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	Indus Valley Civilization - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Indus civilization was predated by the first farming cultures in south Asia, which emerged in the hills of what is now called Balochistan, to the west of the Indus Valley.
		It should be remembered that Indus civilization people, like all peoples in South Asia, built their lives around the monsoon, a weather pattern in which the bulk of a year's rainfall occurs in a four-month period.
		In 2600 BC, the Indus Valley was verdant, forested, and teeming with wildlife.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation (3561 words)

	Indus Valley Civilization - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Indus Valley Civilization is also sometimes referred to as the Harappa or Harappan Civilization of the Indus Valley, in reference to its first excavated city of Harappa.
		There were Indus Civilization settlements spread as far south as Mumbai, or Bombay, as far east as Delhi, as far west as the Iranian border, and as far north as the Himalayas.
		The Indus civilization was predated by the first farming cultures in south Asia, which emerged in the hills of Balochistan, Pakistan, to the west of the Indus Valley.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Indus_Valley_Culture (3579 words)

	Indus Valley Civilization -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Indus Valley Civilization is also sometimes referred to as the Harappa or Harappan Civilization of the Indus Valley, in reference to its first excavated city of (Click link for more info and facts about Harappa) Harappa.
		The Indus civilization's economy appears to have depended significantly on (The skilled practice of a practical occupation) trade, which was facilitated by major advances in transport technology.
		It should be remembered that Indus civilization people, like all peoples in (Click link for more info and facts about South Asia) South Asia, built their lives around the (Any wind that changes direction with the seasons) monsoon, a weather pattern in which the bulk of a year's rainfall occurs in a four-month period.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/i/in/indus_valley_civilization.htm (3548 words)

	Manas: History and Politics, Indus Valley
		Though the Indus Valley script remains undeciphered down to the present day, the numerous seals discovered during the excavations, as well as statuary and pottery, not to mention the ruins of numerous Indus Valley cities, have enabled scholars to construct a reasonably plausible account of the Indus Valley Civilization.
		In most respects, the Indus Valley Civilization appears to have been urban, defying both the predominant idea of India as an eternally and essentially agricultural civilization, as well as the notion that the change from ‘rural’ to ‘urban’ represents something of a logical progression.
		The Indus Valley people do not appear to have been in possession of the horse: there is no osteological evidence of horse remains in the Indian sub-continent before 2,000 BCE, when the Aryans first came to India, and on Harappan seals and terracotta figures, horses do not appear.
	www.sscnet.ucla.edu /southasia/History/Ancient/Indus2.html (825 words)

	Encyclopedia: Indus Valley Civilization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Jump to: navigation, search Ancient Egypt was a civilization in the Lower Nile Valley extending from as far south as Jebel Barkal, Napata [1], northward to the Mediterranean Sea, though varying in size throughout its history between circa 3200 BC and 332 BC, with the conquest of Alexander the Great.
		The Indus is a river; the Indus River.
		The term Indus script refers to short strings of symbols associated with the Harappan civilization of ancient India (most of the Indus sites are distributed in present day North West India and Pakistan) dating to circa 2600â€“1900 BC.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Indus-Valley-Civilization (7843 words)

	The Indus Valley and Hindus
		One of these cities was Mohenjo-Daro, on the Indus river some 250 miles north of the Arabian Sea, and another city was Harappa, 350 miles to the north on a tributary river, the Ravi.
		One suspected cause is a shift in the Indus River.
		The rival theory among scholars is that the so-called Aryans came to the Indus Plain on horseback and oxcart, in waves separated perhaps by decades or longer.
	www.fsmitha.com /h1/ch05.htm (2607 words)

	Indus valley civilization. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		B.C. in the valley of the Indus River and its tributaries, in the northwestern portion of the Indian subcontinent, i.e., present-day Pakistan.
		The economy of the Indus civilization was based on a highly organized agriculture, supplemented by an active commerce, probably connected to that of the ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia.
		The writing, long a riddle to archaeologists, has yet to be satisfactorily deciphered; the language appears to be structurally related to the Dravidian languages.
	www.bartleby.com /65/in/Indusval.html (401 words)

	ECONOMICS OF THE INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
		The Indus people did not engrave inscriptions on stones or place papyrus scrolls in the tombs of their dead; all we know of their writing is derived from the simple inscriptions on their seals.
		The people of Indus may have cultivated rice on the west coast, though this is not exactly certain (there is not enough evidence to prove this statement entirely true).
		If it is true that the Aryans invaded the Indus Valley at the time when the civilization was withering, it was no wonder that they had no trouble forcing the people of Indus out of the area.
	www.csuchico.edu /~cheinz/syllabi/asst001/fall97/2chd.htm (1217 words)

	Manas: History and Politics, Indus Valley
		The cities were located on the banks of the Indus and the Ravi respectively and flourished during the third millennium B.C. No mention of these cities ismade in the ancient literature, and their script has not been deciphered to this day.
		However, the inhabitants of the various towns and cities in the Indus Valley were essentially farmers, and depended on the periodic floods to irrigate their land.
		At Mohenjadaro, the city was burnt and the inhabitants killed, and people who were far less advanced than the inhabitants of the Indus Valley seem to have taken possession of the towns.
	www.sscnet.ucla.edu /southasia/History/Ancient/Indus.html (545 words)

	Harappa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Indus Valley, or Harrapan, civilization was discovered in 1920-21 when engraved seals were discovered near present-day Sahiwal in Pakistani Punjab at a place called Harappa.
		The dates of the Indus Valley Culture are approximately 2300-2000 BC and the dates of the earlier Kot Diji cultures, of the pre-Indus period, approximately 3300-2800 BC.
		There are nearly 4,000 specimens of a script from the Indus Valley Civilization carved on stone, fragments of pottery and other objects, however, they have not been deciphered satisfactorily.
	www.saxakali.com /COLOR_ASP/harappa.htm (144 words)

	Center and Periphery: Indus Valley Civilization
		With the Indus Valley script still undeciphered and the present day local governments not often amenable to foreign excavations, great mystery and debate still surrounds even the broad topics of the civilization's origins and subsequent demise, primary economic subsistence base, system of government and rule, and degree of social stratification.
		Modern scholars identify Meluhha with the Indus Valley, Makkan with the Makran and Omani coasts, and Dilmun with Bahrain, Failaka, and the adjacent Arabian coastline.
		While the existence of Indus artifacts found in western settings is used to suggest Harappan traders living far from their homeland, these Mesopotamian or Dilmunite items are likewise used to infer the existence of western traders living in the Indus Valley.
	www.adventurecorps.com /archaeo/centperiph.html (3221 words)

	Impact of Dravidians on the Development of Civilisation in India
		Until the discovery of the Indus Valley Civilization, the development of literature and culture in India was always credited to the Aryans.
		In 1920 archaeologists announced the discovery of extensive urban ruins in the Indus Valley which pre-dated the earliest archaeological sources and this has caused scholars to re-examine their views on the different phases of Indian culture.
		This civilization was thought to have been confined to the valley of the river Indus, hence the name given to it was Indus Valley civilization.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Parthenon/2104/indusvalley.html (1637 words)

	History - The Indus Valley Civilisation
		Discovered in the 1920s, it was thought to have been confined to the valley of the river Indus, hence the name given to it was Indus Valley civilisation.
		Subsequent archaeological excavations established that the contours of this civilisation were not restricted to the Indus valley but spread to a wide area in northwestern and western India.
		The Harappans cultivated wheat, barley, peas and sesamum and were probably the first to grow and make clothes from cotton.Trade seemed to be a major activity at the Indus Valley and the sheer quantity of seals discovered suggest that each merchant or mercantile family owned its own seal.
	members.tripod.com /sympweb/IndusValleyhistory.htm (603 words)

	Indus Valley Civilization in Gujarat
		Indus Valley Civilization was one of the worlds first great civilization.
		The Indus dichotomy of dividing the city into a citadel or Acropolis and a Lower Town was followed in planning Lothal.
		The Ruler and his entourage lived in the acropolis where houses were built on 3 m high platforms and provided with all the civic amenities including paved baths, underground drains and a well for potable water.
	www.rajkot.com /tourism/indus.htm (1379 words)

	ON THE DECIPHERING OF THE INDUS
		Next, the role of Hindu scriptures, and life of Jain Tirthankars are considered to explain the possible existence of the Indus Valley script in Bihar and neighboring state of Uttar Pradesh.
		No work on the Indus Valley would be complete until one has a glimpse of the symbols and their sound values.
		It was not as fertile an area as, was the Indus Valley.
	www.engr.mun.ca /~asharan/bihar/indus/indus~3.htm (5147 words)

	AncientScripts.com: Indus Script
		Another possible indication of Dravidian in the Indus texts is from structural analysis of the texts which suggests that the language underneath is possibly agglutinative, from the fact that sign groups often have the same initial signs but different final signs.
		It appears that the maximum number of Indus script symbols is 400, although there are 200 basic signs (ie signs that are not combined from others).
		This means that the Indus script is probably logophonetic, in that it has both signs used for their meanings, and signs used for their phonetic values.
	www.ancientscripts.com /indus.html (1577 words)

	The Indus Valley Civilization
		Thus the identification of Rudra/Siva in the Indus seals is in fact evidence that the civilization was an Indo European one.
		The heyday of the Indus Civilization was after the composition of the major bulk of the Rigvedic hymns.
		The Indus Valley culture was a mixed culture of Purus and Anus; the Hittites and the Tocharians were probably different mixed groups of Purus, Anus and Druhyus.
	www.hindunet.org /hindu_history/ancient/indus/indus_civ.html (1864 words)

	Asia Society - Arts & Culture
		Most striking in the Indus valley civilization was its emphasis on the organization of everyday civic life.
		Other civilizations had monuments to their leaders, but the Indus valley city was a monument to its citizens.
		In contrast, the language of the Indus valley civilization remains a mystery.
	www.asiasociety.org /arts/exhibitions_indus_valley.html (689 words)

	Indus Valley Lesson Text
		The "interior regions" of the subcontinent include (a) the Western, with its focus on the Indus River system and the Punjab, (b) the Northern and Eastern, with its focus on the Ganges River system, and (c) the Southern or Peninsular, with its focus on the Deccan and the Tamil plain.
		Be that as it may, the Indus Valley civilization, sometimes called the Harappan Civilization (after the name of one of its principal cities), flourished from the third through the first half of the second millenium B.C.E. in the region of the Indus valley and in the areas known as the Punjab and Gujarat.
		To some extent the culture of the Indus Valley civilization resembles the older village cultures of Baluchistan and Sind, but it also represents a significant advance beyond scattered village life.
	www.indiana.edu /~isp/cd_rom/mod_09/mod_09_x.htm (1166 words)

	Peoples and languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		This is significant because, if the dates of the Indus Valley Culture are approximately 2300-2000 B.C, and the dates of the kot Diji one are c.
		There are, however, nearly 4,000 specimens of a script from the Indus Valley Civilization carved on stone, fragments of pottery and other objects.
		This region was inhabited by the Dasas who worshipped the snake and must have spoken the Indus Valley's Dravidian languages(s) before the Aryans established their supremacy here.
	asnic.utexas.edu /asnic/subject/peoplesandlanguages.html (6627 words)

	Harappan Civilization: ca. 3000-1500 BC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Harappa and the city of Mohenjo-Daro were the greatest achievements of the Indus valley civilization.
		Inhabitants of the Indus valley traded with Mesopotamia, southern India, Afghanistan, and Persia for gold, silver, copper, and turquoise.
		The inhabitants of the Indus valley dispersed before the Aryans slowly entered the area as a nomadic people.
	campus.northpark.edu /history/WebChron/India/Harappa.html (606 words)

	History of India
		The two most important sites uncovered so far by archeologists are Harappa and Mohenjo-Dara; both cities show considerable development including multi-level houses and city-wide plumbing.
		The Indus Valley civilization appears to have collapsed because natural disaster altered the course of the Indus River.
		600-1500 BCE: India - The Aryans invade the Indus Valley region.
	www.crystalinks.com /indiahistory.html (468 words)

	Aryan Invasion and Fall of the Indus Empire
		1500 BC destroying the Indus valley civilization and exterminating the Indus inhabitants.
		Copper harpoons found in the indus Valley are similar to those found in Europe and elsewhere in Asia.
		The Indus people practiced astronomy because the streets are oriented towards the cardinal directions, presupposing the use of the sun-stick.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Ithaca/1335/Hist/fall_ind.html (4314 words)

	IndiaStar book-review: Vedic Glossary on Indus Seals by N.Jha (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Science historians have long agreed that the international numeral system (1,2, 3,), based on the concepts of placement and zero, as well as the decimal system were invented by the ancient Hindus.
		In the first part of Vedic Glossary on Indus Seals, Jha describes his major insight into his deciphering efforts: the four- to five-thousand-years-old inscriptions were meant to serve as a link betweenVedic literature and archaeology.
		Where couplet 73 is clearly related with the Indus seals and couplet 92 records Aryan trend of considering Lord Vishnu in the form of unicorn (bull with one horn), called the Eksringah Nandivardhnhah in our epic and 'bull-bos indicus' called the Vrisha, Vrishakapi, Sipivisht, and Trk-kut.
	www.indiastar.com /jha.htm (1074 words)

	Indus Valley Civilization
		The Indus Valley Civilization, or the Harappan Culture, formed the earliest urban civilization on the Indian sub-continent, and one of the earliest in the world.
		Thus started a voyage of amazing discovery during which archaeologists unearthed the remains of an ancient civilization, which had its epicenter in the plains of the Indus.
		Some 5000 years ago, a nomadic people made their way into northwest India from Sumeria (modern day Iran) by means of the Mula Pass across the Himalayas, near modern Karachi, and there found a fabulously rich land, fertilized by the great river systems of the Indus, Ravi, Beas, Chenab and Sutlej.
	www.boloji.com /architecture/00002.htm (505 words)

	AllRefer.com - Indus valley civilization (South Asian History) - Encyclopedia
		Indus valley civilization, ancient civilization that flourished from about 2500
		Since 1921 this civilization has been revealed by spectacular finds at Mohenjo-Daro, an archaeological site in NW Sind, and at Harappa, in central Punjab near the Ravi River.
		They had large and complex hill citadels, housing palaces, granaries, and baths that were probably used for sacred ablutions; the great bath at Mohenjo-Daro was c.40 ft (12 m) long and 23 ft (7 m) wide.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/I/Indusval.html (472 words)

	Open Directory - Science: Social Sciences: Archaeology: Periods and Cultures: Harappan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Indus Valley Civilization - A synopsis of the Harappan Civilization by Vinay Lal of the UCLA History Department.
		The Indus Valley Civilization - A short synopsis of the Harappan Civilization.
		Indus Valley, Inc. - A article from Discover Magazine asking whether the growth and existence of this civilization was due to a capitalist base.
	www.dmoz.org /Science/Social_Sciences/Archaeology/Periods_and_Cultures/Harappan (547 words)

	Daily Life Ancient India - Homework Help (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Collectively, this civilization is referred to as the Indus Valley Civilization (sometimes, the Harappan civilization).
		Seals with a pictographic script, which has not as yet been deciphered, were found at the Indus Valley sites.
		Things certainly changed in the Indus Valley when a new group arrived, called the Aryans.
	members.aol.com /Donnclass/Indialife.html (3010 words)

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