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	George, Protection or Free Trade, Chapter 10: Library of Economics and Liberty
		They have scouted the idea of attempting to encourage all industry, and declared the encouragement of industries not adapted to a country, or already established, or for a time longer than necessary for their establishment, to be waste and robbery.
		On the whole, the ability of any industry to establish and sustain itself in a free field is the measure of its public utility, and that "struggle for existence" which drives out unprofitable industries is the best means of determining what industries are needed under existing conditions and what are not.
		Since these industries that cannot be protected constitute by far the larger part of the industries of every country, the utmost that by a protective tariff can be attempted is the encouragement of only a few of the total industries of a country.
	www.econlib.org /LIBRARY/YPDBooks/George/grgPFT10.html (2275 words)

	EH.Net Encyclopedia: The Economic History of Malaysia
		Industrializing countries required ever-larger supplies of raw materials as well as foodstuffs for their growing populations.
		A distinctive feature of the industry was that the technology of extracting the rubber latex from the trees (called tapping) by an incision with a special knife, and its manufacture into various grades of sheet known as raw or plantation rubber, was easily adopted by a wide range of producers.
		Drabble, J.H. Rubber in Malaya 1876-1922: The Genesis of the Industry.
	www.eh.net /encyclopedia/?article=drabble.malaysia (6459 words)

	PROTECTION - Online Information article about PROTECTION
		In both cases the high protective system was associated with the development of nationality, of industry, of capitalism, and of a financial system which favoured the growth of certain elements of the protective policy.
		Industry and commerce began to thrive as never before, largely because of the absolute free trade which the Constitution had secured among the states of the Union.
		It stood or industrial and commercial, as well as political, independence of other countries, and thus satisfied the longing for national unity and independence of a people which had suffered for centuries from disunion and dependence.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /PRE_PYR/PROTECTION.html (3559 words)

	Infant Industries getting SACU protection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The envisaged broiler industry in Namibia which is yet to come off the ground has been given a protection period of 8 years under the Infant Industry Protection of the Southern African Customs Union (SACU).
		An infant industry is a sector or sub-sector of companies that could be competitive if they were allowed time and protection to build their share of the market.
		The main significance of infant industry protection for Namibia is the fact that it not only increases our manufacturing base therefore our capacity to keep foreign exchange within the country but at the same time decreases our dependence on the South African market and creates valuable employment opportunities for our people," the report concluded.
	www.economist.com.na /2002/8feb/02-08-10.htm (353 words)

	The Corner House - Codes in Context
		Infant formula is still widely advertised through the media while free supplies to maternity wards are on the increase in some countries.
		Infant food companies are also reported to have told governments in Central and Eastern Europe that adoption of legislation based on the Code in its entirety would prejudice their future membership of the European Union.
		The infant food industry claims that citizen action groups, such as the International Baby Food Action Network which monitors corporate compliance with the International Code, are "usurping the sovereignty of national governments", a claim which is increasingly levelled at civil society organisations in general.
	www.thecornerhouse.org.uk /item.shtml?x=51978 (12941 words)

	The Infant Industry Argument and Dynamic Comparative Advantage
		One counter-argument to this theory is that by protecting infant industries, countries are not allocating resources in the short-run on the basis of comparative advantage.
		Industrialization and GDP growth then is stimulated by the initial protection of domestic industries.
		Thus in order for infant industry protection to work it is important to set the tariff for the correct industries, at the correct level, and for the correct period of time.
	internationalecon.com /v1.0/ch100/100c050.html (3131 words)

	AskMe: Should government protect local industry? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		It's called the "infant industry" argument -- when an industry in its in infancy, the argument goes, it needs government protection to get started or it will be swallowed up by international competition.
		Infant industry protection does make sense if there are international competitors and you want the industry in your country.
		They couch their request as an "infant industry" protection, but what's really going on is a guy wants to have a protected monopoly on producing local cars so he can make a personal fortune.
	www.issues2000.org /askme/infant.htm (420 words)

	Economics Interactive (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Industrial espionage is the act of attempting to discover the trade secrets of a rival firm, and is performed for commercial reasons to gain some sort of competitive advantage.
		An industrial union is a labor organization that represents all the workers in an industry such as mining or automobile assembly workers, in contrast to craft unions, which represent workers with very specific skills and crafts, such as electricians, plumbers, or printers.
		The Congress of Industrial Organizations was a confederacy of industrial unions before it merged, in 1955, with the American Federation of Labor, which comprised a broad spectrum of craft unions.
	www.unc.edu /depts/econ/byrns_web/Economicae/EconomicaeI.htm (4013 words)

	Tricks of the Infant Food Industry
		The baby food industry (which includes the production of bottles and nipples) is an eight-billion-dollar a year industry with an enormous profit margin and vicious intercompany competition.
		The infant food companies have special contacts in nutrition and child health divisions of various governments who are their advocates and look after their name and interests.
		It should be noted that the infant food industry meetings never include doctors not in their employ unless the purpose of the meeting is to gain health profession support of their point of view.
	www.westonaprice.org /children/tricks.html (4189 words)

	International Economics: Infant Industry Protection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The argument is this: new industries, often in the manufacturing sector, are unable to survive in the global market because of competition from established firms--often based in developed countries--in a particular industry.
		There are instances when the infact industry argument is "theoretically valid", but these instances are very specific, and it is often the case that it is used to justify protectionism when the industry in question is not in fact an infant one.
		Measuring the Performance of a Protected Infant Industry: The Case of Brazilian Microcoputers" estimates the welfare implications of its attempt at creating a computer industry, and concludes that there was a net decrease in welfare as a result of the protection.
	john.mcadams.com /intlecon/infantindustry.html (895 words)

	Mises Economics Blog: The Infant Industry Argument
		Those industries may be reborn in the nations they were destroyed in (or bought out) but they will only survive if (A) continues free trade or under protectionist policies from their own government.
		The only industries which are flourishing in the shadows are the ones which have been banished there by legal persecution, such as marijuana cultivation.
		He favored infant industry protection, protecting “necessary” industry (such as defense-related industries), equalizing tariffs with new taxes on domestic goods, and retaliation against foreign producers who insist on tariff and non-tariff barriers to exports.
	blog.mises.org /blog/archives/002908.asp (5750 words)

	Institute of Economic Affairs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The proposition by a government that an industry should be protected on infant-industry grounds implies that the government has good grounds for believing that the industryÂ’s costs will fall fast enough to make the initial restrictions on imports socially worthwhile.
		Viewed as arguments for protecting the industry against imports, however, all of them have the same weakness: as soon as the reconciling circumstances are set out, it becomes clear that restrictions on imports are not the best way of dealing with them.
		The first possibility is that the industry is subject to economies of scale that are external to the firm -- that is, that the costs of firms in the industry depend upon the output of the industry as well as on their own output.
	www.iea.org.uk /record.jsp?type=article&ID=31 (7075 words)

	Infant-Industry Theory
		Proponents of the infant-industry theory argue that governments should use tariffs, quotas and duty taxes to keep international competitors from ruining the domestic infant industry.
		Industry Handbook - In this feature, we take an in-depth look at the various techniques that determine the value and investment quality of companies from an industry perspective.
		The Stages Of Industry Growth - Look at the big picture when choosing a company - what you see may really be a stage in its industry's growth.
	baystreet.investopedia.com /terms/i/infantindustry.asp (115 words)

	Chapter 9 Arguments for and against Protection
		The infant industry argument leads to another application of the specificity rule, as well as raising a set of other interesting issues.
		If the industry will create external benefits, such as training workers or new technologies, then the best government policy acts directly on the source of the external benefits (for instance, subsidies to training, or subsidies to research and development).
		The infant industry argument states that a country can benefit by shielding an industry (the infant) that is currently uncompetitive against foreign rivals, if that industry can lower its costs over time and become competitive in the future.
	www.wright.edu /~tran.dung/Chapter9_Pugel.htm (2999 words)

	The Corner House - Engineering of Consent
		Many people or groups which accept industry funds or enter into industry-initiated 'dialogues' believe that they will not be used for a company's political purposes, as long as they maintain their integrity.
		Given the way in which the industry has used UN agencies to enhance its image and given its interpretation of 'appropriate' marketing practices, UNICEF and WHO have limited their interaction with the baby food industry.
		Nestlé markets infant formula in conformity with the principles and the aim of the WHO International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes, and seeks dialogue and cooperation with the international community and in particular with WHO and UNICEF, to identify problems and their solutions".
	www.thecornerhouse.org.uk /item.shtml?x=51961 (9436 words)

	Unknown News
		But she said Ross executives were concerned that claims made in the government's campaign were not based on solid science.
		Federal officials have softened a national advertising campaign to promote breastfeeding after complaints from two companies that make infant formula, according to several doctors and nurses who are helping the government with the effort.
		She said that government officials still planned to say in the ads that infants who are not breastfed face a higher risk of developing obesity and ear infections, but they have removed all specific statistics on the estimated level of risk.
	www.unknownnews.net /031223breastfeeding.html (1181 words)

	AEH: EUR.TRADE:Lessons on Tariff History from the European Periphery,
		Commercial strategies, as one of the main institutional interventions in industrial and market structures during the late 19th century, should be a major research priority to understand the different growth performance of the European periphery in those years.
		This work develops a test on the infant industry argument for Spain and Italy which aims at measuring the dynamic effects produced by protection on both economies.
		This conclusion, along with other evidence, supports the hypothesis that the slowness of Spanish industrial growth may have resulted from its difficulty with identifying its comparative advantages in the manufacture sector, rather than a failure of domestic demand.
	eh.net /pipermail/abstracts/2000-September/000627.html (485 words)

	Infant Formula Industry - unethical marketing of breastmilk substitutes
		All this while the superior substance that provides optimal growth of body and brain, that protects the baby from disease and allergy, that reduces the chances that the child will be abused, that furthermore protects the mother from cancer and osteoporosis is practically for free.
		But it is much worse in the third world, where WHO and UNICEF estimate that one to one and a half million babies die every year because they were not breastfed.
		Somehow, the baby food industry has duped us into believing that the same is not true for human babies.
	www.wearsthebaby.com /formulaindustry.html (652 words)

	Infant formula industry misinformation
		The CPS statement(1) Meeting the Iron needs of infants and young children: an update is heavily quoted in infant formula promotions.
		Not a mention is made that the statement applies only to a very small number of infants who need to be fed artificially nor the fact that high intakes of iron by newborns remains controversial as safety and side effects remain largely unknown.
		Of concern is that with increased targeting of expectant women and new parents, most of the nutrition "education" reaching new parents comes from the infant food industry, particularly in low income sectors where attendance at prenatal classes is traditionally low and where the consequences of expensive and low quality nutrition is ill affordable.
	www.infactcanada.ca /misinfo.htm (500 words)

	The infant-industry argument (from international trade) -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Advocates of protection often argue that new and growing industries, particularly in less-developed countries, need to be shielded from foreign competition.
		They contend that costs decline with growth and that some industries must reach a minimum size before they are able to compete with well-established industries abroad.
		Industry produces all the goods and services required by society and distributes them to consumers.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=61705 (963 words)

	growth of computer hardware in india
		Size, age and firm growth in an infant industry: The computer hardware industry in India Das, Sanghamitra...
		Size, age and firm growth in an infant industry: The computer hardware industry in India...
		The growth of computer industry in India has led to the growth of software industry, the hardware industry and the internet in India.
	1-for-elec.com /60/growth-of-computer-hardware-in-india.html (250 words)

	[No title]
		This class consists of units mainly engaged in manufacturing foundation garments, underwear, sleepwear or infants' clothing from purchased or transferred in materials.
		The Industry C2243 - Sleepwear, Underwear and Infant Clothing Manufacturing in Australia ranks 463 out of 496 by industry turnover and its life cycle is in a growth phase, which means that the industry is generally growing at faster than the economy.
		MarketResearch.com has partnered with industry leaders to protect the privacy of your personal information by using a variety of security technologies and procedures to prevent unauthorized access, use, or disclosure.
	www.marketresearch.com /land/product.asp?productid=979624&progid=3602 (290 words)

	EconPapers: Warranted Skepticism: A Dynamic Model of Infant Industry Protection
		If an industry is to be protected until its good is competitive in the world market, its success is as likely as its failure, explaining the unreliability of protection programs in practice.
		For the industry's growth to be an equilibrium, protection can be removed before the industry achieves international competitiveness.
		For the industry's growth to be the unique equilibrium, protection has to continue even after international competitiveness.
	econpapers.hhs.se /paper/ecmwc2000/1668.htm (239 words)

	Ted Greiner's Breastfeeding Website
		This was considered by doctors to be "physically unhealthy for the infant and economically harmful to the physician" (1).
		Some countries such as Sri Lanka subsidize infant formula, others such as the USA provide it at no cost to poorer people, and for decades some countries in Latin America have provided other milk powders to all mothers of young infants--some seem to consider it almost to be a human right.
		Effects of age of introduction of complementary foods on infant breast milk intake, total energy intake and growth: a randomized intervention study in Honduras.
	www.geocities.com /HotSprings/Spa/3156/code.htm (2412 words)

	INDUSTRIALISATION IN MALAYSIA: IMPORT SUBSTITUTION AND INFANT INDUSTRY PERFORMANCE. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		This apparent failure of the IS part of industrialisation strategy in Malaysia called for a study to assess the performance of 'infant industries'.
		There are numerous studies which dealt with this issue, but none have tackled the primary element in the assessment of IS strategy, that is the examination of the dynamic performance of infant industries.
		The result shows that highly protected industries in Malaysia had a mixed performance, which implies that protection does not necessarily suppress the performance of industries as many claim.
	mgv.mim.edu.my /books/bookpref/11603.htm (654 words)

	Infant food industry's practices in the US and Canada !!! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Voted at the 1981 WHA (with only the USA voting against it), the code was designed to foster breastfeeding and end misuse of infant formula that still, according to WHO and UNICEF calculations, results in some 1.5 million infant deaths per year.
		Elisabeth Sterken of Canada's Infant Feeding Action Coalition is author of the second of the two reports criticising North American breastfeeding policies.
		It was feared that without specific clarifications the resolution as worded could lead to conflicts of interest between public health ministries and industry in the course of the strategy's implementation.
	www.curezone.com /art/read.asp?ID=59&db=6&C0=808 (699 words)

	Infant-Industry Protection Reconsidered: The Case ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In industries with imperfect consumer information, the lack of a reputation puts latecomers at a competitive disadvantage vis-a-vis established firms.
		The authors consider whether the existence of such informational barriers to entry provides a valid reason for temporarily protecting infant producers of experience goods and services.
		Their model incorporates both moral hazard in an individual firm's choice of quality and adverse selection among potential entrants into the industry.
	db.socionet.nw.ru /RuPEc/xml/tpr/article-qjecon/tprqjeconv:103:y:1988:i:4:p:767-87.xml (102 words)

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