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Topic: Indus Valley script

	Indus Valley Civilization
		Other Indus civilization settlements were situated along the Indus and its tributaries or spread as widely as Mumbai (Bombay) to the south, east of Delhi, the Iranian border to the west and the Himalayas to the north.
		The Indus civilization was predated by the first farming cultures in south Asia, which emerged in the hills of Baluchistan, to the west of the Indus Valley.
		The Indus civilization appears to disconfirm the hydraulic despotism hypothesis, which is concerned with the origin of urban civilization and the state.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/indus_valley_civilization (3087 words)

	Indus Valley Civilization - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Indus civilization was predated by the first farming cultures in south Asia, which emerged in the hills of what is now called Balochistan, to the west of the Indus Valley.
		It should be remembered that Indus civilization people, like all peoples in South Asia, built their lives around the monsoon, a weather pattern in which the bulk of a year's rainfall occurs in a four-month period.
		In 2600 BC, the Indus Valley was verdant, forested, and teeming with wildlife.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Indus_Valley_Culture (3535 words)

	Manas: History and Politics, Indus Valley
		Though the Indus Valley script remains undeciphered down to the present day, the numerous seals discovered during the excavations, as well as statuary and pottery, not to mention the ruins of numerous Indus Valley cities, have enabled scholars to construct a reasonably plausible account of the Indus Valley Civilization.
		In most respects, the Indus Valley Civilization appears to have been urban, defying both the predominant idea of India as an eternally and essentially agricultural civilization, as well as the notion that the change from ‘rural’ to ‘urban’ represents something of a logical progression.
		The Indus Valley people do not appear to have been in possession of the horse: there is no osteological evidence of horse remains in the Indian sub-continent before 2,000 BCE, when the Aryans first came to India, and on Harappan seals and terracotta figures, horses do not appear.
	www.sscnet.ucla.edu /southasia/History/Ancient/Indus2.html (825 words)

	Decoding the Indus Script (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The script was an absolutely unknown one, it was not found anywhere in conjunction with another known script and the inscrip- tions on the seals were nowhere of any great length than a few letters each...
		Then, he decided to examine, without prejudice, those scripts and alphabates of the world which were closest, in time, to the Indus script, to see whether those scripts or alphabates could give any clue as to the sound-value which could be assigned to these basic letters.
		While the direct connection between the late Indus script (1600 BC) and the Brahmi script could not be definitely established earlier, more and more inscriptions have been found all over the country in the last few years, dating 1000 BC, 700 BC, and so on, which have bridged the gap between the two.
	www.hindunet.org /hindu_history/ancient/indus/indus_script.html (1250 words)

	Straight Dope Staff Report: How come we can't decipher Indus script?
		The Indus script, which was written in and around Pakistan over a period of several centuries centered around 2500 B.C., is the most famous undeciphered script, but there are many others.
		Script decipherment is not as easy as it's made out to be in science fiction--and sometimes not as easy as it's made out to be in history books.
		When the first inscriptions were discovered in the 1870s in and around the Indus valley of Pakistan, and when the early cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were excavated in the 1920s, archaeologists assumed that civilization and writing always went together--a complex urban culture couldn't possibly develop without writing.
	www.straightdope.com /mailbag/mindusscript.html (3221 words)

	Harappan Civilization
		The people of the Indus Valley didn't build towering monuments, bury their riches along with their dead, or fight legendary and bloody battles.
		Cities often grow upon their foundations over time, but in the Indus Valley, homes were also periodically elevated to avoid the risk of runoff from a neighbor’s sewage.
		In the Ganges river valley to the east, on the outskirts of the Indus Valley sphere of influence, the newly settled Indo-Aryans, with their own customs, grew to prominence while cities like Harappa faded.
	www.geocities.com /pak_history/Harappan.html (2430 words)

	The Ancient Indus Valley Civilization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The underlying efficiency of the ancient Indus Valley civilization is remarkable.
		Clearly, the contributions of the Indus Valley civilization to the fields of science and technology are numerous.
		Indus script is currently being decoded, which is of crucial significance to ancient Indian history.
	home.echo-on.net /~smithda/indus.html (2336 words)

	AllRefer.com - Indus valley civilization (South Asian History) - Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		B.C. in the valley of the Indus River and its tributaries, in the northwestern portion of the Indian subcontinent, i.e., present-day Pakistan.
		The economy of the Indus civilization was based on a highly organized agriculture, supplemented by an active commerce, probably connected to that of the ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia.
		On some seals are depicted a bo tree or, as some authorities hold, a Babylonian tree of life, and others have as their central figure the god Shiva, who later became preeminent in the Hindu pantheon.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/I/Indusval.html (472 words)

	Horseplay In Harappa - The Indus Valley Decipherment Hoax
		The Indus-Saraswati Valley again becomes the home of the Rigveda and a font of higher civilisation: Babylonian and Greek mathematics, all alphabetical scripts, and even Roman numerals flow out to the world from the Indus Valley's infinitely fertile cultural womb.
		Indus Valley texts are cryptic to extremes, and the script shows few signs of evolutionary change.
		It might be tempting to laugh off the Indus script hoax as the harmless fantasy of an ex-engineer who pretends to be a world expert on everything from artificial intelligence to Christianity to Harappan culture.
	www.hvk.org /articles/1000/12.html (6635 words)

	AncientScripts.com: Indus Script
		Another possible indication of Dravidian in the Indus texts is from structural analysis of the texts which suggests that the language underneath is possibly agglutinative, from the fact that sign groups often have the same initial signs but different final signs.
		It appears that the maximum number of Indus script symbols is 400, although there are 200 basic signs (ie signs that are not combined from others).
		This means that the Indus script is probably logophonetic, in that it has both signs used for their meanings, and signs used for their phonetic values.
	www.ancientscripts.com /indus.html (1577 words)

	India (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Indus Valley script originated in the late 2nd millenium b.c.
		It has in the range of 400 symbols and is probably a logophonetic script in which the symbols may mean what they symbolize, or words that are similar in sound.
		Kharoshthi is the oldest Indian script apart from the Indus Valley script.
	sio.midco.net /danstopicalstamps/scripts15.htm (143 words)

	ON THE DECIPHERING OF THE INDUS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Next, the role of Hindu scriptures, and life of Jain Tirthankars are considered to explain the possible existence of the Indus Valley script in Bihar and neighboring state of Uttar Pradesh.
		The Brahmi script (emperor Ashoka’s edicts were written in the Brahmi script) preceded this script, and the Brahmi script evolved out of the Indus Valley script.
		It had to be the Indus script, although we do not have any direct evidence of it.
	www.engr.mun.ca /~asharan/bihar/indus/indus~3.htm (5147 words)

	Indus valley script (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Some of the best know artefacts of the Indus civilization are a number of small seals, generally made of steatite, depicting animals often accompanied by a number of characters, which have come to be identified as the Indus valley script.
		Given a script to decipher one must decide which signs are distinct from one another and which signs, if any, are better regarded as allographs of one and the same symbol.
		The script has attracted a great deal of attention and at times has been variously linked with the Sumerian script, the Hittite script, and even with Rongorongo, the script found on Easter Island, on account of the similarities in appearance of certain signs.
	zoetoft.members.beeb.net /Scripts/Specificscripts/Indusvalley.htm (402 words)

	Vedic Indus an `Optical Illusion' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Iravatham Mahadevan is the leading Indian expert on the Indus Valley script and one of the world's foremost scholars in the field.
		His computer-aided study, The Indus Valley Script: Texts, Concordances and Tables (Memoirs of the Archaeological Sur vey of India, New Delhi, 1977), is recognised internationally as a major source-book for research in the Indus script.
		His proof that the direction of the Indus script is from right to left has been acclaimed.
	www.dalitstan.org /holocaust/negation/oswowtim.html (538 words)

	Center and Periphery: Indus Valley Civilization
		With the Indus Valley script still undeciphered and the present day local governments not often amenable to foreign excavations, great mystery and debate still surrounds even the broad topics of the civilization's origins and subsequent demise, primary economic subsistence base, system of government and rule, and degree of social stratification.
		Modern scholars identify Meluhha with the Indus Valley, Makkan with the Makran and Omani coasts, and Dilmun with Bahrain, Failaka, and the adjacent Arabian coastline.
		While the existence of Indus artifacts found in western settings is used to suggest Harappan traders living far from their homeland, these Mesopotamian or Dilmunite items are likewise used to infer the existence of western traders living in the Indus Valley.
	www.adventurecorps.com /archaeo/centperiph.html (3221 words)

	Murukan in the Indus Script
		The survival of the basic Indus ideogram as a religious symbol in later times suggests that the cult of the Harappan deity spread to Eastern and Southern India along with the migration of the descendants of the Harappans to these regions after the demise of the mature Indus Civilization.
		The arguments in favour of the Dravidian character of the Indus Valley Civilization are presented in Parpola 1994, pp.
		Among his contributions to Indian epigraphy, especially in the fields of the Indus and Brahmi scripts, his book The Thdus Script: Texts, Concordance and Tables (1977) is recognised as a source-book for research in the Indus script.
	www.murugan.org /research/mahadevan.htm (4418 words)

	Welcome to INDUS SCRIPT
		It is the Indus language at the isolating stage,represented by the extant Indus inscriptions.
		The original settlers remained entrenched on the banks of the river Sarasvati from where they had dispersed,spreading upto Sindhu in the west and Ganges in the east.Later,when the Aryans of the land of the Soma plants joined them,there was the beginning of the pastoral vedic culture.
		Briefly,The Indus Valley is the original home of the Aryans or Indoeuropeans.The racial distribution as Aryan,Dravidian and Austric,etc. is ill conceived.
	www.indusscript.com (318 words)

	Peoples and languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		There are, however, nearly 4,000 specimens of a script from the Indus Valley Civilization carved on stone, fragments of pottery and other objects.
		The script, or at least the pictographs, appear to have been uniform but that is not proof that the language too was one.
		In fact the script of the famous edicts of Ashoka at Shahbazgarhi and Mansehra (Pakistan) is Kharoshthi whereas the edicts in the rest of India are in Brahmi.
	asnic.utexas.edu /asnic/subject/peoplesandlanguages.html (6627 words)

	The Schoyen Collection: 4. Palaeography -- 4.1. The beginning of writing and the first alphabets (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		A pottery shed was found in 1999 in Harappa in the Indus Valley with 6 signs, dated to ca 3500 BC, but without any connection to the later Indus Valley script, see MS 2645.
		The Indus script is still undeciphered, as is the Linear A script from Crete and the Rongo-Rongo script from Easter Island, which has numerous signs in common with the Indus script, cf.
		Commentary: The Indus script is still undeciphered, as is the Linear A script from Crete and the Rongo-Rongo script from Easter Island, which has numerous signs in common with the Indus script, cf.
	www.nb.no /baser/schoyen/4/4.4/441.html (6251 words)

	Indus Valley Lesson Text
		Be that as it may, the Indus Valley civilization, sometimes called the Harappan Civilization (after the name of one of its principal cities), flourished from the third through the first half of the second millenium B.C.E. in the region of the Indus valley and in the areas known as the Punjab and Gujarat.
		To some extent the culture of the Indus Valley civilization resembles the older village cultures of Baluchistan and Sind, but it also represents a significant advance beyond scattered village life.
		Recent research by J. Kenoyer and others, however, has suggested that it is possible to identify a broadly based "Indus Valley Tradition" that places the sophisticated urban development into a wider contextual historical development as follows: first, an early "food-producing era" of scattered village life (c.
	www.indiana.edu /~isp/cd_rom/mod_09/mod_09_x.htm (1166 words)

	Mahadevan 1: Intro/Rise and fall of the Indus Civilization
		A specialist in Vedic philology, he turned his attention at an early stage in his career to the decipherment of the Indus script and has, along with his Finnish colleagues, made immensely valuable contributions to his chosen field over the last three decades.
		Although he is associated with the Dravidianist school of decipherment, his contributions to the documentation and theoretical studies of the Indus script transcend linguistic boundaries.
		Then follows a very detailed study of the theoretical aspects of the Indus script including a structural analysis of the texts, a typological analysis of their linguistic features and the methodology of decipherment.
	www.harappa.com /script/maha1.html (443 words)

	Indus script remains a mystery
		Much of the difficulty in deciphering the script is also because of the fact that the better seals were sent to Delhi by the British authorities of the pre-partition India.
		Regardless of the fact whether the Harappans were Dravidians or the Aryans, it is a fact that Auj's work proves beyond any shadow of doubt that the Indus Valley script reveals that the Harappan society was the first in the subcontinent in which the process of creating a script was under way.
		In fact, the Brahimi Lipi is somewhere in the middle between the pictographic seals of the Indus and the modern Devnagiri script.
	www.hvk.org /articles/0401/48.html (1214 words)

	RongoRongo by Steven Fischer
		Like the Indus Valley script of Mohenjo Daro and Harappa of approximately 2000 BC, or the Etruscan writing of central and northern Italy of the first millennium BC, rongorongo has also been, until very recently, one of the world's very few undeciphered writing systems.
		The "Indus Valley Hypothesis," as it came to be known, was of course eventually silenced by those remindful of the realities of time and distance -- 4,000 years and nearly half-way round the world -- but one should note that the triumph of reason in this celebrated case tarried a decade and a half.
		Easter Island's rongorongo script was not a mere aide memoire to assist in the recalling of previously memorized songs.
	www.netaxs.com /~trance/fischer.html (3475 words)

	`Horseplay in Harappa' by Micheal Witzel and Steve Farmer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		This suggests that expected "scribal pressures" for simplifying the script, arising out of the repeate d copying of long texts, was lacking.
		The result of all this is that the claim that horses or chariots were found in the Indus Valley of the third millennium BCE is quite a stretch.
		All other photographs are from N. Jha and N.S. Rajaram, The Deciphered Indus Script, cited earlier, except for the three animals on the right in the photograph on page 10, which are taken from John Marshall, Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Civilization, Vol.
	www.dalitstan.org /holocaust/negation/witzel/horsplay.html (7038 words)

	Decoding Indus Valley script- The Times of India (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Agarwal affirmed that these ruins were full-fledged architecture of ziggurat, a rectangular stepped-up platform built up by bricks having blocks and graven iconic Indus script-based lexigrams of mother goddess Tirka or Durga, used as temple complex for worshipping by Indus people.
		This iconic culture of Tirka or Durga worship was the original religion of Indus and India.
		Agarwal also revealed that this deciphering of Indus script, the linkage and location of Indus like religion and civilisation had been unfolded to encompass almost all countries of the world.
	timesofindia.indiatimes.com /articleshow/13404142.cms (244 words)

	Early Indus Script
		Workers at the Indus Valley site of Harappa in northern Pakistan were plied with sweets and entertained by local drummers this past spring following the discovery of inscribed sherds dating to ca.
		A main objective of this year's excavations, conducted in collaboration with Pakistan's Department of Archaeology and Museums, was to find evidence for the origins and development of the enigmatic and as yet undeciphered Indus script.
		This year's discovery of inscribed sherds comes in the wake of even earlier examples of script discovered in March 1998 from occupation levels dating to between 3500 and 3300 B.C., possibly the earliest known writing in the Indus Valley.
	www.he.net /~archaeol/9909/newsbriefs/indus.html (482 words)

	Decoding DISCOVERY from the much-elusive Indus Valley script!
		The Indus valley and other civilisations in the Indian continent stretch back to 5000 BC at least.
		But there is not horse imagery at all in the Indus Valley civilization and virtually no horse remains have been found by archaeologists.
		Sanskrit and early Dravidian, the ancient languages of India, seem to be the keys to deciphering the highly challenging script of the Indus Valley civilization of the third millennium b.c.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/fr/707973/posts (1456 words)

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