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Topic: Industry of Communist Czechoslovakia

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	Czechoslovakia - Search View - MSN Encarta
		However, the constitution of 1920 declared Czechoslovakia to be a centralized, unitary state of a single “Czechoslovak people,” who spoke a “Czechoslovak language.” The Slovaks also resented the patronizing attitude of the more urbanized Czechs and their control of much of the administrative machinery, even in Slovakia.
		The Communists still commanded a majority of the cabinet, and their control of the police and workers’ militia permitted them to mount armed demonstrations in the streets.
		Industry, commerce, and transport were nationalized, agriculture collectivized, churches attacked and restricted, and education and cultural-intellectual life revamped along Marxist lines.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761553727__1/Czechoslovakia.html (2760 words)

	Salami tactics in Czechoslovakia
		The Communist used their position in the Ministries of Interior Affairs and Defence to place Communist loyalists into key positions in the police and army.
		Czechoslovakia, he was told, was the last country where the Communist victory was not yet explicit.
		Industry was organised along Stalinist lines, with 'Shock Worker' movements set up in factories to concentrate on increasing production, and not to worry about wages.
	www.johndclare.net /cold_war6_Czechoslovakia.htm (1073 words)

	Czechoslovakia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Czechoslovakia (1918-1993) Czechoslovakia was founded after the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian empire.
		From 1968 to 1989, Czechoslovakia seemed to be a country of a politically apathetic population ruled by aging communist hard liners and bureaucrats.
		Czechoslovakia emerged from the rubble of the Habsburg Empire in 1918.
	www.geohistory.com /GeoHistory/GHMaps/GeoWorld/czhek.html (2519 words)

	Czech Republic - COMMUNIST CZECHOSLOVAKIA
		The re-emergence of Czechoslovakia as a sovereign state was not only the result of Allied policies but also an indication of the strength of the Czechoslovak idea, particularly as embodied in the First Republic.
		The KSC raised the specter of an impending counterrevolutionary coup as a pretext for intensified activity.
		Originally announced by Gottwald at the KSC Central Committee meeting in November 1947, news of the "reactionary plot" was disseminated throughout the country by communist agents provocateurs and by the communist press.
	countrystudies.us /czech-republic/37.htm (915 words)

	Corning Museum of Glass \| Glass Behind the Iron Curtain \| Background
		In Czechoslovakia’s general election of 1946, the Communist Party gained the majority, becoming the strongest political party in the country.
		Czechoslovakia remained a Communist country until the Velvet Revolution of 1989; the independent Czech and Slovak Republics were formed on January 1, 1993.
		After the Communist takeover of Czechoslovakia in 1948, plans were immediately undertaken to build a political system based on one party, to nationalize all private property, and to change the orientation of the economy toward heavy industry and arms production.
	www.cmog.org /index.asp?pageId=1021 (643 words)

	Czechoslovakia - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The creation of Czechoslovakia was the culmination of the long struggle of the Czechs against their Austrian rulers.
		Because Czechoslovakia inherited the greater part of the industries of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, it was economically the most favored of the Hapsburg successor states.
		In the elections of 1946 the Communists emerged as the strongest party (obtaining one third of the votes) and became the dominant party in the coalition headed by the Communist Klement Gottwald.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-czechosl.html (1466 words)

	History of Communist Czechoslovakia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Czechoslovakia became a satellite of the Soviet Union; it was a founding member of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (Comecon) in 1949 and of the Warsaw Pact in 1955.
		Although Czechoslovakia's industrial growth of 170 % between 1948 and 1957 was impressive, it was far exceeded by that of Japan (300 %) and the Federal Republic of Germany (almost 300 %) and more than equaled by Austria and Greece.
		The movement to democratize socialism in Czechoslovakia, formerly confined largely to the party intelligentsia, acquired a new, popular dynamism in the spring of 1968 (Prague Spring).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Communist_Czechoslovakia (1456 words)

	Industry of Communist Czechoslovakia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the late 1940s, Czechoslovakia was one of the most industrialized countries in the world, and the quality of its products was comparable to that of other industrialized countries.
		In 1985 the most important branches of industry in terms of the monetary value of their contribution to the economy were machinery, electrical engineering, metalworking, chemicals, asbestos, rubber, and ferrous metallurgy (including ore extraction).
		In 1986 the average age of industrial machinery and equipment was 12 years; 10 percent of the machinery was more than 25 years old, and the percentage was reportedly increasing.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Industry_of_Communist_Czechoslovakia (749 words)

	Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, in Czech and in Slovak: Komunistická strana &268;eskoslovenska (KS&268;) was a political Party in Czechoslovakia that existed between 1921 and 1992.
		In the early 1960's, Czechoslovakia underwent an economic downturn, and in 1968, the KS&268; was taken over by reformers led by Alexander Dub&269;ek.
		In part, this was a measure of disaffection with Czechoslovakia's thoroughgoing subservience to Soviet hegemony, a Svejkian response to the Lack of political economic autonomy.
	communist-party-of-czechoslovakia.iqnaut.net (3507 words)

	Czechoslovakia
		Czechoslovakia was created in 1918 from territory that had previously been part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
		Adolf Hitler wanted to march into Czechoslovakia but his generals warned him that with its strong army and good mountain defences Czechoslovakia would be a difficult country to overcome.
		When Eduard Benes, Czechoslovakia's head of state, protested at this decision, Neville Chamberlain told him that Britain would be unwilling to go to war over the issue of the Sudetenland.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /2WWczech.htm (5060 words)

	Anti-communist legislation attempts to rewrite history [S&L Magazine]
		The history of the communist movement in Europe is deeply intertwined with the recent history of the continent itself.
		Communist and workers parties fought the passage of this resolution with meetings, broad campaigns and demonstrations.
		Communists and progressives from Europe to the Philippines to the United States, Russia and Vietnam oppose the anti-communist resolution.
	socialismandliberation.org /mag/index.php?aid=597 (1866 words)

	CNN Cold War - Spotlight: Communist Party, U.S.A.
		Even when the United States was convulsed by riots and demonstrations in the late 1960s in connection with the Civil Rights Movement and opposition to the Vietnam War, it appeared to many young American "revolutionaries" that the CPUSA was out of step with the times.
		In November 1997, communist Denise Winebrenner Edwards was elected to the city council of Wilkensburg, Pennsylvania.
		And The Communist Manifesto, which is celebrating its 150th anniversary, has been released in a new edition -- meant more for the coffee table than the public meeting.
	www.cnn.com /SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/06/spotlight (944 words)

	Post-War Czechoslovakia
		The industrial sector was reorganized with an emphasis on metallurgy, heavy machinery, and coal mining.
		Industrial output reportedly increased 233 percent between 1948 and 1959; employment in industry, 44 percent.
		Although Czechoslovakia's industrial growth of 170 percent between 1948 and 1957 was impressive, it was far exceeded by that of Japan (300 percent) and the Federal Republic of Germany (almost 300 percent) and more than equaled by Austria and Greece.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/CzechPW.html (4734 words)

	Economy of Communist Czechoslovakia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the mid-1980s, Czechoslovakia was one of Eastern Europe's most industrialized and prosperous countries.
		The industrial sector accounted for 59.7 percent of the value of the net material product; construction, 11.2 percent; agriculture and forestry, 7.5 percent; and various other productive services (including transport, catering, and retailing, among other activities), 21.6 percent.
		Czechoslovakia, by contrast, was a small country that had already reached a high level of industrialization and was rather heavily dependent on foreign trade when the Soviet system was first imposed after World War II.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Economy_of_Communist_Czechoslovakia (2384 words)

	How to fool America - Part 1
		In case of Czechoslovakia, one of the main allies of the Soviet communists, the strategy was prepared quite well.
		Komarek, after his return to communist Czechoslovakia was put in charge of the new economic strategy, which was being prepared under orders from the CZCP Central Committee and with the always present "guidance" of the Soviets [N. Tichonov - Soviet Minister from the Gosekom Soviet - Ministry of Economics of the USSR].
		Komarek with his communist central planning helped to cripple Cuba's economy and the Russians were from that moment on practically in charge of the island.
	www.anti-communistanalyst.com /09052005.html (1879 words)

	Czechoslovakia 1968
		The split in the bureaucracy, the fall of Novotny and the rise of Dubcek which followed these events cannot be explained solely by the actions of the writers and the students, but must be seen against the background of the developing crisis of the Czech economy.
		The Russian bureaucracy were terrified that if censorship were to be abolished in Czechoslovakia, they would be left with little justification for resisting the clamour of Soviet intellectuals for the dead hand of bureaucracy to be lifted from literature and the arts.
		In Czechoslovakia their actions were eventually responsible for the criminal break up of the country.
	www.marxist.com /1968/czech.html (2158 words)

	USU Masaryk Collection
		Czechoslovakia joined the Warsaw Pact and the country was characterized by heavy industry, collectivization of agriculture and political terror.
		Nové Ceskoslovensko, New Czechoslovakia (1954) is representative of propaganda published by the Communists to remind the Czechs that the conditions had become increasingly closer to a worker's paradise within the Soviet controlled Czechoslovak State.
		After Stalin's death in 1953, Czechoslovakia began to gently pull away from the grip of the Soviet Union In 1968, the revisionist attempts ended in failure as Soviet troops rolled into Prague and crushed the liberating movement that had become known as Prague Spring.
	library.usu.edu /Specol/digitalexhibits/masaryk/redstar.html (262 words)

	How Czechoslovakia Became Communist
		In understanding the transformation of Czechoslovakia into a workers state, it is necessary to start with Edvard Benes, the left social democrat who was ousted by the Communists in 1948.
		So if Chris Harman questions whether the Communists introduced anything fundamentally new after 1948, it is useful to understand that in a very real sense the Communists represented a more ruthless adoption of the social and economic program that Benes already was committed to, at least on a verbal level.
		Although he was ideologically committed to a socialist Czechoslovakia, there is little doubt that the need to outflank the CP was a primary factor in nationalizing industry.
	www.columbia.edu /~lnp3/mydocs/state_and_revolution/czechoslovakia.htm (1343 words)

	CR film--ruff copy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Of the Central European countries, only Czechoslovakia was able to successfully preserve democratic rule in the time-period between the two world wars; however, its subsequent Nazi occupation and Communist Cold War rule is a history shared by the rest of the region.
		Although Czechoslovakia was the last of the former Eastern Bloc nations to allow the release of films previously shelved or "banned forever" under communism, the undistributed films from the 1960s were most highly regarded, and stood the most to gain through worldwide distribution rentals.
		Czechoslovakia had much success with the French fund Fonds Eco, where their seven approved projects (a 44% success rate) was second only to the Commonwealth of Independent States (former USSR).
	www.mediaguide.hu /book/bookID19.html (6263 words)

	Chinese Communist Party
		The Chinese Communist Party held its Third National Congress in Guangzhou in June 1923, and the question of forming a revolutionary united front with the Kuomintang was discussed.
		The congress adopted the anti-imperialist, anti-feudal policy advanced by the Communists, agreed to absorb individual Communists and Socialist Youth League members into the Kuomintang, and decided to reorganize the Kuomintang into a revolutionary alliance of workers, peasants, the petty-bourgeoisie and national bourgeoisie.
		China's industrial proletariat was born with the emergence of modem industry.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /CHINAcommunist.htm (1619 words)

	BBC News \| Analysis \| The Velvet Revolution
		In the space of just a few weeks in November 1989, the Communist system in Czechoslovakia was brought to its knees.
		An outspoken critic of the Communists, he had spent time in prison for his beliefs.
		After the collapse of the Communists, he was unanimously elected President of Czechoslovakia.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/analysis/31580.stm (251 words)

	IndustryWeek : Czech Up
		In the years before World War II, Czechoslovakia was consistently ranked among the eight largest industrial economies in the world, and Czech scientists and inventors were on the cutting edge of innovation in the automotive, aeronautics, and electronics industries.
		Perhaps most worrisome of all is the resurgence of the Communist Party, which in the 1998 national elections garnered 11% of the vote, making it the third-most-popular party in the country.
		Few observers believe the Communists will be able to convert their current popularity into real election results, and even fewer see the Czech Republic abandoning democratic free-market capitalism and returning to some form of socialist economy.
	www.industryweek.com /ReadArticle.aspx?ArticleID=473 (778 words)

	Political Institutions in the Czech Republic and Slovakia
		After the demise of the Communists and the success of the opposition in Czechoslovakia in 1989, an interim government took over leadership in the country between December 1989 and June 1990.
		In January 1993, Czechoslovakia became two independent countries, the Czech Republic in the west and Slovakia in the east.
		The Czech Republic had most of the old institutions from the former Czechoslovakia, but it needed to be updated, and a new Constitution was written for the Czech Republic.
	ils.unc.edu /~hallw/RUES/postcomm.htm (424 words)

	Czechoslovakia's Quiet Revolution
		Between the wars Czechoslovakia was the only country of the future Soviet bloc with a genuine democracy and strong left-wing roots (the 38 percent of the poll captured by the Communist Party in a free vote in 1946 was not accidental).
		The Communists were playing for time, particularly on the eve of their extraordinary congress, and they were also hoping to divide the opposition; with Havel and Dubcek as candidates this was not an absurd assumption.
		Pollution is also the plague of Czechoslovakia's fairly efficient agriculture, he says, which must go back from the overconcentration of the last fifteen years to smaller collective farms.
	www.thenation.com /doc/19900129/singer (4639 words)

	How to fool America (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Czechoslovak CP Central Committee even requested Soviet expertise in case of this study, which implies clearly that The Czechoslovaks were making sure that the Soviets had the chance to double-check the study and correct anything that was not in correspondence to the long-term policy of the Bloc.
		Komarek with his communist economy helped to cripple Cuba and the Russians were from that moment on practically in charge of the island.
		While still in high level communist posts during the 1970's, Komarek was on 02-01-1984 named director of the 1st Czechoslovak espionage directorate STB - the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences [CSAV], section Economy Forecasting and Analytical Studies.
	anti-communistanalyst.com /08242005.html (1623 words)

	Ygael Gluckstein (Tony Cliff): Stalin's Satellites (Part 1, Chap.1)
		Yet, as a result of the land reform, 1.7 million hectares, or 12 per cent of the area of Czechoslovakia, were expropriated, and by 1 January, 1937, 1,272,934 hectares had been redistributed.
		Land reform was identified with the national struggle of all the Slavs – Czechs and Slovaks alike – against all the Germans and Hungarians.
		Unlike her neighbours, Hungary did not undergo any land reform after World War I. The communist government of Béla Kun (1919) did not divide the large estates among the peasants – one of their serious mistakes which made the victory of the White Terror easier.
	www.marxists.org /archive/cliff/works/1952/stalsats/pt1-ch01.htm (2869 words)

	Czechoslovakia: History
		In response to the imminent breakup, the federal government was dismantled and drafts of new Czech and Slovak constitutions were begun.
		Competing Challengers and Contested Outcomes to State Breakdown: The Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia.
		Eastern Europe's hot prospects; Western food retailers see Czechoslovakia and Hungary leading the prospects for investment in the......
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/history/A0857671.html (1326 words)

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