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	Zupt Inertial navigation systems. Seismic survey. Land seismic. Marine construction
		We specialize in the integration and application of inertial technologies to onshore and offshore survey and positioning services.
		All major industry standards are accepted and generated, and the data is compatible with most survey processing software.
		For Offshore, we are now developing an underwater vehicle navigation system with open architecture and compatibility that will be available in 2007.
	www.zupt.com (398 words)

	Inertial Navigation Systems with Geodic Applications: 紀伊國屋書店BookWeb (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This text covers all aspects of inertial navigation systems, including the sensor technology and the estimation of instrument errors, as well as their integration with the Global Positioning System (GPS) for geodetic applications.
		This text covers all aspects of inertial navigation systems (INS), including the sensor technology and the estimation of instrument errors, as well as their integration with the Global Positioning System (GPS) for geodetic applications.
		Coordinate frames and transformations; ordinary differential equations; inertial measurement unit; inertial navigation system; system error dynamics; stochastic processes and error models; linear estimation; INS initialization and alignment; the global positioning system (GPS); geodetic application.
	bookweb.kinokuniya.co.jp /htmy/3110159031.html (216 words)

	Navigation - MSN Encarta
		In inertial navigation, a set of highly sophisticated electronic instruments uses the principles of dead reckoning navigation to track a craft’s changing position and maintain its course.
		An inertial navigation system has three components: a gyroscope that responds to forces that might throw the craft off course; an accelerometer that interprets the gyroscope’s responses, and a computer that makes necessary adjustments.
		The military uses inertial navigation because the system is impossible to jam or sabotage from outside using existing military technology.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761574467_5/Navigation.html (1315 words)

	GUIDANCE, NAVIGATION AND CONTROL
		Navigation aids on board the orbiter include the three inertial measurement units, three tactical air navigation units, two air data probe assemblies, three microwave scan beam landing systems and two radar altimeters.
		The inertial stability of the spin axis is a basic property of gyroscopes and is used in stabilization loops, which consist of the gyro pick-off, gimbals and gimbal torquers.
		Since the navigation base provides the mount for the IMUs and star trackers, the star tracker line of sight is referenced to the navigation base and the orbiter coordinate system; thus, the GPC knows where the star tracker is pointed and its orientation with respect to the IMUs.
	science.ksc.nasa.gov /shuttle/technology/sts-newsref/sts-gnnc.html (11375 words)

	Ixsea's AUV Navigation System (Site not responding. Last check: )
		As we shall see, inertial navigation is compromised by an error that grows over time, and this is why it is difficult to keep to a heading for very long with a blindfold.
		When an inertial navigation system is immobile, the gyros measure bias values that are integrated by the calculator and the unit thinks that it is rotating, and therefore advancing across the surface of the terrestrial globe, which generates a position error.
		For example, an inertial navigation system possesses states that are available and visible as output for the user: the three position errors, the three speed errors and the three attitude errors.
	www.underwater.com /archives/arch/021.04.shtml (2819 words)

	Inertial guidance system Summary
		An inertial guidance system consists of an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) combined with control mechanisms, allowing the path of a vehicle to be controlled according to the position determined by the inertial navigation system.
		A typical inertial navigation system uses a combination of roll, pitch and azimuth gyroscopes, to stabilize the x, y and z accelerometers to solve a large set of differential equations to convert these readings into estimates of velocities, position and attitude, starting off from a known initial position of latitude and longitude.
		Inertial navigation may also be used to supplement other navigation systems, providing a higher degree of accuracy than is possible with the use of any single navigation system.
	www.bookrags.com /Inertial_guidance_system (2610 words)

	FAQs, Oxford Technical Solutions
		Adding Inertial Navigation to applications where GPS is not reliable enough is a quick way to guarantee reliable position and velocity outputs.
		Inertial sensors are used to measure the accelerations and the angular rates.
		For an inertial navigation system with a heading accuracy of 0.1 degrees, travelling at 30 m/s (108 km/h or 67 mph) the error growth is 52cm after 10 seconds or 9.4 metres after three minutes.
	www.oxts.com /default.asp?pageRef=38&category=10&faq=30 (1505 words)

	Thomas Moser: Low Budget Inertial Navigation
		Inertial navigation is a well known concept deployed in aviation and space technology and other high tech areas.
		Inertial navigation is based on techniques, which have been invented and developed after the Second World War.
		Inertial navigation systems (INS) are used in civil and military aviation, cruise missiles, submarines and space technology.
	www.tmoser.ch /typo3/11.0.html (2560 words)

	RNAV (Area Navigation)
		Area Navigation (RNAV) can be defined as a method of navigation that permits aircraft operation on any desired course within the coverage of station-referenced navigation signals or within the limits of a self contained system capability, or a combination of these.
		Using the un-encrypted coarse acquisition navigational signal (C/A code) which will be available to all civil users, system accuracy will be at least 100 meters horizontally and 140 metres vertically, 95% of the time.
		The information from the accelerometers and gyroscopes is sent to the computer, which corrects the track to allow for such factors as the rotation of the earth, the drift of the aircraft, speed, and rate of turn.
	www.allstar.fiu.edu /aero/RNAV.htm (3155 words)

	Inertial Navigation Systems: Gyroscopes and accelerometers - October 2002 Issue - (Aircraft Maintenance Technology)
		These inertial navigation systems (INS) not only provide a reliable means of position sensing for aircraft but have also found uses in spacecraft, missiles, ships, submarines, and even surface vehicles.
		Accelerometers used for inertial navigation employ Newton’s second law which says, an applied force is a result of accelerating a specific mass or Force = Mass x Acceleration.
		Inertial navigation, which relies on knowing initial position, then sensing velocity and attitude to calculate aircraft position, is the only navigation system that does not rely on any external reference.
	www.amtonline.com /publication/article.jsp?pubId=1&id=1261 (1796 words)

	Inertial Navigation System
		In physics, an inertial frame of reference, or inertial frame forshort (also descibed as absolute frame of reference), is a frame of reference in which the observers move without the influence of any accelerating or decelerating force.
		Different inertial reference frames may havedifferent origins at any given moment in time, and their origins may be moving at constant speed and direction relative to eachother.
		By the very nature of human limits to a particular inertial frame,the various branches of physics are devoted to building functions that relate human observation to theoretical concepts of cosmology and quantummechanics and the rules by which they interoperate to describe possible reference frames like our own.
	www.altvetmed.com /face/1339-inertial-navigation-system.html (1016 words)

	Navigation-Science Tracer Bullet Library of Congress
		Micronesian islanders still use simple stick charts to navigate their islands and surrounding waters, while scientists are using the world’s most sophisticated computers to navigate spacecraft to Mars and beyond.
		Navigation is also location-finding behavior used by many other animals, and some works on this related topic are cited.
		Nearshore navigation and communication based on deliberate EM signals and theoretical, numerical and observational studies of coastal ocean electrodynamics.
	www.loc.gov /rr/scitech/tracer-bullets/navigationtb.html (2829 words)

	Combining low-cost inertial systems with GPS: applications for general aviation GPS World - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Inertial systems have been used on commercial and military aircraft as primary navigation instruments for many years but these systems are very expensive and out of reach of most of the general aviation community.
		The error sensitivity analysis of low-cost inertial sensors evaluates the influence of components of sensor measurement errors for a particular inertial measurement unit (IMU).
		It is a solid-state, six degree-of-freedom inertial sensing system using three orthogonally mounted, micromachined quartz gyroscopes, and three high-performance linear servo accelerometers in a small, self-contained package.
	findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0BPW/is_3_15/ai_n6175372 (712 words)

	GPS-INS
		By integrating these two navigation system technologies, we are able to capitalize on the strengths of both while minimizing their weaknesses.
		Relative navigation between an orbiting spacecraft and the ISS during rendezvous and proximity operations.
		Navigating on the surface of Mars will be accomplished using a sparse constellation of satellites which will provide GPS-like navigation data periodically.
	gps.csr.utexas.edu /GPS-INS (606 words)

	Air Force Technology - LITEF - Inertial Sensors, Inertial Reference and Navigation Systems (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The new FOG Inertial Measurement Units (IMU) are modular and consist of three µFORS gyros, one B-290 accelerometer triad, a processor module, and a power supply.
		Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) for the Eurofighter 2000 is a quadruplex-redundant sensor system within the flight control system.
		FOG Inertial Measurement Units (IMU) are modular and consist of three µFORS gyros, one B-290 accelerometer triad, a processor module, and a power supply.
	www.airforce-technology.com /contractors/navigation/litef (663 words)

	GPS/Inertial Navigation for Precise Weapon Delivery
		By integrating the navigation and weapon delivery functions in the same computer, the two processes could be synchronized, with the weapon delivery function using the current best estimate of navigation parameters (position, velocity, and attitude as well as wind speed and direction) for accurate impact point prediction.
		The navigation error buildup during the relatively short descent of the weapon was reasonably good as long as it was initialized properly.
		Thanks to the very long distance from the navigator to each of the GPS satellites, the relative geometry of all GPS navigators in the same vicinity (such as a vehicle on the ground and an airplane flying above it) is similar.
	www.aero.org /publications/crosslink/summer2002/05.html (2843 words)

	Strapdown Inertial Navigation Technology (2nd Edition)
		Inertial navigation is widely used for the guidance of aircraft, missiles, ships and land vehicles, as well as in a number of novel applications such as surveying underground pipelines in drilling operations.
		This book sets out to provide a clear and concise description of the physical principles of inertial navigation, the associated growth of errors and their compensation.
		There is also detailed treatment of recent developments in inertial sensor technology and a description of techniques for implementing and evaluating such systems.
	www.knovel.com /knovel2/Toc.jsp?BookID=1241 (106 words)

	Aided inertial navigation system for Tiburon
		Navigation error resulting from inaccuracies in acoustic sensors remains a critical limitation to the effectiveness of ROV missions, particularly at depths below 2,000 meters.
		The goal of this project is to complete the ongoing development and integration of an aided inertial navigation system for the ROV Tiburon.
		The system will utilize existing inertial and acoustic sensors onboard Tiburon to provide an optimal estimate of the vehicle's location.
	www.mbari.org /rd/projects/1999/navigation_system_Tiburon.html (110 words)

	CSRI "Elektropribor"/Books/INTEGRATED INERTIAL SATELLITE NAVIGATION SYSTEMS
		The first one (the loosely coupled scheme) uses the measurements as the difference between coordinates or velocities from inertial and satellite systems, the other one (the tightly coupled scheme) uses the measurements as the difference between ranges or range rates from each satellite and their values calculated with the use of the inertial system data.
		Compared with a classical architecture, a PIXYZ Inertial Sensor Assembly is naturally symmetrical and balanced and its size allows significant volume reduction for the inertial navigation system, which is designed around this sensor.
		A filter integrating the satellite and inertial data is introduced on the basis of experimentally obtained error characteristics of the satellite receiver and inertial sensors.
	www.elektropribor.spb.ru /en/books/book11.html (1899 words)

	The Precision Forestry Cooperative at the University of Washington
		Because of inconsistent satellite reception under forest canopy, making GPS unreliable, PFC has been investigating inertial navigation systems which use gyroscopes and accelerometers to calculate which direction the user travels and how far.
		The Applanix inertial navigation unit indicated the original survey stake was in this clump of grass, a little digging proved that it was.
		Joel Gillet from Applanix with the inertial navigation backpack unit on.
	www.cfr.washington.edu /research.pfc/research/nav2.htm (242 words)

	Coupled Intertial Navigation Sensors (CINS) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		As a result of this vulnerability, alternative navigation methods are needed to reduce the NavyÕs dependence on the global positioning system.
		A prototypical IGS consists of three accelerometers to measure linear movement and three angular rate sensors (gyroscopes) to measure rotational movement.
		Current prototype MEMS gyroscopes are compact and inexpensive to produce but, their performance characteristics fail to meet the requirements for an inertial grade guidance system.
	environ.spawar.navy.mil /randd/sr/navigation/cins.html (234 words)

	Naval Technology - LITEF GmbH - Naval Navigation Systems (Site not responding. Last check: )
		LITEF is a leading manufacturer of navigation systems for air, land and naval applications worldwide and a world leader in the use of Fibre Optic Gyro (FOG) technology for many of those applications (see photograph opposite).
		Located in Freiburg, in the Black Forest region of Germany, LITEF is an autonomous operating division in the Navigation Systems Division of the Electronics Sector of Northrop Grumman of the USA.
		They are suitable for use in all types and sizes of surface and sub-surface vessels, from patrol boats and fast attack craft to corvettes and frigates, from minehunters and special purpose vessels to remotely operated vehicles, torpedoes and submarines.
	www.naval-technology.com /contractors/satellite/litef (771 words)

	Session B3: MEMS Inertial Measuring Units
		The former case is typical when navigating behind thick walls, the latter when user prefers saving battery of the handset by relying most of the time on the MEMS-INS with lower power consumption and by allowing the more power consuming GPS receiver to operate only for short periods of time.
		In addition to the inertial sensor characterization, the magnetometer sensed earth magnetic field disturbances from hard-iron and soft-iron ferrous material effects are estimated and accounted for directly in the filter.
		An attractive new scheme of the integration is to estimate attitude error of vehicle and bias of low-cost inertial sensors with GPS measurements during navigation.
	www.ion.org /meetings/past/gps2001/b3.html (2991 words)

	Navigation (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Because of the importance of Navigation at sea the British offered what today would be at $10 million reward for a clock that would be practical at sea to find the Longitude.
		The Transit satellite navigation system was designed so Polaris subs could update their inertial nav system.
		A submarine whose inertial navigation system had drifted could receive the Transit pass which took maybe 15 to 30 minutes and then update their inertial system.
	www.pacificsites.com /~brooke/Nav.shtml (2518 words)

	GIS@development: April 2005: Inertial navigation sensors for mobile mapping
		A decade ago Inertial sensors were only limited to aerospace and military applications due to their high cost and restrictions by the government but now due to the reducing cost they are finding their way in civil applications such as, mobile tracking, precision surveying, and precision farming.
		These Inertial sensors are mounted as three orthogonal axes in an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) {A fl box that houses the inertial sensors} and output the accelerations (velocity changes over time) that can be integrated twice to get positions and Angles (Angular rates in case of rate sensors) along the same axes.
		The good thing about INS is its independent and jamproof navigation data, as compared to GPS that is dependent on satellite signal, however, INS accuracy degrades with respect to time making it a major drawback.
	www.gisdevelopment.net /magazine/years/2005/apr/inertial.htm (848 words)

	ENSCO.com - GPS-Denied Inertial Navigation System Tracks In Real-Time
		ENSCO is currently developing aided inertial navigation capabilities that provide an operator with navigation in the absence of a GPS signal.
		Unlike Ranger, aided inertial systems require no external infrastructure and can be deployed quickly in situations where it is impossible or undesirable to set up additional elements.
		We have integrated an inertial navigation unit, altimeter, digital compass and advanced Kalman filtering to meet quick deployment objectives.
	www.ensco.com /technologysolutions/geolocation/inertialnavigation (151 words)

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