 1 to 2 kilometers an hour (a slow walking speed), which is achieved by means of a low-energy auxiliary power source, the arrays induce sufficient currents in the track's inductive coils to levitate the train.
		The study also found that Inductrack should be able to achieve speeds of 350 kilometers per hour and up and demonstrate lower energy costs, wheel and rail wear, propulsion maintenance, and noise levels.
	www.llnl.gov /str/Post.html (1378 words)

	askmar - Inductrack
		Inductrack is a completely passive magnetic levitation train system, using only unpowered loops of wire in the track and permanent magnets (in Halbach arrays) on the train to achieve levitation.
		Inductrack was invented by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory physicist Richard E Post.
		The only power required is to push the train forward, with increasing levitation force generated as the velocity of the train increases over the loops of wire.
	www.askmar.com /Inductrack/inductrack.html (743 words)

	Howstuffworks "How Maglev Trains Work"
		The Inductrack is a newer type of EDS that uses permanent room-temperature magnets to produce the magnetic fields instead of powered electromagnets or cooled superconducting magnets.
		Inductrack uses a power source to accelerate the train only until begins to levitate.
		Inductrack I is designed for high speeds, while Inductrack II is suited for slow speeds.
	www.howstuffworks.com /maglev-train.htm/printable (1678 words)

	Inductrack - Definition, explanation
		Inductrack is a completely passive magnetic levitation train system, using only unpowered loops of wire in the track and permanent magnets (in Halbach arrays) on the train to achieve levitation.
		Inductrack was invented by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory physicist Richard E Post.
		An Inductrack variation uses two Halbach arrays to double the levitating magnetic field without substantially increasing the weight or footprint area of the Halbach arrays, while having lower drag forces at low speeds.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/i/in/inductrack.php (183 words)

	Laminated track design for inductrack maglev systems - Patent 6758146
		Also, for the Inductrack the "transition speed," the speed at which the lift has risen to half its final value (and also the speed where the lift and drag forces are equal) is low, of order a few meters/second (walking speeds).
		In Inductrack II adjustment of this ratio is accomplished by (i) adjusting the relative gap spacing between the arrays and the track circuits, (ii) or by varying the width of the upper array relative to the lower array and (iii) or by varying the thickness of the lower array relative to the upper array.
		In Inductrack II, adjustment of this ratio is accomplished by varying the thickness of the lower arrays relative to the upper array and/or by adjusting the relative gap spacing between the arrays and the track circuits.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /6758146.html (5944 words)

	Magnetically levitated train takes flight
		Inductrack uses permanent magnets to produce the magnetic fields that levitate the train and provides economic and operational advantages over other maglev systems.
		Inductrack is classified as an EDS because it achieves levitation when the magnetic fields on the train interact with the conducting circuits in the track.
		Inductrack's other distinguishing feature is that the track is made with a close-packed array of electrically shorted circuits.
	www.eurekalert.org /features/doe/2004-11/ddoe-mlt111104.php (1250 words)

	Magnetic Levitation
		Inductrack involves two main components: a special array of permanent, room-temperature magnets mounted on the vehicle and a track embedded with close-packed coils of insulated copper wire.
		However, as soon as the train exceeds a transitional speed of 1 to 2 kilometers an hour (a slow walking speed), which is achieved by means of a low-energy auxiliary power source, the arrays induce sufficient currents in the track's inductive coils to levitate the train.
		The study also found that Inductrack should be able to achieve speeds of 350 kilometers per hour and up and demonstrate lower energy costs, wheel and rail wear, propulsion maintenance, and noise levels.
	www.electricianeducation.com /interesting/magnetic_levitation.htm (1420 words)

	37 » Blog Archive » inductrack, maglev: the next generation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		wikipedia has a good article on the various types of maglev trains in existance as well as a bit on inductrack.
		all these cons are removed by inductrack which was originally created at lawrence livermore national laboratory by richard post.
		inductrack is also unique among maglev train designs in that it, according to some articles, could be retrofitted onto existing railways.
	blog.moopsfc.com /37/2006/04/16/inductrack-maglev-the-next-generation (381 words)

	Inductrack configuration - Patent 20050204948
		An Inductrack system is then used in conjunction with this system to effect stabilization against horizontal displacements and to provide centering forces to overcome centrifugal forces when the vehicle is traversing curved sections of a track or when any other transient horizontal force is present.
		An Inductrack II system is then used in conjunction with this system to effect stabilization against horizontal displacements and to provide centering forces to overcome centrifugal forces when the vehicle is traversing curved sections of the track or when any other transient horizontal force is present.
		In the figure, a pair of Halbach arrays (mounted on the car) are shown, with a stationary vertical Inductrack II element located between them in the configuration as described in the copending patent application.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /20050204948.html (3558 words)

	Stuffo "How Maglev Trains Work" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		The Inductrack is a newer type of EDS that uses permanent room-temperature magnets to produce the magnetic fields instead of powered electromagnets or cooled superconducting magnets.
		Inductrack uses a power source to accelerate the train only until begins to levitate.
		Inductrack I is designed for high speeds, while Inductrack II is suited for slow speeds.
	www.stuffo.com /maglev-train1.htm (507 words)

	Transporteon.com -- Magnetic levitation train
		The technique has a load-carrying ability related to the speed of the vehicle, because it depends on currents induced in a passive electromagnetic array by permanent magnets.
		Inductrack was originally developed as a magnetic motor and bearing for a flywheel to store power.
		Inductrack was developed by physicist Richard Post at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
	www.transporteon.com /magnetic.html (1280 words)

	Maglev (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		The Halbach Inductrack uses a combination of permanent magnets and induced electromagnetic fields to lift the vehicle.
		A cost analysis of an Inductrack train, performed by Booz-Allen Hamilton, predicts a cost of $3.200,000 to $4,200,000 per traincar, compared to a $2,000,000 to $3,000,000 cost for conventional railcars.
		Two problems that could arise would be the damping of sway caused by aerodynamic forces, and the problem of keeping the track clear of ferromagnetic junk that might be attracted to the Halback arrays.
	www.geocities.com /ultrahiiq/Maglev.html (330 words)

	Sci Amer page 01
		by Dr. Richard F. Post., Inventor of Inductrack Passive Magnetic Levitation
		The story "Prince Ahmed and the Fairy," one of the classic tales in The Thousand and One Nights, tells of a prince who flew from place to place on a magic carpet, supported by invisible forces.
		We soon realized that if we unrolled these stabilizers, we would have the basis for a new type of maglev.
	www.skytran.net /press/sciam01.htm (388 words)

	Session P12 - Transportation, Energy and The Environment: Progress.
		Studies of new types of passive magnetic bearings at the Livermore led to the investigation of a new maglev system, the "Inductrack," one employing only passive elements, i.e.
		Two keys to the performance of the Inductrack are: (1) the use of Halbach arrays [1] on the moving object, and (2) the use of a "track" composed of close-packed circuits, excited inductively by the moving arrays.
		Halbach arrays are ideally suited for maglev applications since they create a sinusoidal periodic field below the array, while canceling the field above the array.
	flux.aps.org /meetings/YR00/APR00/abs/S5410.html (1101 words)

	Inductrack - American MAGLEV?
		When the Inductrack's train cars move forward, the magnets in the Halbach arrays induce currents in the track's coils, which in turn generate an electromagnetic field that repels the arrays.
		The Inductrack's combination of Halbach arrays and closely packed track coils, however, results in levitation forces approaching the theoretical maximum force per unit area that can be exerted by permanent magnets.
		In the Inductrack the role of the "flanges" is played by the small side-mounted Halbach arrays, whereas the role of the "wheel" is fulfilled by the main levitating arrays.
	www.abovetopsecret.com /forum/thread188055/pg1 (1912 words)

	General Atomics and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Win R&D 100 Award for Innovative Maglev Work
		This technology, designated "Inductrack Magnetic Levitation System," was originally invented at LLNL and is being further developed as part of the General Atomics Urban Maglev program.
		Inductrack employs un-powered arrays of permanent magnets beneath the vehicle.
		When the train is in motion, the magnetic field from these permanent magnets generates levitation by interacting with a "track" made up of conductors assembled in an array that resembles a ladder with close-packed rungs.
	www.ga.com /news.php?subaction=showfull&id=1095840000&archive=&start_from=&ucat=& (452 words)

	Engineer Live!
		Inductrack comprises an array of permanent magnets, active at room temperature, mounted on the train and a track embedded with close-packed coils of insulated copper wire.
		Once the train exceeds a transitional speed of 1 to 2km an hour, which is achieved by means of a low-energy auxiliary power source, the arrays induce sufficient currents in the track's inductive coils to levitate the train.
		The study also found that Inductrack should be able to achieve speeds of 350km per hour while offering lower energy costs, noise and propulsion maintenance.
	www.engineerlive.com /rail-international/forward-view/1689/maglev-does-magnetic-power-point-the-way-forward-for-railway-industry.thtml (1503 words)

	Track To The Future: Maglev Trains On Permanent Magnets - Popular Mechanics
		Called Inductrack, it is the first levitated train to use passive permanent magnets.
		Inductrack has some similarities, but its inventors stress that it has higher lifting efficiency relative to the drag forces.
		A proof-of-concept model of an Inductrack train rises to the occasion during a test at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
	www.popularmechanics.com /technology/transportation/1289196.html (623 words)

	magnetic levitation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		The technique has a load-carrying ability related to the speed of the vehicle, because it depends on currents induced in a passive electromagnetic array by permanent magnets.
		Inductrack was originally developed as a magnetic motor and bearing for a flywheel to store power.
		Inductrack was developed by physicist Richard Post at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
	www.engineeringproject.net /seminars/maglev.htm (924 words)

	How maglev trains work
		Inductrack employs what is known as a Halbach Array, or a set of large, powerful bar magnets arranged very carefully, so that an enhanced magnetic field is generated below the array, but none above it.
		Inductrack trains are inherently stable and, since they use permanent magnets, they require very little power.
		As stated earlier, the American Inductrack is the only type of MagLev train that uses Halbach Arrays, and although it seems like a very good idea, Inductrack is not very prevalent in America.
	www.essortment.com /family/maglevtrainmag_satb.htm (858 words)

	CMS—Lab wins five R&D Awards (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Inductrack, a magnetic levitation (maglev) system that uses new arrangements of permanent magnets to create its levitating fields, offers a simple, low-cost solution to the need for efficient transportation.
		Called Inductrack, the maglev system offers a simple, low-cost solution to the country’s growing need for efficient intercity and urban transportation networks.
		A software architecture called Chromium was designed and developed by two LLNL computer scientists, Randall Frank and Sean Ahern, in collaboration with researchers from Stanford University, the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, and a commercial company, Tungsten Graphics.
	www-cms.llnl.gov /news/newsline_articles/rd_awards.html (707 words)

	Dairynet -- The Dairyland Power Cooperative Web Site - Electrotechnologies for Your Business (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		"Inductrack" is an inexpensive, efficient magnetically levitated train that uses simple permanent magnets -- the kind used to hold up children's drawings on a refrigerator -- and a simple design.
		Enthusiasts are predicting that the Inductrack would change the railway system as dramatically as diesel engines when they replaced locomotives.
		The Inductrack is generating excitement across the country as those in the industry await the technology market debut.
	www.dairynet.com /bus/arch9808.html (4945 words)

	Maglev Trains On Permanent Magnets - Popular Mechanics
		Inductrack's other big advantage is that it eliminates superconducting coils and their attendant ultralow temperature cooling systems, which are very expensive to operate.
		If the drive power fails, the Inductrack system is fail-safe: It would merely slow down and settle back a few inches on its wheels at a low speed.
		He points out that at high speeds the Inductrack has up to 10 times the lift force relative to its electromagnetic drag force compared to the lift of a modern jet aircraft wing relative to its aerodynamic drag force.
	www.popularmechanics.com /science/research/1281686.html?page=2 (851 words)

	Magnetic Levitation Train Encyclopedia Article @ MrsGermany.com (Mrs Germany) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		In Electrodynamic suspension (EDS), both the rail and the train exert a magnetic field, and the train is levitated by the repusive force between these magnetic fields.
		The magnetic field in the train is produced by either superconducting electromagnets (as in JR-Maglev) or by an array of permanent magnets (as in Inductrack).
		The repulsive force in the track is created by an induced magnetic field in wires or other conducting strips in the track.
	www.mrsgermany.com /encyclopedia/Magnetic_levitation_train (3734 words)

	Halbach array - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Although one sided flux distributions may seem somewhat abstract, they have a surprising number of applications ranging from the humble fridge magnet through industrial applications such as the brushless AC motor and magnetic coupling, to high-tech applications such as wiggler magnets used in particle accelerators and free electron lasers.
		This design is chosen so that the x-components of the magnetic fields from the sheets cancel and the y-components reinforce so that the field is given by Hy  cos (kx) where k is the ‘wavenumber’ of the magnetic sheet given by the spacing between magnetic blocks with the same magnetization vector.
		This device is also the fundamental principle behind the Inductrack maglev system, a levitating train that requires no power to levitate; power is only used to create forward motion.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Halbach_array (936 words)

	Executive Summary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		The track is 10,060 feet of straight, with a 500 foot section of vertical curve, ending in a vertical.
		The design of the maglev portion of the track is in the Inductrack format.
		Inductrack is the growing fad in maglev design.
	www.ecsel.psu.edu /~tks129/DP2/executiv.htm (338 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - Magnetic Levitation — the Future of Rail Travel?
		It is looking into using the Inductrack to aid it in launching rockets into space.
		Inductrack Launcher could provide the initial boost for future spacecraft.
		This system was conceived after NASA heard about Livermore's inductrack model and offered the laboratory a contract to design and build another model to simulate rocket-launching.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/h2g2/A21605663 (3019 words)

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