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Topic: Indus Civilization

	Indus Valley Civilization - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The Indus Valley Civilization extended from Balochistan to Gujarat, with an upward reach to Punjab from east of the river Jhelum to Rupar on the upper Sutlej.
		The Indus civilization appears to contradict the hydraulic despotism hypothesis of the origin of urban civilization and the state.
		It should be noted that Indus Civilization people built their lives around the monsoon, a weather pattern in which the bulk of a year's rainfall occurs in a four-month period.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Indus_Valley_Civilization (4294 words)

	Manas: History and Politics, Indus Valley
		Though the Indus Valley script remains undeciphered down to the present day, the numerous seals discovered during the excavations, as well as statuary and pottery, not to mention the ruins of numerous Indus Valley cities, have enabled scholars to construct a reasonably plausible account of the Indus Valley Civilization.
		In most respects, the Indus Valley Civilization appears to have been urban, defying both the predominant idea of India as an eternally and essentially agricultural civilization, as well as the notion that the change from ‘rural’ to urban’; represents something of a logical progression.
		The Indus Valley people do not appear to have been in possession of the horse: there is no osteological evidence of horse remains in the Indian sub-continent before 2,000 BCE, when the Aryans first came to India, and on Harappan seals and terracotta figures, horses do not appear.
	www.sscnet.ucla.edu /southasia/History/Ancient/Indus2.html (825 words)

	Indus River Valley Civilization - by Jacob Eapen
		The Indus River is one of the longest rivers in south Asia and India was named after the Indus River Valley.
		The civilization was in the Indus River Valley from 3500 BC to 2500 BC.
		The Indus River Valley is east of the Fertile Crescent.
	www.eapen.com /jacob/report/indus.html (1070 words)

	Indus Valley Civilization - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Computer-aided reconstruction of Harappan coastal settlement at Sokhta Koh near Pasni on the western-most outreaches of the civilization
		The Indus civilisation appears to contradict the hydraulic despotism hypothesis of the origin of urban civilization and the state.
		Instead of building canals, Indus civilization people may have built water diversion schemes, which—like terrace agriculture—can be elaborated by generations of small-scale labour investments.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilization (4627 words)

	Indus Valley Civilization - Crystalinks
		In addition, it is known that Indus civilization people practiced rainfall harvesting, a powerful technology that was brought to fruition by classical Indian civilization but nearly forgotten in the 20th century.
		It should be remembered that Indus civilization people, like all peoples in South Asia, built their lives around the monsoon,a weather pattern in which the bulk of a year's rainfall occurs in a four-month period.
		The term Indus script refers to short strings of symbols associated with the Harappan civilization of ancient India (most of the Indus sites are distributed in present day North West India and Pakistan) used between 26001900 BC, which evolved from an earlier form of the Indus script attested from around 3300 BC.
	www.crystalinks.com /induscivilization.html (3636 words)

	ECONOMICS OF THE INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
		The Indus people did not engrave inscriptions on stones or place papyrus scrolls in the tombs of their dead; all we know of their writing is derived from the simple inscriptions on their seals.
		Several efforts have been made to decipher the Indus seals, but none have truly succeeded this far; there is some notion that these seals could have been used as markers in trade situations, or that some may have represented family names.
		The people of Indus may have cultivated rice on the west coast, though this is not exactly certain (there is not enough evidence to prove this statement entirely true).
	www.csuchico.edu /~cheinz/syllabi/asst001/fall97/2chd.htm (1217 words)

	Decoding the Indus Script (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The discovery of the Indus Civilization by the archaeologists took the academically recognised history of India 3000 years back from the days of Asoka, and about half that number years back from the postulated period of the Aryan Invasion.
		But the main problem in identifying the language of the Indus people was that they did not leave behind documents and inscriptions in their language.
		While the direct connection between the late Indus script (1600 BC) and the Brahmi script could not be definitely established earlier, more and more inscriptions have been found all over the country in the last few years, dating 1000 BC, 700 BC, and so on, which have bridged the gap between the two.
	www.hindunet.org /hindu_history/ancient/indus/indus_script.html (1250 words)

	Harappa and the Indus River
		It is a mysterious civilization and one with no discernible continuity, for it thrived for just several centuries and then disappeared.
		So while Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Yellow River civilizations lasted for millenia and left their mark on all subsequent cultures, the Indus River civilization seems to have been a false start.
		The Indus, however, is destructive and unpredictable in its floods, and the cities were frequently levelled by the forces of nature.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/ANCINDIA/HARAPPA.HTM (1111 words)

	The Indus Valley Civilization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Thus the identification of Rudra/Siva in the Indus seals is in fact evidence that the civilization was an Indo European one.
		The heyday of the Indus Civilization was after the composition of the major bulk of the Rigvedic hymns.
		The Indus Valley culture was a mixed culture of Purus and Anus; the Hittites and the Tocharians were probably different mixed groups of Purus, Anus and Druhyus.
	www.hindunet.org /hindu_history/ancient/indus/indus_civ.html (1864 words)

	Manas: History and Politics, Indus Valley
		The cities were located on the banks of the Indus and the Ravi respectively and flourished during the third millennium B.C. No mention of these cities ismade in the ancient literature, and their script has not been deciphered to this day.
		However, the inhabitants of the various towns and cities in the Indus Valley were essentially farmers, and depended on the periodic floods to irrigate their land.
		At Mohenjadaro, the city was burnt and the inhabitants killed, and people who were far less advanced than the inhabitants of the Indus Valley seem to have taken possession of the towns.
	www.sscnet.ucla.edu /southasia/History/Ancient/Indus.html (545 words)

	Center and Periphery: Indus Valley Civilization
		With the Indus Valley script still undeciphered and the present day local governments not often amenable to foreign excavations, great mystery and debate still surrounds even the broad topics of the civilization's origins and subsequent demise, primary economic subsistence base, system of government and rule, and degree of social stratification.
		Modern scholars identify Meluhha with the Indus Valley, Makkan with the Makran and Omani coasts, and Dilmun with Bahrain, Failaka, and the adjacent Arabian coastline.
		While the existence of Indus artifacts found in western settings is used to suggest Harappan traders living far from their homeland, these Mesopotamian or Dilmunite items are likewise used to infer the existence of western traders living in the Indus Valley.
	www.adventurecorps.com /archaeo/centperiph.html (3221 words)

	Ancient Scripts: Indus Script
		The main corpus of writing dated from the Indus Civilization is in the form of some two thousand inscribed seals in good, legible conditions.
		Another possible indication of Dravidian in the Indus texts is from structural analysis of the texts which suggests that the language underneath is possibly agglutinative, from the fact that sign groups often have the same initial signs but different final signs.
		This means that the Indus script is probably logophonetic, in that it has both signs used for their meanings, and signs used for their phonetic values.
	ancientscripts.com /indus.html (1620 words)

	Indus Civilisation
		This land also witnessed the glorious era of Indus civilization about 8000 years B.C when the first village was found at Mehargarh in the Sibi District of Balochistan comparable with the earliest villages of Jericho in Palestine and Jarmo in Iraq.
		It is these trade dividends that enriched the urban populace who developed a new sense of moral honesty, discipline and cleanliness combined with a social stratification in which the priests and the mercantile class dominated the society.
		The picture of high civilization can be gathered only by looking at the city of Moenjodaro, the First Planned City in the World, in which the streets are aligned straight, parallel to each other with cross streets cutting at right angles.
	www.heritage.gov.pk /html_Pages/indus.html (615 words)

	Indus Valley Civilization: The Demise of Utopia
		The Indus Valley, or Harappan, Civilization was located primarily in modern-day Pakistan, as well as north-western India and the adjacent areas of Iran and Afghanistan.
		This is due to the fact that the tamerisk forests, necessary for the firing of brick and themselves dependent on a local river for their growth, would have taken 100 years to be restored after the return of the river.
		In the Harappan case, the theory that climatic change was a factor in the demise of the Indus Valley Civilization is supported by palynological and not archaeological evidence and it encompasses the entire Holocene period and not just the Harappan period.
	www.adventurecorps.com /archaeo/collapse.html (4676 words)

	Moen jo Daro travel & tours information
		Beginning from Sir John Marshall, who was the first to suggest that the language of the Indus Civilization was Dravidian 17, most scholars have taken the 'Dravidian hypothesis' seriously.
		Sanskrit became the elitist language of the Indus Valley from about 1000 B.C and remained in use in some domain or the other, generally religion and the state, till the Muslim conquest when Persian took its place.
		Frontiers of the Indus Civilization (New Delhi: Indian Archaeological Society, 1984), pp.
	www.travel-culture.com /pakistan/indus_civilization.shtml (5468 words)

	Michel Danino - The Indus-Sarasvati Civilization and its Bearing on the Aryan Question (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		So their inhabitants remain dumb to us, their thoughts and culture unfathomable — we are left to admire their material skills, while scholars indulge in “educated guesses” on the significance of the statues unearthed, the figures engraved on the seals, the modes of burial, of government, and virtually every aspect of Harappan life.
		If this civilization was named after the Indus, it is because the first major settlements, Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, were found along that river and its tributary, the Ravi.
		The very fact that the Indus-Valley civilization was able to hold together for three millennia (if we include its early phase), over an immense stretch of land, and with all the signs of social harmony and stability, shows that it must have had a deep and strong culture as its foundation.
	micheldanino.voiceofdharma.com /indus.html (4723 words)

	ShaikhSiddiqui Indus Valley Civilization
		The Mehrgarh declined about the same time as the Indus Valley Civilization only 200 Kilometers south east was developing.
		The Elamo-Dravidians invaded from the Iranian plateau and settled in the Indus valley around 4000 BCE.
		The main site of the Indus Valley Civilization in Punjab was the city of Harappa and Moen and Moenjo Daro in Sindh.
	www.shaikhsiddiqui.com /indusvalley.html (262 words)

	Indus Valley Civilization Legacy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The fertile river valleys, mountains and deserts of modern-day Pakistan and northwestern India were once witness to a sophisticated civilization whose pulsating vibrancy, sudden emergence and equally sudden demise are largely shrouded in mystery.
		Contemporaneous with the better-known ancient civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia and China, but larger in extent than all of them combined, the collective memory of the Indus Valley Civilization nevertheless vanished without a trace from the human consciousness, until its ruins were serendipitously rediscovered by British and Indian archaeologists less than a century ago.
		The Indus valley civilization’s existence may have been forgotten at a conscious level, but many of the cultural, religious, and architectural paradigms that it spawned and personified are now second-nature - almost genetically innate - to the burgeoning peoples of modern-day India and Pakistan.
	www.wam.umd.edu /~ninad/school/IndusLegacy.htm (1898 words)

	Indus River Valley Project
		Sometime between 3000-1500 B.C., one such civilization developed in the vast plains region of the Indus River in what is today Pakistan and western India.
		Since there are no understandable written records about this civilization, almost all of what is known has been learned from artifacts dug up by archaeologists.
		After reading about the clothes and hair styles of the Indus people, decide whether you would prefer to have lived as a male or female during this time.
	home.comcast.net /~simon-sue/indusval.htm (655 words)

	Indus Valley Civilization
		The Indus Valley Civilization, or the Harappan Culture, formed the earliest urban civilization on the Indian sub-continent, and one of the earliest in the world.
		Thus started a voyage of amazing discovery during which archaeologists unearthed the remains of an ancient civilization, which had its epicenter in the plains of the Indus.
		The twin cities of Mohenjo-daro and Harappa formed the hub of the civilization.
	www.boloji.com /architecture/00002.htm (513 words)

	Indus River Valley Civilizations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		That the many sites associated with the Harappan complex were part of one civilization has been established due to excavations of layer after layer of cities and towns rebuilt in the same way, with the same proportions, at the same locations.
		impact of the Harappan civilization of the Indus basin and the Shang-Zhou
		Indian and Chinese civilizations is paralleled by the legacy of the
	history-world.org /indus_valley.htm (3894 words)

	Indus script - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The term Indus script (Harappan script) refers to short strings of symbols associated with the Harappan civilization (Indus Valley Civilization—most of the Indus sites are distributed in present day Pakistan and North West India) used between 2600–1900 BC.
		Cunningham's ideas were supported by G.R. Hunter, and a minority of scholars continue to argue for the Indus script as the predecessor of the Brahmic family.
		If the signs are purely ideographical, they may contain no information about the language spoken by their creators: they would qualify either as a purely logographic script, or as a system of symbols not qualifying as a script in the true sense (pictograms).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Indus_script (990 words)

	Introduction to the Ancient Indus Valley
		he Indus Valley Civilization was one of the world's first great urban civilizations.
		This civilization developed at approximately the same time as the early city states of Egypt and Mesopotamia.
		uring the full urban phase of this civilization, there is evidence for trade contact with the surrounding cultures in the Arabian gulf, West and Central Asia and peninsular India.
	www.harappa.com /indus/indus1.html (274 words)

	The Indus Civilization
		The Indus Civilization flourished between circa 2600 and 1800 B.C. along the Indus and Ghaggar-Hakra rivers and their adjacent regions,
		and decline of this civilization and the cultures that emerged after its decline.
		In commemoration of the 75th anniversary of NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation) - The Indus Civilization Exhibition at Tokyo and Nagoya, Japan.
	pubweb.cc.u-tokai.ac.jp /indus/english/index.html (203 words)

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