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Topic: Inertial fusion energy

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	Inertial confinement fusion - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Inertial confinement fusion using lasers rapidly progressed in the late 1970's and early 1980's from being able to deliver only a few joules of laser energy to a fusion target to being able to deliver tens of kilojoules to a target.
		These problems are, respectively, where the energy delivered by one beam may be higher or lower than other beams impinging on the target and of "hot spots" within a beam diameter hitting a target which induces uneven compression on the target surface, thereby forming rayleigh-taylor instabilities in the fuel, mixing it and reducing heating efficacy.
		On the downside, it is very difficult to achieve the very high energies required to implode a target efficiently and most ion-beam systems require the use of a hohlraum surrounding the target, reducing the overall efficiency of the coupling of the ion beam's energy to that of the imploding target further.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Inertial_fusion_energy (2428 words)

	Nuclear fusion - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-17)
		Nuclear fusion is the energy source which causes stars to shine, and hydrogen bombs to explode.
		The energy released in most nuclear reactions is much larger than that for chemical reactions, because the binding energy that glues a nucleus together is far greater than the energy that holds electrons to a nucleus.
		Also note that energy is conserved, so by calculating the mass of the four protons, and the mass of the helium nucleus, and subtracting you can calculate the mass of energy (energy and mass are interchangeable) emitted in gamma and positron radiation.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Nuclear_fusion (2315 words)

	Fusion power - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		To produce self-sustaining fusion, the energy released by the reaction (or at least a fraction of it) must be used to heat new reactant nuclei and keep them hot long enough that they also undergo fusion reactions.
		Finally, there are also electrostatic confinement fusion systems, in which ions in the reaction chamber are confined and held at the center of the device by electrostatic forces, as in the Farnsworth-Hirsch Fusor, but these are not believed capable of being developed into a practical power plant.
		In fusion research, achieving a fusion energy gain factor Q = 1 is called breakeven and is considered a significant although somewhat artificial milestone.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fusion_power (3813 words)

	Fusion Energy Sciences Fellowship: Introduction
		Study and research under the fellowship are to be conducted in the area of fusion energy sciences and technology related to the development of fusion energy.
		There has been great progress in plasma science during the past three decades, in both magnetic and inertial confinement, and today the world is at the threshold of a major advance in fusion energy development—the study of burning plasmas, in which the self-heating from fusion reactions dominates the plasma behavior.
		For Inertial Fusion Energy (IFE) the two major science issues are: (1) high energy density physics that describes plasma compression, intense laser-plasma, and beam-plasma interactions, and (2) non-neutral plasmas, as seen in the formation, transport, compression, and focusing of intense heavy ion beams.
	www.orau.gov /orise/edu/DOE/FES/fesfelintro.htm (1469 words)

	UCB Inertial Fusion Energy Tutorial (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-17)
		In inertial confinement fusion, small B-B-size hollow spherical capsules, most likely made of plastic, are filled at high pressure with an equal mixture of deuterium and tritium, and then chilled to cryogenic temperatures, so that the D-T gas freezes as a thin, solid coating on the inside of the capsule wall.
		energy deposition and material response, ablation by x rays, venting and condensation of ablation and target debris, and mechanical response of structures to loading by high-velocity gas and liquid.
		The chapter "The Economics of IFE" discusses the economic characteristics of inertial fusion energy development that make IFE an attractive candidate for research and development investment, particularly when the scientific feasibility of ignition is demonstrated experimentally at the National Ignition Facility.
	www.nuc.berkeley.edu /thyd/icf/IFE.html (3235 words)

	Heavy-Ion Fusion Tutorial
		For fusion to occur, the atoms of hydrogen must be heated to extremely high temperatures (millions of degrees C) so they have enough thermal energy to overcome this repulsion, and then they must be held together or confined long enough for fusion to occur.
		Inertial fusion energy (IFE) relies upon the fuel's resistance to movement or inertia to hold it together as is it being heated and undergoing fusion.
		The energy released by the fuel (mainly in the form of high energy neutrons and x-rays) will be absorbed by a special fluid blanket whose heat is eventually transferred to a relatively conventional steam generator, where it is converted into electricity.
	hif.lbl.gov /tutorial/tutorial.html (2553 words)

	ipedia.com: Inertial fusion energy Article
		In inertial fusion energy the burning nuclear fusion reaction is ignited by illuminating and compressing a target — a pellet that contains deuterium and tritium — by the use of intense laser or ion be...
		As is the case for magnetic fusion energy, progress in inertial fusion has been remarkable.
		The scientific basis of inertial fusion has progressed to the point where the driver and pellet requirements to achieve ignition are known to high confidence and are within reach.
	www.ipedia.com /inertial_fusion_energy.html (711 words)

	Inertial fusion energy Article, Inertialfusionenergy Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-17)
		In inertial fusion energy (IFE) the burning nuclear fusion reaction is ignited by illuminating and compressing a target – a pellet that contains deuterium and tritium –; by theuse of intense laser or ion beams.
		As is the case for magnetic fusion energy, progress in inertial fusion has beenremarkable.
		The scientific basis of inertial fusion has progressed to the point where the driver and pellet requirements to achieveignition are known to high confidence and are within reach.
	www.anoca.org /driver/reactor/inertial_fusion_energy.html (653 words)

	IEEE-USA Position Statement on Fusion Energy Research and Development (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-17)
		Energy policy should be based on a long-range national energy plan, and should achieve a prudent balance between international collaboration (for U.S. cost reduction) and a strong domestic program (to ensure national competence and competitiveness).
		Fusion should be developed as an element within a portfolio of long-term electrical energy generation technologies because of fusion's potential as an inexhaustible and environmentally attractive energy source.
		Due to the long-term nature of the fusion RandD program and fusion energy's significant environmental and national security advantages, stable government commitment to the long-term development of fusion power is essential to exploit the international fusion advances and to lead in strategically important areas.
	www.ieeeusa.org /policy/positions/fusion.html (1956 words)

	Reentry Breakup Modeling
		Inertial Fusion Energy: where it came from and where it is going
		The goal of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) research is controlled laboratory implosion of fusionable material to a condition of ignition and propagating burn.
		ICF relies on inertia to confine fusionable material, usually a mixture of deuterium and tritium (DT), for a time long enough for fusion to occur.
	www.cco.caltech.edu /~daniell/ae150/abstracts/may5.htm (983 words)

	Notice 00-07
		In selecting applications for funding, the DOE Office of Fusion Energy Sciences will give priority to applications that can produce results within the first project period after grant initiation (typically three years but as many as five years in the case of grants where construction of complex experimental apparatus is required).
		Inertial Fusion Energy Chamber and Target Research: Grant applications are desired for new innovative research that will address the key critical issues in the chamber systems, target technology, and safety and environmental areas for both heavy ion and laser driven inertial fusion energy systems.
		Fusion Materials Modeling: Applications are solicited for three-year grants for research on modeling and/or theory that will expand the knowledge base on understanding of the behavior of structural materials in the service environment of fusion systems.
	www.sc.doe.gov /production/grants/fr00_07.html (2001 words)

	Review of the Department of Energy's Inertial Confinement Fusion Program
		Laser energy is directed to the hohlraum's inner surface, where it is converted to x-rays; these x-rays impinge on the capsule and cause ablation.
		The Particle Beam Fusion Accelerator Z at Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque, New Mexico, is a facility that uses pulsed power to create an imploding plasma that generates x-rays.
		The shape of the yield curve is cliff-like, in that fusion yield increases very rapidly, from near zero to its full value, over a relatively small range of incident laser energy.
	www.nap.edu /html/icf/icf1.htm (2000 words)

	Magnetic Fusion
		Sandia's Fusion Energy Sciences Program is developing a technology base for the design of in-vessel components that will perform satisfactorily in fusion plasma environments.
		We are developing the diagnostics to measure heat flux on a flowing liquid and the effect of extremely intense, short-duration heat pulses on a liquid surface.
		Because of the increased focus in US fusion energy sciences on more compact, alternative concepts to the conventional tokamak, the issues of plasma/material interactions will be of greater importance in the future.
	www.sandia.gov /eesector/besmfe.html (529 words)

	IAEA CRP on Inertial Fusion Energy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-17)
		There are two major approaches in fusion energy research, Magnetic Fusion Energy (MFE) and Inertial Fusion Energy (IFE).
		Based on recent advances by individual countries, IFE is now at the stage where large benefits can be obtained from a coordinated approach in the form of an IAEA Coordinated Research Project (CRP).
		This CRP will help Member States to promote the development of plasma/fusion technology transfer and to emphasize safety and environmental advantages of fusion energy.
	aries.ucsd.edu /IAEAIFECRP (207 words)

	[No title]
		Abstract: The laser inertial confinement fusion programme developed at the Centre d'etudes de Limeil-Valenton relies on the indirect drive scheme, in which the laser radiation is converted into a soft X radiation that drives the implosion of a D-T filled capsule.
		In the indirect-drive approach, the primacy approach for heavy-ion beam driven fusion (HI) and for the glass-laser-based National Ignition Facility (NIF), the capsule is radiation driven, so that the implosion and burn physics requirements apply to both types of drivers.
		By using this model, optimum conditions for uniform irradiation of a fusion capsule by X-ray radiation are evaluated for use in Gekko XII laser fusion experiments.
	nuclearweaponarchive.org /Library/Referenc (8489 words)

	National Fusion Energy Science
		The Mission of the National Energy Science Web Site is to advance fusion science and plasma physics research by providing a national, interactive repository of information.
		Hopefully, this site will be found useful by students of fusion science, researchers, and those generally interested in the scientific progress of this field.
		A Working Group composed of leaders from both Magnetic Fusion Energy and Inertial Fusion Energy developed this "Discussion Draft" outline of a roadmap for fusion energy, for a wide discussion in advance of the upcoming reviews of the fusion program.
	www.fusionscience.org (242 words)

	ANS : Publications : Journals : Fusion Science and Technology : Volume 47 : Demonstrating a Target Supply for Inertial ...
		A central feature of an Inertial Fusion Energy (IFE) power plant is a target that has been compressed and heated to fusion conditions by the energy input of the driver.
		For direct drive IFE (laser fusion), energy is applied directly to the surface of a spherical CH polymer capsule containing the deuterium-tritium (DT) fusion fuel at approximately 18K.
		For indirect drive (heavy ion fusion, HIF), the target consists of a similar fuel capsule within a cylindrical metal container or ''hohlraum'' which converts the incident driver energy into x-rays to implode the capsule.
	www.ans.org /pubs/journals/fst/va-47-4-1131-1138 (295 words)

	Inertial fusion energy chamber technology development (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-17)
		The group is targeted to address critical issues for fusion energy research through: conducting small-scale laboratory experiments, developing phenomenological and numerical models, and performing analytical studies.
		Our research efforts on inertial fusion energy (IFE) focus on the evaluation and identification of development pathways for IFE, and analysis and modeling related to IFE chamber wall protection schemes and cavity cleaning.
		A progressive series of experiments that address the generic critical issues in an isolated way, gather benchmark data for numerical simulations and culminate in a test module for testing in a full X-ray and neutron environment like NIF is the most logical approach towards establishing concept feasibility and attractiveness.
	www.fusion.ucla.edu /ife/main.html (372 words)

	Plasma Science and Technology - Applications - High Energy Density Physics
		Rapid compression leads to fusion conditions and ignition followed by efflux of energy exceeding the input which is called the energy gain.
		When the compression reaches the center, temperatures increase to 100,000,000 degrees Centigrade, igniting the fusion fuel (3) and producing a laser fusion thermonuclear burn that generates fusion energy output many times the laser energy input, thus providing a large energy gain.
		Inertial fusion science and applications has come to be referred to as 'inertial fusion energy' or IFE whereas 'inertial confinement fusion' or ICF denotes high energy density phenomena produced by either multiple, high-energy laser beams or energetic pulsed power systems.
	www.plasmas.org /fusion-icf.htm (1309 words)

	FESAC survey
		As part of this charge, FESAC has been conducting surveys of the fusion science and fusion technology community.
		All information entered on this form will be used to compile statistical information about the state of the fusion energy workforce.
		In this section, please indicate those influences that helped guide you toward fusion science or fusion technology as either a field of study or as a professional career.
	www.auburn.edu /academic/science_math/physics2/FESAC_survey.html (612 words)

	(S/3) Inertial Fusion Energy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-17)
		Reviewed is the present status of the inertial confinement energy (IFE) research.
		They were measured by X-ray spectroscopy, neutron energy spectrum, and so on.
		Summarized are also researches on simulation code developments, target design and fabrication, heavy ion beam fusion, Z-pinch based X-ray source, and laser driver technology.
	www.iaea.org /programmes/ripc/physics/fec2000/html/node449.htm (150 words)

	Fusion Energy Program at LLNL
		The Fusion Energy Program (FEP) is part of the Physics and Advanced Technologies (PAT) Directorate at LLNL.
		The mission of the FEP is to develop, in collaboration with national and international partners, the science and technology required to pursue fusion energy.
		We collaborate closely with other fusion institutions, including major partnering roles in experiments on the DIIID tokamak and in the Heavy Ion Fusion (HIF) Virtual National Laboratory (VNL).
	fusion-energy.llnl.gov (250 words)

	fusion energy and other fusion related information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-17)
		Fusion Basics Fusion Energy Advantages of Fusion How Fusion Energy is Produced Fusion Reactions Conditions for Fusion Plasma Heating Fusion Power Plant PPPL is funded by the U.S. Department of Energy and...
		Fusion energy and plasma physics research at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, a U.S. Department of Energy Laboratory.
		The mission of the U.S. Fusion Energy Sciences Program is to advance plasma science, fusion science, and fusion technology -- the knowledge base needed for an economically and environmentally...
	www.nethorde.com /fusion/fusion-energy.html (298 words)

	APEX - Objectives
		Analytical formulae for estimating damage rate in the final mirrors of laser inertial fusion energy reactors based on the uncollided neutron flux.
		Analysis of the Energy Transport and Deposition within the Reaction Chamber of the Prometheus Inertial Fusion Energy Reactor, Fusion Engineering and Design, 27 (1995) 226.
		Inertial Fusion Energy Reactor Design Studies: Prometheus-L and Prometheus-H. Final Report.
	www.fusion.ucla.edu /ife/publications.html (772 words)

	Energy Citations Database (ECD) - Energy and Energy-Related Bibliographic Citations
		Energy Citations Database (ECD) - Energy and Energy-Related Bibliographic Citations
		Energy Citations Database (ECD) Document #113843 - Energy from inertial fusion
		This book contains chapters on the following topics: inertial fusion energy fundamentals; inertial confinement target physics; IFE power plant design principles; special fusion design issues; inertial fusion energy development strategy; safety and environmental impact; economics and other figures of merit; other uses of inertial fusion; and international activities.
	www.osti.gov /energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=113843 (168 words)

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