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Topic: Infanticide

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Female infanticide

Infanticide Act

Early infanticidal childrearing

Child murder

Child abandonment

Child sexuality

Population control

Eduard Verhagen

Infant mortality

Manslaughter

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SIDS

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Infant

	Infanticide - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In sociology and biology, infanticide is the practice of intentionally causing the death of an infant of a given species, by members of the same species.
		Infanticide was common in all well-studied ancient cultures, including those of ancient Greece, Rome, India, China, and Japan.
		Joseph Fletcher, founder of situational ethics and a euthanasia proponent, proposed that infanticide be permitted in cases of severe birth defects.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Infanticide (1219 words)

	INFANTICIDE - LoveToKnow Article on INFANTICIDE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In many lands infanticide was regarded as a meritorious act on the part of a parent, done, as a precaution against famine, in the interests of the tribe.
		Infanticide was also practised to a small extent by some sects of the aboriginal Khonds and by the poorer hill-tribes of the Himalayas.
		Infanticide from motives of prudence was common among some American Indian tribes of the northwest, with whom the potlatch was an essential part of their daughters marriage ceremonies.
	65.1911encyclopedia.org /I/IN/INFANTICIDE.htm (2817 words)

	Infanticide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In contrast, where infanticide is used as a substantive offence, it is not clear whether the prosecution is required to prove any specific intent on the part of the accused in causing the victim's death, such as an intention to kill.
		In contrast, where infanticide is raised by the accused as a defence to murder, the legislation does not specify whether it is the prosecution who must disprove, or the accused who must prove, that the defence of infanticide is established.
		If this view is accepted, then the offence/defence of infanticide is unnecessary for the purpose of reducing culpability from murder in cases where a woman's responsibility for killing her child is impaired by reason of a disturbed mental state.
	www.fathers.ca /infanticide1.htm (7838 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Infanticide
		In India infanticide continued to be practised until far into the nineteenth century, notwithstanding the efforts of the British Government to put an end to it.
		Infanticide has been quite common in European countries during the nineteenth century for two sordid reasons: one was the neglect of infants in the process of what was known as baby-farming, the other was the desire to obtain insurance money.
		The unfortunate woman who has had recourse to the drug then imagines that she has committed infanticide, and in intention she has; but the actual event has not been the result of the drug, unless that drug was one of the poisonous kind known as "abortifacients" and abortion took place in the convulsion which followed.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/08001b.htm (1034 words)

	History of Infanticide
		Infanticide has been practiced on every continent and by people on every level of cultural complexity, from hunters and gatherers to high civilization, including our own ancestors.
		The major difference between the nature of infanticide in the twentieth century, when compared to the rest of recorded history, however, is due to the impact of one modern medical advancement: the widespread availability of safe, and legal, means of abortion.
		And just as infanticide was described as a crime that was committed by the mother in medieval times, such a likelihood remains true today.
	www.infanticide.org /history.htm (1734 words)

	infanticide
		Infanticide may also be practised on deformed or sick infants or for religious or ritual purposes; in some African societies twin births are thought to be supernatural and the twins are left to die.
		Infanticide became a volatile issue during the Victorian era and was written about by authors such as Charles Dickens, George Eliot, and Matthew Arnold.
		Reports by missionaries and colonial administrators of extremely high rates of infanticide, particularly in India and China, were treated with outrage, however, and were used to justify British imperialism.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0012028.html (646 words)

	Gendercide Watch: Female Infanticide
		In all cases, specifically female infanticide reflects the low status accorded to women in most parts of the world; it is arguably the most brutal and destructive manifestation of the anti-female bias that pervades "patriarchal" societies.
		Since the first allegations of widespread female infanticide in China connected to the government's "one-child" policy, controversy has raged over the number of deaths that can be ascribed to infanticide as opposed to other causes.
		The laws that punish people who commit infanticide, abandonment, and neglect of female children, and the laws and regulations on the protection of women and children[,] should be strictly enforced.
	www.gendercide.org /case_infanticide.html (3217 words)

	Male infanticide - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Male infanticide, a form of sex-selective infanticide, is the systematic killing of boys at or soon after birth.
		Although it is much less common than female infanticide, due to the fact that many cultures who practiced infanticide placed a higher value on male infants than females.
		It is the male counterpart of female infanticide.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Male_infanticide (121 words)

	Infanticide in Norway rats (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		To keep from accidentally killing his own young, infanticide toward all infants is reduced in males from 18-50 days after copulation, a time that roughly corresponds to the period from birth to weaning of their own offspring.
		Lastly, infanticide may be neutral or maladaptive (pathological) and may be the product of selection for another type of behavior like aggression, or may be an accident, or may be the result of disturbances in the physical or social environment (see Ebensperger 1998 for review).
		Infanticide of malformed pups: Females who give birth to deformed young are more likely to consume the deformed offspring than their healthy siblings (called culling), and are more likely to eat already dead young (whether deformed or healthy) than live ones (Reynolds 1981).
	www.ratbehavior.org /infanticide.htm (4422 words)

	Infanticide or "Post-natal Abortion" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		With regard to the public, [infanticide] causes no alarm, because it is a crime which can be committed only by mothers upon their newly born children.
		Infanticide, a word that became part of our language in about 1656, a crime that is reported in the New Testament, although it is not called infanticide there – in that case it involved the murder of all male children aged one year or younger in the town of Bethlehem.
		In 1938, Britain revised its infanticide statute, extending the age of victims from "newly born" to "under the age of 12 months." To justify this extension, the revised statute cited "the effect of lactation" on a woman's mind.
	www.fathersforlife.org /fv/infantcd.htm (1797 words)

	True Crimes: Infanticide
		How to ignore an attempted infanticide -After twin newborn girls were found dead in the pit of an outhouse October 9, 1994, Princeton RCMP launched a homicide investigation that continues today.
		Infanticide Child-murder - According to the French Criminal Code the word is limited to the murder of the newborn infant.
		Female infanticide reflects the low status accorded to women in the world; it is the most brutal and destructive manifestation of the anti-female bias that pervades "patriarchal" societies.
	www.karisable.com /crinfant.htm (2330 words)

	infanticide. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Infanticide often occurs among peoples whose food supply is insecure (e.g., the Chinese and the Eskimo).
		Christianity, like Islam and Judaism, condemns infanticide as murder, and in all countries the act is a crime.
		If infanticide served as a means of limiting family size, as many anthropologists believe, then the introduction of contraceptives, abortion, and other methods of population control may have rendered it obsolete.
	www.bartleby.com /65/in/infantic.html (236 words)

	Infanticide in Primates
		Infanticide is due to high population densities, and is an aberrant and dysfunctional behavior.
		In most cases of infanticide, you just assume it happened, but you don't know for sure- a new male comes in and begins chasing the mom with baby- they disappear and when you come back the next day, the baby is gone, so you assume infanticide.
		In 22 of 23 cases, the infanticidal male was not the probable father because: he was not in the group at the time the infant victim was born; he was sexually immature; or he was of low rank and probably did not father in the infant.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~phyl/anthro/infant.html (1691 words)

	Rh057: Female Infanticide: Philosophy, Perspective and concern of SIRD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Violence is a state, of exploitation, discrimination, upholding of unequal economic and social structures, the creation of an atmosphere of terror, threat or reprisal and forms of religio-cultural and political violence [1] It can be perpetrated by those in power against the powerless or by the powerless in retaliation against coercion by others.
		As the heinous practice of infanticide is widely prevalent among the Kallar community, it is necessary to understand the community from a historical perspective.
		While the table shows that there is a connection between the female infanticide and the institution of dowry or marriage payments, it also reveals that all the respondents who indulged in infanticide and foeticide were not necessarily the victims of dowry harassment.
	www.hsph.harvard.edu /Organizations/healthnet/SAsia/suchana/0909/rh057.html (4328 words)

	Christian CADRE--Infanticide
		Infanticide was practiced by rich and poor, Romans and Greeks, citizens and slaves.
		Even so, Christians worked against infanticide by prohibiting its members from practicing it, voicing their moral view on infanticide to the pagan world, and by providing for the relief of the poor and actually taking in and supporting babies which had been left to die by exposure by their pagan parents.
		Although the church, with the assistance of the government, was working to address many of the causes of infanticide, it continued to pressure Rome for a ban on infanticide.
	www.christiancadre.org /member_contrib/cp_infanticide.html (1567 words)

	Infanticide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		This practice runs contrary to the recommendation made in one case that infanticide be used as a substantive offence where this is appropriate in light of the evidence of the particular case: see R v Hutty [1953] VLR 338.
		For example, it has been argued that some women convicted of infanticide would not be able to meet the definition of "mental disorder" in the Mental Health Act 1983 (UK) s 1 (or similarly, in its predecessor, the now repealed s 4, Mental Health Act 1959 (UK)).
		See K Laster, "Infanticide and Feminist Criminology: 'Strong' or 'Weak' Women?" (1990) 2 Criminology Australia 14 at 15 and 18; A Wilczynski, "A Socio-Legal Study of Parents Who Kill Their Children in England and Wales" (Dissertation submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Criminology, University of Cambridge, 1993) at 208-209.
	www.fathers.ca /infanticide.htm (8247 words)

	Vedic Obliteration of Girls : Origins of Female Infanticide in India. Women in Indo-Aryan Societies, Chapter 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Infanticide was one such method which helped preserve Brahminist power, and the population was hence brainwashed with the `holy' Vedas, which prescribe this beastly practice.
		Female infanticide rotted away at the very roots of the non-Brahmin races, many of which disappeared from the face of the Earth.
		This is amply demonstrated in Rajasthan, where the Brahmin-enforced female infanticide led to male-female ratios of 10:1.
	www.dalitstan.org /books/gowh/gowh1.html (3748 words)

	The Lion Research Center: Infanticide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Females will not mate again until their cubs are at least 18 months of age; therefore, males kill all the young cubs in their new pride in order to bring the females back to reproductive readiness.
		Female lions are also infanticidal and will kill the young cubs of rival prides; however, they never kill the cubs of other females within their own pride.
		In fact, defending cubs against infanticidal acts by outside males is one of the primary reasons why female lions live in groups.
	www.lionresearch.org /behavior_guide/infant.html (287 words)

	Female Infanticide and Sexual Selection
		If sex-biased infanticide is an example of this strategy to maximixe RD, lower stratum parents are expected to practice male infanticide.
		The combination of reduced reproductive success for sons in the bottom classes of statuses and the shortage of females in the system as a whole which follows female infanticide at the top produces a situation in which daughters are much more reproductively valuable in the lower strata.
		Since as Dickemann says "rates of female infancticide approaching 100 percent of all female livebirths may occur at the top, no such intensity of male infanticide appears at the bottom" (1979:325), it cannot be argued that sex-biased infanticide fits the Trivers and Willard model." (Hawkes, Kristen (1981) A third explanation for female infanticide.
	www.humanevolution.net /a/femaleinfanticide.html (2001 words)

	CNN.com - Grim motives behind infant killings - Jul. 7, 2003
		While infanticide has long been practiced, female foeticide is a relatively new phenomenon.
		Over the past decade, inexpensive access to ultrasound technology has led to many families determining the sex of an unborn child and then aborting it if it is found to be female.
		To control female infanticide, officials in southern India have launched a program called the Cradle Baby Scheme to convince parents not to kill, but surrender unwanted baby girls to the state.
	www.cnn.com /2003/WORLD/asiapcf/south/07/07/india.infanticide.pt1 (806 words)

	Rh151: Female Infanticide in Tamil Nadu, India (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Female infanticide in Tamil Nadu in this century was first highlighted in the national media in 1985 by the leading newsmagazine India Today [16] which reported the existence of the practice in Usilampatti, Madurai district, southern Tamil Nadu.
		One organisation which has reported cases of female infanticide to the police subsequently found that parents were reporting the deaths of female infants from natural causes, or that they had been stillborn.
		In Salem district, after the police took action against female infanticide two years ago, there were instances where parents misreported that a male infant had been born and died when in fact it was a female infant, in an attempt to hide the infanticide.
	www.hsph.harvard.edu /Organizations/healthnet/SAsia/suchana/0225/george.html (5310 words)

	African Lion Infanticide -- David Shelburne
		Infanticide is a common practice in most mammals.
		Male lions use infanticide to get rid of offspring in a newly acquired pride that are not genetically related to the male coalition.
		Infanticide is very advantageous to incoming males in that they are getting rid of offspring that do not carry their genes (
	www.bio.davidson.edu /people/vecase/Behavior/Spring2004/shelburne/infanticide.html (492 words)

	The Inuit or Eskimo, Neoteny, Heterochrony, and Human Evolution
		Interestingly, such practices existed alongside female infanticide, the very practice that contributed above all others to the shortage of women!"(Freeman, Milton M. (1971) A social and ecological analysis of systematic female infancide among the Netsilik Eskimo.
		For example, Rasmussen himself reports :the Netsilik never think of reasoning with themselves" about their beliefs, "but simply react to what some event or other may force upon their notice" (Ibid:206); and again, "It is said that it is so, and therefore it is so" (Ibid.: 207).
		"Regarding the adaptive features of generalized infanticide, I suggest that an important consequence is an increase in the proportion of older individuals in the population." (Freeman, Milton M. (1971) A social and ecological analysis of systematic female infancide among the Netsilik Eskimo.
	www.humanevolution.net /a/inuiteskimo.html (1265 words)

	Communist Chinese Democide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Infanticide is not the official policy of Communist China.
		It is, however, the actual policy, official denials not withstanding.
		The number of deaths resulting from coerced abortions and infanticide since 1971 is estimated at over 110 million, making this perhaps the greatest crime in all of history.
	www.freedomsnest.com /rummel_prc.html (192 words)

	Wesley J. Smith on Infanticide on National Review Online
		The "Groningen Protocol" — named after a pediatric hospital which admittedly permits doctors to end the lives of babies born with disabilities or terminal conditions — seeks to normalize infanticide by bringing the practice out of the shadows and into the light of day.
		It is intended to legitimize eugenic infanticide and move it from a crime tolerated by the, oh, so tolerant Dutch, to outright legality.
		In other words, the last vestige of protection left in the Netherlands against infanticide — that is, the technical illegality of killing babies in the Netherlands — is to be stripped away, including the protection against the killing of disabled infants not dependent on intensive care for survival.
	www.nationalreview.com /smithw/smith200503220759.asp (745 words)

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