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Topic: Inertial navigation system

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Microsoft Corporation

	Navigation - MSN Encarta
		In inertial navigation, a set of highly sophisticated electronic instruments uses the principles of dead reckoning navigation to track a craft’s changing position and maintain its course.
		An inertial navigation system has three components: a gyroscope that responds to forces that might throw the craft off course; an accelerometer that interprets the gyroscope’s responses, and a computer that makes necessary adjustments.
		The military uses inertial navigation because the system is impossible to jam or sabotage from outside using existing military technology.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761574467_5/Navigation.html (1315 words)

	Inertial guidance system - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An inertial navigation system measures the position and altitude of a vehicle by measuring the accelerations and rotations applied to the system's inertial frame.
		Inertial guidance systems were originally developed for navigating rockets.
		This type of system is much less accurate than a higher-end INS, but is adequate for the typical automobile application where GPS is the primary navigation system, and dead reckoning is only needed to fill gaps in GPS coverage when buildings or terrain block the satellite signals.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Inertial_navigation (1864 words)

	Inertial guidance system -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		An inertial navigation system measures the position and altitude of a vehicle by measuring the (An increase in speed) accelerations and (The act of rotating as if on an axis) rotations applied to the system's (A coordinate system in which Newton's first law of motion is valid) inertial frame.
		A typical inertial navigation system uses a combination of (An instrument for measuring the acceleration of aircraft or rockets) accelerometers, and solves a large set of (An equation containing differentials of a function) differential equations to convert these readings into estimates of position and attitude, starting off from a known initial position.
		Inertial guidance systems are now usually combined with (Click link for more info and facts about satellite navigation system) satellite navigation systems through a digital filtering system.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/i/in/inertial_guidance_system.htm (2229 words)

	Inertial guidance system Summary
		An inertial guidance system consists of an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) combined with control mechanisms, allowing the path of a vehicle to be controlled according to the position determined by the inertial navigation system.
		A typical inertial navigation system uses a combination of roll, pitch and azimuth gyroscopes, to stabilize the x, y and z accelerometers to solve a large set of differential equations to convert these readings into estimates of velocities, position and attitude, starting off from a known initial position of latitude and longitude.
		This type of system is much less accurate than a higher-end INS, but is adequate for the typical automobile application where GPS is the primary navigation system, and dead reckoning is only needed to fill gaps in GPS coverage when buildings or terrain block the satellite signals.
	www.bookrags.com /Inertial_guidance_system (2610 words)

	High-Accuracy Airborne Integrated Mapping System
		The system is designed to provide orientation and position of an aerial platform, with estimated accuracy of 4-7 centimeters in position, and ~ 10 arcsec in orientation in post-mission mode.
		The system’s accuracy estimates derived from the covariance matrix were not yet validated by an independent, high‑accuracy ground truth test; the major reason for that being the limited accuracy of the aerotriangulation solution, as presented by [29].
		For example, an optimal combination of the inertial sensor with GPS allows continuous estimation of the errors in the inertial sensors and the gravity model, which can be fed back to the navigation algorithm, leading to a precise inertial navigation solution.
	www.cfm.ohio-state.edu /research/AIMS/paper1.htm (3461 words)

	Paul's Thesis Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The demand for fail safe navigation systems which can be used on large autonomous land vehicles such as those found in container terminals, agriculture, construction and in mines, has driven research and technology into the development of high integrity navigation suites.
		Integrity, in this thesis, is defined as the ability of a navigation system to provide reliable navigation information while also monitoring the health of the data and either correcting any faults that may occur or rejecting faulty data.
		This concludes this thesis by providing the foundation for the autonomous detection of faults in inertial units and furthermore the final level of integrity required for a navigation system.
	www.acfr.usyd.edu.au /publications/theses/00-sukkarieh/abstract.html (408 words)

	Inertial navigation system (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		An inertial guidance system consists of an inertial navigation system combined with control...
		The Global Positioning System and Inertial Navigation (Hardcover) by Jay A. Farrell "Throughout history, the science of navigation has played an important role for humanity..." (...
		An inertial navigation system measures the position and...
	navigation.factdigup3.info /inertial-navigation-system-r.html (239 words)

	ipedia.com: Inertial guidance system Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Inertial guidance systems were originally developed for the navigation of ICBMs.
		All inertial navigation systems suffer from integration drift, as small errors in measurement are integrated into progressively larger errors in position and velocity.
		The guidance system of the Apollo command modules used gyrostabilized platforms, feeding data to the Apollo Guidance Computer.
	www.ipedia.com /inertial_guidance_system.html (1417 words)

	FAQs, Oxford Technical Solutions
		Inertial sensors are used to measure the accelerations and the angular rates.
		For inertial navigation systems the representation of the rotation from the body-frame (e.g.
		For an inertial navigation system with a heading accuracy of 0.1 degrees, travelling at 30 m/s (108 km/h or 67 mph) the error growth is 52cm after 10 seconds or 9.4 metres after three minutes.
	www.oxts.com /default.asp?pageRef=38&category=10&faq=30 (1505 words)

	Ixsea's AUV Navigation System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		As we shall see, inertial navigation is compromised by an error that grows over time, and this is why it is difficult to keep to a heading for very long with a blindfold.
		When an inertial navigation system is immobile, the gyros measure bias values that are integrated by the calculator and the unit thinks that it is rotating, and therefore advancing across the surface of the terrestrial globe, which generates a position error.
		For example, an inertial navigation system possesses states that are available and visible as output for the user: the three position errors, the three speed errors and the three attitude errors.
	www.underwater.com /archives/arch/021.04.shtml (2805 words)

	RNAV (Area Navigation)
		The system is based upon the measurement of the time difference in the arrival of signal pulses from a group or chain of stations.
		LORAN-C system inaccuracies are mainly attributable to distance from the ground station, receiver geometry relative to ground transmitter baselines, and propagation anomalies associated with the earth's surface.
		Flight management system (FMS) is the term used to describe an integrated system that uses navigation, atmospheric and fuel flow data from several sensors to provide a centralized control system for flight planning, and flight and fuel management.
	www.allstar.fiu.edu /aero/rnav.htm (3155 words)

	System Architecture and Description
		Some systems are still able to provide a solution with less than four satellites, but the accuracy is substantially degraded, especially if partial loss of lock is quite extensive in time.
		Inertial navigation systems provide self-contained and independent means of three?dimensional positioning and orientation with potentially high short-term accuracy.
		In summary, any combination of GPS and INS functionality into a single integrated navigation system represents a fusion of dissimilar, complementary data, and should be able to provide a superior performance as opposed to either sensor in a stand-alone mode.
	www.cfm.ohio-state.edu /research/AIMS/hardware1.htm (968 words)

	Vehicles With Navigation System
		Inertial Navigation System for Mobile Land Vehicles - Lobo, Lucas, Dias, Almeida (ResearchIndex) - This paper describes a prototype of an inertial navigation system for use in mobile land vehicles, such as cars or mobile robots.
		The complete system is composed by sensors, their mechanical mount and cabling, these connect to a PC card with...
		DOE Document - Inertial navigation system for directional surveying - A Wellbore Inertial Navigation System (WINS) was developed and tested.^Developed for directional surveying of geothermal, oil, and gas wells, the system uses gyros and accelerometers to obtain survey errors of less than 10 ft (approx.
	fast-gps.com /vehicles-with-navigation-system.html (1157 words)

	Session B1, Paper #1
		The navigation system performed superbly during the entire guided duration of the mission as well as during the unguided portion of the flight until the last telemetry signal.
		While the inertial systems allow for an operational autonomy of up to one hour between consecutive position fixes, the GNSS allows to determine with high accuracy the position fixes, overcoming the problems due to the long-term drifts typical of the inertial systems and which limit they dependability when used alone.
		On its turn the inertial systems eliminate a few drawbacks connected to the use of data derived from the GNSS: therefore the symbiosis between the two systems is a winning one from the functional and operational viewpoint.
	www.ion.org /meetings/ntm2002/B1.html (2857 words)

	inertial navigation system - inertial navigation system Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		INERTIAL NAVIGATION SYSTEM SIMULATOR It is intended for investigations of main principles of construction SINS using various inertial sensors...
		Method for determining the position of reference axes in an inertial navigation system of an object in respect with the basic coordinates and...
		An inertial navigation system measures the position and attitude of a vehicle by measuring the accelerations and rotations...
	amazingsystemsreferences.info /inertial-navigation-system (855 words)

	Aided inertial navigation system
		In the navigation problem, we wish to estimate the position and velocity of the vehicle given measurements from a suite of inertial, geomagnetic, and acoustic sensors.
		In the Kalman filter approach to the state estimation problem, the characteristics of each sensor are incorporated into the filter by augmenting the system model with a model of the sensor.
		The Kalman gain is computed from the augmented system model, and the state estimate is computed from the Kalman gain as a linear combination of both model predictions and sensor measurements.
	www.mbari.org /rd/projects/2000/rov/aided.html (387 words)

	OPUS - Observability and controllability analysis for a strapdown inertial navigation system
		In the first section a short derivation of the nonlinear inertial navigation differential equations for a strapdown inertial navigation system (SINS) represented in the geocentric, earthfixed, cartesian coordinate system (CS) is given.
		In the second section we derive the linear inho-mogeneous inertial navigation differential equations by linearization and introduce the linearized system of algebraic observation equations.
		Since controllability and observability, as defined and discussed for the linearized navigation equations in the final two sections, are deterministic concepts we do not need to carry out thetransition to stochastic equations.
	elib.uni-stuttgart.de /opus/volltexte/1999/90 (145 words)

	The Global Positioning System & Inertial Navigation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Global Positioning System and Inertial Navigation is the first-ever reference to provide engineers and scientists with a detailed, top-to-bottom look at GPS and INS in a single volume.
		This in-depth text provides navigation system designers comprehensive and accurate coverage of such topics as coordinate frames and transformations, Kalman filtering techniques, navigation system performance analysis, GPS receiver ephemeris and pseudo-range processing, differential GPS, carrier phase processing, and attitude determination.
		Extensively cross-referenced to the literature on advanced navigation system design, this superb engineering reference is ideal for navigation systems designers, analysts, and project managers.
	www.globalcellularrental.com /books-plain/007022045X.html (1163 words)

	military inertial navigation system (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Reconciling the Navigational Grid with the Inertial Navigation...
		Reconciling the Navigational Grid with the Inertial Navigation System.
		The Inertial navigation system is made as a monoblock consisting of...
	www.amazinggpsinfo.com /5/military-inertial-navigation-system.html (146 words)

	[No title]
		The WAAS system was developed primarily by the Federal Aviation Administration to “provide a means for air navigation for all phase of flight in the National Airspace System (NAS) from departure, en route, arrival, and through approach” [1].
		The uplink system to the geostationary satellite is a closed loop control system that allows for the downlink signal to be used as an additional ranging source [1].
		Overview of Inertial Navigation “Inertial navigation uses gyroscopes and accelerometers to maintain an estimate of the position, velocity, attitude, and attitude rates of the vehicle in or on which the INS is carried” [1].
	webapps.calvin.edu /~pribeiro/courses/engr315/samples/GPS-Kalman.doc (6074 words)

	Inertial Navigation System
		Honeywell, the provider of the laser inertial navigation system (INS), was a typical case of a co-investing F-20 subcontractor.
		Those for navigation by ship or nuclear submarine were enormous, over a foot in diameter, and the errors would be less, for something that might spend days before getting a positional update near the surface.
		The inertial navigation system had an extra circuit board that performed the role of backup bus controller.
	www.f20a.com /f20ins.htm (1120 words)

	Training evaluation process - Patent 4442491
		In carrying out the process the aircraft's on-board INS system is employed to obtain pre-flight data on position and velocity, data on position and velocity during the engagement, and post-flight data on position and velocity.
		The process and system of the present invention is autonomous and when employed in connection with aircraft, does not require the complex real-time ground-based tracking and data acquisition systems of the prior art to follow the aircraft during flight.
		An absolute inertial knowledge of the latitude and longitude where the aircraft is parked as compared to the Inertial Navigation System's (INS) internally-computed position provides the pre and post-flight errors in each horizontal axis that the INS is currently exhibiting.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4442491.html (17627 words)

	GPS/Inertial Navigation for Precise Weapon Delivery
		By integrating the navigation and weapon delivery functions in the same computer, the two processes could be synchronized, with the weapon delivery function using the current best estimate of navigation parameters (position, velocity, and attitude as well as wind speed and direction) for accurate impact point prediction.
		The navigation error buildup during the relatively short descent of the weapon was reasonably good as long as it was initialized properly.
		Thanks to the very long distance from the navigator to each of the GPS satellites, the relative geometry of all GPS navigators in the same vicinity (such as a vehicle on the ground and an airplane flying above it) is similar.
	www.aero.org /publications/crosslink/summer2002/05.html (2843 words)

	INERTIAL NAVIGATION SYSYTEM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		In the West, navigation was at first performed exclusively by dead-reckoning, the process of estimating one's present position based on the navigators' experience with wind, tide and currents.
		Latitude was determined with a "cross staff" an instrument vaguely similar to a carpenter's angle with graduated marks on it.
		An inertial navigation system (INS) provides the position, velocity, orientation, and angular velocity of a vehicle by measuring the linear and angular accelerations applied to the system in an inertial reference frame.
	www.ug.bcc.bilkent.edu.tr /~ulusoyf (484 words)

	GPS Car Navigation
		A vehicle tracking system can also be employed to track a fleet of commercial vehicles in order to provide location information and increase dispatch efficiency.
		Inertial Navigation System -- An inertial navigation system uses 3 accelerometers and 3 gyroscopes to propagate the position at high rates.
		GPS is a system of at least 24 satellites, which transmit a signal that very accurately tells what time it is when the signal leaves the satellite.
	ccar.colorado.edu /~stauch/gpsproj.html (1891 words)

	Aided inertial navigation system for Tiburon
		Navigation error resulting from inaccuracies in acoustic sensors remains a critical limitation to the effectiveness of ROV missions, particularly at depths below 2,000 meters.
		The goal of this project is to complete the ongoing development and integration of an aided inertial navigation system for the ROV Tiburon.
		The system will utilize existing inertial and acoustic sensors onboard Tiburon to provide an optimal estimate of the vehicle's location.
	www.mbari.org /rd/projects/1999/navigation_system_Tiburon.html (110 words)

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