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	Inerting system - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An inerting system is a device that attempts to increase the safety of a fuel tank, ball mill, or other sealed or closed-in tank that contains highly flammable material, by pumping nitrogen, steam, carbon dioxide, or some other inert gas or vapor into its air space in order to displace oxygen.
		Inerting systems have been used in many military aircraft, starting with a 1950 version of the B-47 bomber jet which sublimated dry ice to produce gaseous carbon dioxide and pump it into the fuel tanks whenever the fuel pumps were active or whenever in-flight refueling was in process.
		Research intensified on lightweight inerting systems for commercial jet aircraft after the explosion of TWA Flight 800, which was blamed on an explosion in the center wing fuel tank.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Inerting_system (485 words)

	Foster Wheeler Power Parts: Steam Inerting System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Inerting - The inerting process is to introduce a vapor medium (steam, nitrogen or carbon dioxide) into the space to be protected thereby lowering the oxygen concentration to prevent an explosion.
		The use of the inerting system is intended for out-of-service equipment and would not be effective even at the minimum airflow through the pulverizer.
		In line with inerting Foster Wheeler offers a steam inerting system which is skid mounted (one skid per ball mill).
	www.fwc.com /pow_services/parts/ballmills/steam_inerting_system.cfm (302 words)

	EPA: Federal Register: Fuel Tank Ignition Prevention Measures
		The systems were intended to reduce the likelihood of a fuel tank explosion due to a fuel tank penetration by hostile enemy fire.
		These systems are intended to provide protection against fuel tank ignition from external sources, hostile enemy fire in the case of the military aircraft, and lightning in the case of the chemical agent explosion suppression systems installed on civil transports.
		The fuel system must be designed and arranged to prevent the ignition of fuel vapor within the system by (a) direct lightning strikes to areas having a high probability of stroke attachment; (b) swept lightning strikes to areas where swept strokes are highly probable; and (c) corona and streamering at fuel vent outlets.
	www.epa.gov /docs/fedrgstr/EPA-GENERAL/1997/April/Day-03/g8495.htm (8408 words)

	EUROPA - Enterprise & Industry - ATEX - Guidelines on the application of Directive 94/9/EC
		Inerting systems are aimed at reducing or completely preventing the existence of an explosive atmosphere in specific areas.
		Inerting systems are not, however, intended to stop or restrain incipient explosions, hence they are not protective systems within the meaning of Directive 94/9/EC.
		An inerting system may (in part) also consist of parts which are intended for use within an explosive atmosphere and which have a potential ignition source of their own.
	europa.eu.int /comm/enterprise/atex/guide/chapfour.htm (5191 words)

	ATS 100L Axial Tinning System
		The system is comprised of a central processing module and may be equipped with several input and output handling options.
		The system uses two non-contact heaters, which uniformly heat the walls of the pot, thereby minimizing the danger of an eruption during the warm-up phase.
		Inerting System: Each solder pot is equipped with an inert gas enclosure around the solder wave, with stainless steel gas diffusers that provide a non-turbulent protective gas cover over the wave.
	www.corfinautomation.com /Product_ats1001.htm (2368 words)

	Air Safety Week: Campaign Continues To Prevent Fuel Tank Explosions
		The FAA system won't be test flown until this summer and does not provide sufficient nitrogen enriched air to inert all tanks (center tank plus wing tanks), or to inert them during descent, the most demanding phase for an inerting system.
		The FAA inerting system program is an outgrowth of the view expressed in two rulemaking advisory committees convened since the fatal 1996 explosion of the center wing tank on TWA Flight 800.
		The system now in development by the FAA is based on the same membrane technology featured in Boeing's 1983 patent, although it has been stripped of a storage bottle and other features (such as dry bay protection) to save weight, with a concomitant reduction in capability and protection.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0UBT/is_13_17/ai_99404821 (1309 words)

	Fact Sheets
		An inerting system replaces the oxygen in the fuel tank with an inert gas such as nitrogen, preventing the potential ignition of fuel vapor.
		On high-speed airplanes such as the XB-70, an inerting system was used to prevent ignition of the fuel due to the heating effects of supersonic speeds.
		Although fuel tank inerting systems are very promising, government and industry are still in the still in the development and test phase.
	www.faa.gov /newsroom/factsheets/2003/factsheets_030729.htm (909 words)

	Aviation Today - Top Story
		The system of canisters, containing membranes to separate oxygen and produce "nitrogen enriched" air to inert the empty space in fuel tanks, was a stripped-down version of a system Boeing had patented in 1983 but never deployed in commercial airliners.
		Boeing engineers envisioned a dual-use system in which the inerting gas for the fuel tanks also could be employed as a fire extinguishing gas, diverted through an arrangement of valves to protect dry bays, wheel wells and engine nacelles.
		Moreover, the IFE systems involve a whole panoply of electrical and wiring systems that impose new maintenance and trouble-shooting burdens, reflecting similar concerns that were raised by industry officials in numerous post-TWA 800 debates over the viability of inerting systems.
	www.aviationtoday.com /sia/20030201.htm (1273 words)

	Air Safety Week: Flight Tests of Fuel Tank Safety System a Mixed Success
		Such is exactly the case with recent trials of a fuel tank inerting system that Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) officials have hailed as "closing the door" on the risk of fuel tank explosions.
		The inerting system installed in the A320 was tested in two modes, the low-flow and the high-flow rates.
		In the low-flow mode, the system achieved a 15 percent oxygen concentration in the tank during the descent phase of flight - which is considered the most demanding period for an inerting system.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0UBT/is_28_18/ai_n6268082 (1351 words)

	Boeing to fly tank inerting system-15/07/2003-Flight International (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The system is aimed at reducing the risk of fuel tank explosions like those suspected as the cause of the Trans World Airlines 747-100 crash in 1996 (TWA 800) and the destruction of a Thai Airways Inter-national 737-400 in Bangkok in 2001.
		Boeing says a system is planned for the 7E7 and design work has already started on an inerting system for the 737 family and is being planned for the 757, 767 and 777.
		Tank inerting became an FAA objective after the TWA 800 investigation concluded in 2000 that the probable cause was a centre wing tank explosion.
	www.flightinternational.com /FALANDING_168780.htm (543 words)

	Safety standards for marine vapor control
		Inerted means the oxygen content of the vapor space in a barge's cargo tank is reduced to 8% or less by volume in accordance with the inert gas requirements of 46 CFR 32.53.
		A VCS which uses an inerting, enriching, or diluting system must be equipped with a gas injection and mixing arrangement located as close as practicable but not more than 10 meters (32.8 feet) from the facility vapor connection that ensures complete mixing of the gases within 20 pipe diameters of the injection point.
		The purge must be inert gas, air or enriching gas, and must be adequate to reduce the level of residual vapor to a level where reaction with the subsequent vapor cannot occur.
	www.purgit.com /navic1_96.html (10325 words)

	PharmX Options
		Nitrogen inerting systems with optional in-line oxygen analyzers can be provided for inerting the mixer when working with explosive compounds.
		The drying system permits granulating and drying in one vessel for processing high potency or solvent granulations.
		A Granumill wet milling system can be mounted on the base of the mixer for wet milling the material as it comes out of the discharge of the mixer.
	www.fluidairinc.com /Products_files/High_Shear_Mixing_Files/hsg_pharmx_Options.htm (345 words)

	Thai 737 News Reports
		Such inerting systems are in use with the major air forces around the world.
		Inert gases are non-flammable gases that prevent fuel vapors from exploding.
		Plans to test an onboard inerting system are scheduled for next spring on the same ground test article to gauge the practicality of using onboard systems for fuel tank protection in the commercial transport fleet.
	www.b737.org.uk /thai737news.htm (6200 words)

	Fuel Inerting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		As a recognized industry leader in fuel and pneumatic systems, components, and controls, Parker believes that our system integration approach to fuel tank inerting is advantageous for several key reasons.
		Because we’ve spent more than 40 years developing fuel, pneumatic, and inerting system solutions, we have a technology database of existing components and proven processes that can be easily adapted for specific aircraft, size, and weight requirements.
		Innovative advancement of fuel tank inerting technology requires a fuel and pneumatic systems expert who understands all aspects of the inerting system — an expert with the talent, resources, and infrastructure to develop answers to the questions that have yet to be formed.
	www.parker.com /ead/cm2.asp?cmid=3621 (301 words)

	Containment
		Milling systems throw up all of these problems, particularly at the system endpoints ie the material in-feed and discharge points and also at the mill air/gas intake and exhaust vent.
		However, systems of this kind come at a cost and there is the need to protect operatives against hazards such as asphyxiation and ‘cryo burns’ if the gas is generated from its liquid state.
		Systems are available for use with IBCs, drums, bins, tanks and miscellaneous containers in 100, 200 and 250mm diameters.
	www.powdereporter.co.uk /contain3.htm (1398 words)

	Creare Engineering Services – Onboard Air Separation
		On aircraft, nitrogen is used for fuel tank inerting, and oxygen for emergency breathing, aeromedical use, and special operations missions requiring oxygen pre-breathing.
		Small, lightweight oxygen and nitrogen generating systems for a variety of applications are also needed for mobile hospitals, home oxygen therapy, and remote equipment servicing uses.
		The systems produce liquid oxygen and liquid nitrogen for storage and gaseous nitrogen for distribution directly to the aircraft fuel tanks.
	www.creare.com /services/cryo/airsep.html (464 words)

	33 CFR 154.824 Inerting, enriching, and diluting systems
		(a) A vapor control system which uses inerting, enriching, or diluting gas must be capable of inerting, enriching, or diluting the vapor collection line prior to receiving cargo vapor.
		(d) A vapor control system that uses analyzers to control the amount of inerting, enriching, or diluting gas injected into the vapor collection line must be equipped with at least 2 analyzers.
		(e) A vapor control system that uses volumetric measurements to control the amount of inerting, enriching, or diluting gas injected into the vapor collection line must be equipped with at least one analyzer to activate the alarms and automatic shutdown systems required by this section.
	www.purgit.com /uscgregs/824.html (892 words)

	NTSB - Most Wanted (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In May 2002, in contrast to the ARAC’s reports, the FAA developed a prototype inerting system that required no moving parts, weighed less than 200 pounds, and could be retrofitted into existing airplanes at a fraction of the industry-estimated cost.
		The system has been flight tested by the FAA, Boeing, and Airbus, and the results indicate that fuel tank inerting is practical and effective.
		Boeing is making a flammability reduction system a basic feature in the design of the new 7E7 Dreamliner aircraft, and is working with the FAA to require retrofit of this system in certain fuel tanks on other transport category aircraft that it manufactures.
	www.ntsb.gov /Recs/mostwanted/explosive_tanks.htm (1116 words)

	EDL
		Feb 17, 2004 The FAA announced that it is considering issuing a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPR) requiring a fuel tank inerting system to be installed on existing aircraft with center wing tank flammability hazards.
		Feb 15, 2005 The FAA issued the special conditions for the certification of the flammability reduction means (FRM) or fuel tank inerting system proposed by Boeing for the 747 family of aircraft.
		This system will use hollow fiber membranes to generate "nitrogen enhanced air" to fill the vapor space of the center fuel tank in order to reduce the O2 concentration below 12% for a sufficient duration of the flight that the center fuel is not flammable for greater than 3% of the fleet operational time.
	www.galcit.caltech.edu /EDL/projects/JetA/background.html (807 words)

	Subject Listing for Aircraft manufacturing, production and maintenance - civilian aircraft (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The system was mounted on a Boeing 747, operated by NASA, and used to inert the aircraft CWT during testing.
		The inerting system, CWT, and the number 2 main wing tanks were instrumented to analyze the system performance, fuel tank inerting, and flammability.
		Tests showed that the most efficient method of inerting the tank was to deposit all the nitrogen-enriched air in a single location, allowing for a lightweight, easily installed deposit system for an operational aircraft.
	aerade.cranfield.ac.uk /subject-listing/mpm1.html (16689 words)

	pr-5-22-01
		What is most remarkable about this abdication of responsibility is that statistical analysis of the risk was done by none other than the guys who certificated the airplanes' fuel systems as safe and who claimed that an explosion from such causes was impossible.
		Equally frightening is that in 1972, a test program funded by us taxpayers demonstrated that in a DC-9 aircraft fitted with a nitrogen inerting system, fuel system fires and explosions would be made impossible with such a system installed.
		The system was found to work effectively and efficiently, yet nothing came of it to save the lives of over 230 innocent people in 1996 some 24 years later.
	www.twa800.com /news/pr-5-22-01.htm (354 words)

	Subject Listing for Aircraft design - civilian aircraft (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The system was mounted in the cargo bay of an A320 operated by Airbus for the purposes of research and development and used to inert the aircraft center wing fuel tank during testing.
		The system and center wing fuel tank were instrumented to allow for the analysis of the system performance and inerting capability.
		The results of the tests indicated that the concept of the simplified inerting system is valid and that the air separation module dynamic characteristics were as expected.
	aerade.cranfield.ac.uk /ROADS/subject-listing/design1.html (11297 words)

	Aviation Daily STORY
		Boeing completed tests of its nitrogen generation system (NGS), designed to prevent center fuel wing tank explosions on a 737-700, and the company hopes to take results from the latest tests to refine designs for the 747 system.
		Boeing used the 737 tests to examine the NGS performance in flight and on the ground, to collect data for certification, validate its flammability model and evaluate the system's in-tank distribution in the narrowbody.
		Boeing is targeting certification for the 747 NGS in the fourth quarter of 2005, followed by 737 and 777 systems in the first quarter of 2006.
	www.aviationnow.com /avnow/news/channel_aviationdaily_story.jsp?id=news/fin03224.xml (267 words)

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