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Topic: Inertial confinement fusion

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	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Inertial confinement fusion
		Inertial confinement fusion (ICF) is a process where nuclear fusion reactions are initiated by heating and compressing a fuel target, typically in the form of a pellet that most often contains deuterium and tritium.
		The aim of ICF is to produce a condition known as "ignition", where this heating process causes a chain reaction that burns a significant portion of the fuel.
		ICF is one of two major branches of fusion energy research, the other being magnetic confinement fusion.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Inertial_confinement_fusion (3981 words)

	The Inertial Confinement Fusion Concept (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		To make fusion occur, the atoms of hydrogen must be heated to temperatures of 100 million ° C and held at high pressure (or "confined") long enough for fusion to take place.
		Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) uses powerful energy beams, such as lasers, to compress and heat the hydrogen fuel to fusion temperatures, and uses the inertia of the fuel itself to confine it long enough for fusion to occur.
		Inertial Confinement Fusion is supported by the US Department of Energy Office of Secondaries and Inertial Fusion as a part of the US DOE "science-basedstockpile stewardship" program.
	fusion.gat.com /icf/concept (352 words)

	Photonics.com Printer Friendly Article
		Magnetic confinement seeks to hold a 50 million °C plasma of deuterium and tritium in the fields produced by structures such as a tokamak to achieve continuous burn.
		Inertial confinement fusion uniformly compresses and ignites a target filled with deuterium and tritium into a plasma using pulses from a high-power laser or ion source, with the goal to produce a series of tiny explosions.
		During the past 10 years, fusion researchers have developed the fast-ignition approach to avoid the technical difficulties that are related to maintaining a symmetrical implosion while delivering the spark.
	www.photonics.com /printerFriendly.aspx?contentID=79533 (380 words)

	Inertial confinement fusion - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Inertial confinement fusion using lasers rapidly progressed in the late 1970s and early 1980s from being able to deliver only a few joules of laser energy (per pulse) to a fusion target to being able to deliver tens of kilojoules to a target.
		Indirect drive laser ICF uses a "hohlraum" which is irradiated with laser beam cones from either side on it its inner surface to bathe a fusion microcapsule inside with smooth high intensity X-rays.
		An inertial confinement fusion fuel microcapsule (sometimes called a "microballon") of the size to be used on the NIF which can be filled with either deuterium and tritium gas or DT ice.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Inertial_confinement_fusion (4508 words)

	Tutorial on Heavy Ion Fusion Energy
		Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) is the approach to controlled thermonuclear fusion which uses intense ion or laser beams to implode and ignite target pellets of deuterium-tritium fuel, whose inertia confines them for a sufficiently long time for a good "burn" to occur.
		Inertial Fusion Energy (IFE) is the name for the research program in the U.S. Department of Energy whose goal is to use the ICF approach to controlled thermonuclear fusion energy to commercial power production.
		A plasma may be electrically neutral (as in the core of the Sun or ICF fuel pellet) or have a net charge (as is true of a beam in an accelerator).
	hif.lbl.gov /tutorial/glossary.html (1344 words)

	Nuclear Fusion Propulsion - Future Space Propulsion Systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		ICF, sometimes referred to as pulsed fusion, is a different idea based on the same principle, in this case a tiny plasma, a thousand trillion times more dense that that used in MCF, is created by using blasts from lasers to rapidly superheat fuel pellets.
		So, in terms of fusion, the idea is to introduce these muons (replacing the electrons) and allow their negative charge to effectively shield the positively charged nuclei from each other.
		ICF operates at a much higher density than MCF but it should be noted that the required banks of lasers are likely to be heavy, power intensive devices, though probably less so than the magnets in MFC.
	www.thespacesite.com /space_nuclear_fusion_propulsion.html (3159 words)

	Introduction: Fusion
		Nuclear fusion is the process by which two light nuclei collide to form a larger nuclei, a loss of mass, and a large amount of energy.
		The only requirement for fuel in a fusion reaction is that the nuclei must have a nuclear charge low enough to allow repulsion to be overcome, and the reaction to proceed.
		-In an inertial confinement fusion reaction, energy is rapidly applied to the surface of the fusion capsule which causes the solid surface to vaporize or turn into a gas.
	library.thinkquest.org /26995/fuspart1.html (738 words)

	Laser Driven Inertial Confinement Fusion: Principles And Implementation
		At these temperatures, the confinement time of a few nanoseconds owing to the inertial forces, is sufficient to allow the hydrogen atoms to collide often enough, and with sufficient energy, to fuse.
		Laser driven fusion was proposed by John Nuckolls shortly after the demonstration of a ruby laser by Ted Maiman at Hughes in the early 1960s.
		The basic principles of the fusion processes, the differences between the two major methods, and the target research and development which has occurred during the past few years of the ICF program will be discussed.
	www.ece.uiuc.edu /seminar/98-99/fusion.html (508 words)

	icf.html (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The hope and promise for nuclear energy is in nuclear fusion, which doesn't have many of the problems attendant with fission.
		Fusion has yet to be used to produce electrical power, but there are major research projects underway to reach that goal.
		Raw materials and by-products related to fusion are not suitable for producing nuclear weapons, so the raw materials are not apparent terrorist targets, and handling and disposal of the raw materials and by-products are very much less onerous.
	crystals.llnl.gov /icf.html (335 words)

	Heavy-Ion Fusion Tutorial
		For fusion to occur, the atoms of hydrogen must be heated to extremely high temperatures (millions of degrees C) so they have enough thermal energy to overcome this repulsion, and then they must be held together or confined long enough for fusion to occur.
		With inertial confinement fusion (ICF), the method discussed here, a tiny pellet of frozen hydrogen is compressed and heated so quickly that fusion occurs before the atoms can fly apart, so the reaction is confined, in effect, by the inertia of the fuel.
		Inertial fusion energy (IFE) relies upon the fuel's resistance to movement or inertia to hold it together as is it being heated and undergoing fusion.
	hif.lbl.gov /tutorial/tutorial.html (2559 words)

	Inertial Confinement Fusion
		While magnetic confinement seeks to extend the time that ions spend close to each other in order to facilitate fusion, the inertial confinement strategy seeks to fuse nuclei so fast that they don't have time to move apart.
		The two approaches to inertial confinement have been laser fusion and ion-beam fusion.
		Laser fusion attempts to force nuclear fusion in tiny pellets or microballoons of a deuterium-tritium mixture by zapping them with such a high energy density that they will fuse before they have time to move away from each other.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/nucene/finert.html (443 words)

	Physics Division \| Inertial Confinement Fusion \| What is Fusion? \| Los Alamos National Laboratory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		For many people fusion seems as far from their reality as the Sun, and in fact, it is. Fusion reactions are responsible for the energy that is released by the stars.
		These researchers are investigating the use of man-made fusion reactions to produce miniature stars which give off energy (see figure 2.) These fusion reactions employ two forms or isotopes of hydrogen, called deuterium and tritium, which have a different number of neutrons than hydrogen.
		In an inertial confinement fusion reaction, energy is rapidly applied to the surface of the fusion capsule which causes the solid surface to vaporize or turn into a gas.
	www.lanl.gov /ICF/intro.shtml (512 words)

	UCB Inertial Fusion Energy Tutorial
		In inertial confinement fusion, small B-B-size hollow spherical capsules, most likely made of plastic, are filled at high pressure with an equal mixture of deuterium and tritium, and then chilled to cryogenic temperatures, so that the D-T gas freezes as a thin, solid coating on the inside of the capsule wall.
		The chapter "The Economics of IFE" discusses the economic characteristics of inertial fusion energy development that make IFE an attractive candidate for research and development investment, particularly when the scientific feasibility of ignition is demonstrated experimentally at the National Ignition Facility.
		ICF capsules will never have military application, because the weight of even the smallest conceivable driver makes the destructive capability of an ICF explosion orders of magnitude lower than any nuclear weapon, or the chemical and biological weapons that terrorists and rogue nations might pursue.
	www.nuc.berkeley.edu /thyd/icf/IFE.html (3235 words)

	Bulletin 24 - Possibilities of Applying Nuclear Fusion Technologies ...
		In this context, some basic physics of nuclear fusion is given in the appendix for readers who are not familiar with this field.
		J, 200 MJ of pulsed nuclear fusion energy is equal to 50 kg of TNT.
		For Magnetic Confinement Fusion (MCF), tritium is needed to sustain the nuclear reaction.
	www.inesap.org /bulletin24/art23.htm (1586 words)

	Sonofusion, Acoustic Inertial Confinement Fusion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The fusion reactions generate energy that is absorbed as heat by the liquid metal, and this heat is removed from the liquid by conduction through the acoustical horns to an external heat exchanger, without any pumping of the liquid metal.
		A method for providing nuclear fusion tensions a liquid, cavitates the tensioned liquid to form at least one bubble, then implodes the bubble, wherein a resulting temperature is generated that is sufficent to induce a nuclear fusion reaction involving the liquid.
		A method for inducing nuclear fusion and a reactor for inducing nuclear fusion involve positioning a bubble containing fusionable nuclei at the center of a liquid filled spherical vessel and generating a spherically symmetric positive acoustic pulse in the liquid.
	www.members.carol.net /~on.jwclymer/snf (5759 words)

	Fusion by Inertial Confinement
		There are two ways of depositing the beam energy of the beams on the capsule surface : direct illumination, in which a number of laser or charged-particle beams, arranged with maximum symmetry, are aimed at the capsule ; and indirect illumination, in which the capsule is placed inside a metal container.
		However, the low energy efficiency of laser beams (only a few percent) makes it unlikely that they would be used in an inertial confinement fusion reactor unless there is a great improvement in optical pumping efficiency.
		The World's most powerful laser fusion facility is the NOVA (Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, USA) which produces 40 kJ of energy at a wavelength of 351 nm for a period of 3 to 4 ns.
	www.fusion-eur.org /fusion_cd/inertial.htm (991 words)

	NRDC: National Ignition Facility and Science-Based Stockpile Stewardship Resource Page - Section 1
		Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) has been defined as "an approach to fusion that relies on the inertia of the fuel mass to provide confinement."
		In practice, ICF is based on the concept of igniting a thermonuclear reaction by irradiating and imploding a small capsule (on the order of one millimeter in diameter) containing hydrogen isotopes -- typically equal mixtures of deuterium and tritium.
		ICF originated in the thermonuclear weapons program of the United States in the late 1950s as part of a classified research effort to understand if nuclear weapons could be designed without using fissile material.
	www.nrdc.org /nuclear/nif/sec1.asp (932 words)

	Inertial Confinement Fusion - S.A. Stephenson
		She was the public information officer for the Lawrence Livermore inertial confinement fusion program from 1981 to 1989.
		Fusion is also the source of the hydrogen bomb's awesome power.
		Yet fusion also promises to become a preferred source of energy for future generations.
	www.worldandi.com /specialreport/1990/May/Sa18055.htm (216 words)

	Conventional Fusion FAQ Glossary Part 9/26 (I)
		* Ignition: In fusion, as in an ordinary (chemical) fire, ignition is the point where the temperature and confinement of heat in the fuel (plasma in the case of fusion) are such that energy released from ongoing reactions is sufficient to maintain the temperature of the system, and no external heating is needed.
		An ignited fusion plasma produces so much energy from fusion reactions that the plasma is fully heated by fusion reaction products (alpha particles in the case of D-T fusion), and the plasma no longer needs any external source of power to maintain its temperature.
		Parts of ICF fusion research remain classified due to their military implications and applications, though much ICF research was recently declassified.
	www.cs.uu.nl /wais/html/na-dir/fusion-faq/glossary/i.html (2010 words)

	Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Fusion
		Controlled nuclear fusion has been a holy grail of physics for more than fifty years and is still unrealized.
		Philo figured that if the tube was filled with a mixture of deuterium and tritium (two heavy isotopes of hydrogen that undergo fusion at relatively low energy) the plasma density and bombardment energy of his virtual electrode diode should be sufficient to initiate stable fusion.
		In the mid 90's ITT's fusion patents began to expire and interest in IEC fusion was reborn.
	users.tm.net /lapointe/IEC_Fusion.html (801 words)

	Magnetized Target Fusion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		An approach to creating fusion conditions in the laboratory which has the potential for much lower cost than traditional approaches is magnetized target fusion (MTF), in which a magnetized, wall-confined plasma is compressed by a magnetically driven imploding liner to fusion conditions.
		Similar to inertial confinement fusion (ICF), MTF relies on an implosion to compress a DT fuel to ignition conditions.
		Los Alamos, which has long been a leader in the study of fusion physics for nuclear weapons, inertial confinement fusion, and magnetic fusion, has a unique combination of resources to be the world leader in magnetized target fusion.
	wsx.lanl.gov /mtf.html (1243 words)

	Inertial fusion power plant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An Inertial fusion power plant is intended to industrially produce electric power by use of inertial confinement fusion techniques.
		inertial confinement fusion: the technique which would be used in the planned IFE reactors; the energy production method, instead of a continuously fusing plasma, would be the cyclically repeated fusion of microcapsules.
		Fission as well as fusion were firstly used in the military field, in order to build very powerful bombs: A-bombs for fission and H-bombs for fusion.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Inertial_fusion_power_plant (1312 words)

	Research - Energy - - Inertial Confinement Fusion
		The main alternative to magnetic confinement fusion is Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) in which fusion reactions take place through thermonuclear micro-explosions initiated in small (~1 mm diameter) pellets filled with a mixture of deuterium/ tritium fusion fuel.
		The pellets are compressed to a density of around 1 000 times greater than their normal density in the liquid state, using an intense laser or ion beam which rapidly heats the surface of the tiny pellet.
		Therefore, it is necessary with ICF to produce a series of very short pulses to provide steady state energy supply.
	ec.europa.eu /research/energy/fu/fu_rt/fu_rt_mc/article_1231_en.htm (223 words)

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