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Topic: Inflationary epoch

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	A Theory of Everything and a Mathematical Formulation of a Philosophy
		The original radial directions of the inflationary epoch are no longer perpendicular to the circumference (spatial directions) in the wrinkling epoch.
		Instead, matter content in the universe was formed during the wrinkling epoch against the universal strain on the expansion.
		The cause of the universal strain on the expansion
	www.unitytheory.info (3316 words)

	Low Density Universes and Inflation
		Inflation smooths the universe by postulating an early epoch of extremely rapid expansion during which whatever irregularities may have existed prior to inflation are virtually erased.
		While the field is stuck there, a first epoch of inflationary expansion takes place during which the universe is smoothed.
		In fact during this epoch the symmetry of the spacetime is so large that no particular time direction is preferred over any other.
	www.damtp.cam.ac.uk /user/gr/public/inf_lowden.html (2586 words)

	Cosmic inflation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cosmic inflation is the idea, first proposed by Alan Guth in 1981, that the nascent universe passed through a phase of exponential expansion (the inflationary epoch) that was driven by a negative pressure vacuum energy density.
		A graphical representation of the expansion of the universe with the inflationary epoch represented as the dramatic expansion of the metric seen on the left.
		In fact, in the union of all possible cosmological scenarios for the early universe, those that lack epochs of inflation are well in the minority.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cosmic_inflation (1749 words)

	Inflationary epoch - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The inflationary epoch is the term used in physical cosmology to describe the brief time in the very early universe when, according to inflation theory, the universe was expanding exponentially.
		At this point, in a process called symmetry breaking, a phase transition caused by the cooling of the universe occurred as the strong force stopped being unified with the weak and electromagnetic forces.
		Indeed, the inflationary epoch was so brief that the primordial matter did not have time to move, essentially transferring the initial non-uniform distribution of matter into the post-inflationary universe.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Inflationary_epoch (362 words)

	The Origin Of The Universe
		Inflationary expansion means that a given region doubles in size in a fixed very short amount of time.
		The inflationary epoch lasted long enough for a finite number of such doublings.
		Note that this does not apply to an inflationary universe, where expansion is driven by a vaccum energy density.
	jmm.aaa.net.au /articles/748.htm (636 words)

	Initial Conditions and Inflation (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Rather than detailing the zoo of proposed structure formation models, only the adiabatic inflationary model will be considered here (this choice of model is motivated by the fact that it fits the observed temperature anisotropies better than the others).
		Inflationary models generate density perturbations through the rapid growth of quantum fluctuations during the inflationary epoch.
		Therefore, in the adiabatic inflationary scenario, a well defined pattern of initial perturbations was created in the first fraction of a second after the big bang.
	cfcp.uchicago.edu /~sharaf/right/polarization/node5.html (196 words)

	p8
		The inflationary model was motivated by the unsolved questions of the big bang theory [9], p.
		Unfortunately, the inflationary model is based on a theory [10], p, 208: “ the empirical reliability of which could not yet be tested.
		Therefore, one can state, the inflationary model presents a speculative extrapolation of physical ideas and laws, far from that which is empirically certified.
	www.cosmictime.de /p8.html (474 words)

	The Big Bang: What Does It Mean for Us? - FARMS Review
		Some inflationary theories lead to a belief in continuous creation of universes, and these lead to a consideration of the biggest picture of reality: a multiverse, the totality of all universes, including the background energy of which they were made.
		Many inflationary models neither require nor allow an initial physical singularity, and many of these predict a continuous formation of universes from the energy of the vacuum or empty space.
		Inflationary models retain the virtues of the standard big bang model (since they later go over to it) but provide a deeper understanding of the very earliest phases of the universe (though later than the Planck time).
	farms.byu.edu /display.php?table=review&id=556&mp=T (11206 words)

	Research at KICP: Theory
		We are currently investigating both fundamental issues of relevance to inflation (quantum fluctuations, entropy, effects of string theory and extra spacetime dimensions) and the construction of detailed inflationary models (scalar fields and their interactions, production of density and gravity-wave perturbations, the process of reheating into matter and radiation).
		Structure in the mass distribution of the universe is thought to originate as quantum fluctuations during the inflationary epoch that grow under gravity for most of subsequent expansion history and freeze after the expansion of the Universe started to accelerate.
		Although the mass distribution is not directly observable, structures manifest themselves in the anisotropy of the CMB, the abundance of galaxy clusters, the clustering of galaxies, and the distortion of astronomical images by gravitational lensing.
	cfcp.uchicago.edu /research/theory (1277 words)

	SPT: Science (Site not responding. Last check: )
		On angular scales of a few arcminutes and smaller, i.e., multipoles exceeding ~ 2000, the CMB anisotropy is dominated by secondary effects caused by distortions of the CMB as it passes through the universe.
		In this case, the only hope in recovering the inflationary B-modes from the lensing B-mode foreground lies in exploiting the different angular power spectra and their correlations with the temperature and E-mode spectra.
		The lensing polarization signal is also interesting in its own right as it can be used to trace the growth of large scale structure which in turn is sensitive to the mass of the neutrino and the equation of state of the dark energy.
	spt.uchicago.edu /science (1221 words)

	Munch (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Motivated by the string landscape we examine scenarios for which inflation is a two-step process, with a comparatively short inflationary epoch near the string scale and a longer period at a much lower energy (like the TeV scale).
		The constraints are very sensitive to the equation of state during the epoch between the two inflationary periods, as the extra-horizon modes can come back inside the horizon and become reprocessed.
		We find that the number of $e$-foldings during the first inflationary epoch can be as small as 12, but only if the inter-inflationary period is dominated by a network of cosmic strings (such as might be produced if the initial inflationary period is due to the brane-antibrane mechanism).
	home.fnal.gov /~bertone/DM/JC012405.html (1841 words)

	FNF: COSMIC INFLATION SOURCE: Cosmic inflation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		inflationary epoch) that was driven by a negative pressure
		As a direct consequence of this expansion, all of the observable universe originated in a small causally-connected region.
		However, the original model of Guth fails because, in order to guarantee a sufficient amount of inflation to solve the standard problems, the bubble nucleation rate must be too low for bubble walls to collide and for the reheating process to actually work.
	www.hi.is /~joner/eaps/cosmo_Cosmic_Inflation_1.htm (1335 words)

	[No title]
		In addition, to reach this inflationary stage, there must be some sort of energy to drive the inflation.
		The inflationary epoch commences and the expansion of the universe accelerates at a furious pace.
		According to the inflationary model, the inflation energy decays into a hot gas of matter and radiation.
	www.edge.org /3rd_culture/steinhardt02/steinhardt02_p3.html (874 words)

	Speed of light - Unexplained Mysteries Discussion Forums
		The inflationary epoch theory's sole purpose was to explain the uniformity of matter in the universe.
		The inflationary epoch is meant to explain the problems of the cosmological models, including the shape of the universe, and part of this explanation is the rapid expansion of the universe.
		If the inflationary epoch is true, then the universe would have undergone an expansion in scale beyond what we know to be lightspeed.
	www.unexplained-mysteries.com /forum/index.php?showtopic=14210 (1752 words)

	THE TELEOLOGICAL ARGUMENT AND THE ANTHROPIC PRINCIPLE
		This inflationary epoch resulted in the nearly flat curvature of space, pushed inhomogeneities beyond our horizon, and served to bury us far within a single region of space-time whose parts were causally connected at pre-inflationary times.
		The development of inflationary models ought to cause us to be cautious in making such a claim; nevertheless, it is the case that there seems to be no nomological necessity requiring the quantities and constants of nature to be related as they are.
		Inflationary models not only face the problems of how to get the inflation started, how to get it to end without excess turbulence, and how to get it to allow galaxy formation, but more importantly they themselves require an extraordinary amount of fine-tuning prior to inflation, so that the appearance of design is not eluded.
	www.leaderu.com /offices/billcraig/docs/teleo.html (8662 words)

	Cosmology Tutorial - Part 4
		The inflationary scenario proposes that the vacuum energy was very large during a brief period early in the history of the Universe.
		This solves the flatness-oldness problem as long as the exponential growth during the inflationary epoch continues for at least 100 doublings.
		Events early in the inflationary epoch make large circles on the sky, as shown in the bottom map on the right.
	www.astro.ucla.edu /~wright/cosmo_04.htm (1238 words)

	Dark Forces
		The particles would have been created at the end of the inflationary epoch, the period of tremendous growth during the first split second of the Universe's existence.
		The inflationary epoch was characterised by huge negative pressure.
		During the inflationary epoch, particles and their antiparticles were continually conjured out of nothing as energy was briefly borrowed from the gravitational field.
	uncletaz.com /library/scimath/darkforces.html (2354 words)

	Big Bang models back to Planck time
		Though the strong force is distinct from gravity and the electroweak force in this era, the energy level is still too high for the strong force to hold protons and neutrons together, so that the universe is still a "sizzling sea of quarks".
		The inflationary hypothesis offers a way to deal with the horizon problem and the flatness problem of cosmological models.
		As the inflationary period ends, the universe consists mostly of energy in the form of photon, and those particles which exist cannot bind into larger stable particles because of the enormous energy density.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/astro/Planck.html (805 words)

	L. Sriramkumar (Site not responding. Last check: )
		But, over the past few years, it has been realized that, due to the tremendous red-shift that occurs during the inflationary epoch in the early universe, trans-Planckian physics can manifest itself even at energies much lower than the Planck energy.
		In order to take into account such a possible trans-Planckian effect, recently, models wherein Lorentz invariance is violated locally, but which nevertheless possess a generally covariant metric theory of gravity have been constructed by introducing high frequency dispersion.
		In this work, we attempt to construct such a model, evaluate the leading order corrections to the standard, scale invariant, inflationary density perturbation spectrum in the model and also study the possible signatures of the modified spectrum on the cosmic microwave background radiation.
	www.mri.ernet.in /~anlweb/academic_reports_physics/p_sriram_l/p_sriram_l.html (564 words)

	First year results from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP)
		A `standard' model has established itself over the last few decades, consistent with observations from galactic scales to the largest scales observable, in which the universe is spatially flat, and homogeneous and isotropic on large scales, and comprises radiation, normal matter (electrons, baryons, neutrinos), non-baryonic cold, dark matter, and dark energy.
		Testing the inflationary prediction of flatness is made difficult by the presence of a geometrical degeneracy between the fractional energy densities of spatial curvature and dark energy.
		We are looking forward to an exciting era in cosmology promising the elucidation of the matter content and ionization history of the universe as well as a clearer understanding of the inflationary epoch.
	www.phys.lsu.edu /mog/mog22/node8.html (1328 words)

	Cosmological Inflation and Large-Scale Structure - PowerBookSearch! (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Enormous progress has been made in inflationary cosmology in the past few years and this book is the first to provide a modern and unified overview of the subject.
		Coverage examines every aspect of inflationary cosmology and carefully compares predictions with the latest observations, including those of the cosmic microwave background, the clustering and velocities of galaxies and the epoch of structure formation.
		Covers all aspects of this subject from the origin of density perturbations during the inflationary epoch of the very early Universe, through the evolution of the perturbations up to the present for a range of possible cosmologies.
	www.powerbooksearch.com /booksearch0521575982.html (553 words)

	Edge: THE CYCLIC UNIVERSE
		He is one of the leading theorists responsible for inflationary theory.
		He made leading contributions to inflationary theory and to our understanding of the origin of the matter-antimatter asymmetry in the Universe.
		The essential difference is that inflationary fluctuations are created in a hyperrapid, violent process that is strong enough to created gravitational waves, whereas cyclic fluctuations are created in an ultraslow, gentle process that is too weak to produce gravitational waves.
	www.edge.org /documents/day2/day2_steinhardt_index.html (4129 words)

	Caltech Observational Cosmology Group
		Recent CMB observations have hinted strongly at an inflationary epoch in which the size of the universe undergoes rapid exponential expansion during the first 1e-38 seconds, producing the near isotropy of the horizon, the flat geometry of the universe, and the pattern of peaks and valleys in the CMB power spectrum that we observe today.
		Although these recent observations are consistent with the inflationary model, they are not sufficient to rule out other models of the early universe.
		The critical remaining test is to detect the gravity-wave background (GWB), which is only predicted by inflation, and the most promising means of accomplishing that is to look for the GWB's imprint on the polarization of the CMB.
	www.astro.caltech.edu /~lgg/bicep_front.htm (878 words)

	Inflation theory prediction (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The theory of inflation predicts that the density parameter Omega is equal to one.
		Any deviations from one at the epoch of inflation can be visualized as a slight curvature of space which gets smoothed out as the universe expands by a large factor among the inflationary epoch.
		One can translate the Omega parameter which measures mass density in terms of the critical value into a mass-to-light ratio by dividing the critical density by the observed luminosity density of an average (and large) volume of the universe.
	cosmology.berkeley.edu /Education/Essays/inflation.html (190 words)

	Chapter 15: The Inflationary Universe
		The inflationary model addresses all these issues by presuming that what we call the observable universe is actually a very small portion of the initial universe that underwent a de Sitter phase of exponential expansion around the time of the GUT epoch.
		This model posits that what became our observable universe was small enough to be in causal contact at the big bang; it then grew at an exponential rate during the inflationary epoch.
		The inflationary model is an area of active research.
	www.astro.virginia.edu /~jh8h/Foundations/chapter15.html (545 words)

	The Inflationary Universe
		This period, which is called the inflationary epoch, is a consequence of the nuclear force breaking away from the weak and electromagnetic forces that it was unified with at higher temperatures in what is called a phase transition.
		In fact, the inflationary theory predicts unequivocally that the Universe should globally be exactly flat, and therefore that the average density of the Universe should be exactly equal to the closure density.
		It is this prediction that we alluded to earlier when we said that there were theoretical reasons to believe that the density of the Universe was exactly equal to the critical closure density.
	csep10.phys.utk.edu /astr162/lect/cosmology/inflation.html (644 words)

	Cosmos and Creator. Origins & Design 17:2. Craig, William Lane
		Before the inflationary epoch, the universe was just empty space -- a vacuum.
		As one regresses prior to the inflationary epoch, the universe collapses to infinite density.
		Inflationary models require extraordinary fine-tuning before inflation, so the appearance of design is not eluded.
	www.arn.org /docs/odesign/od172/cosmos172.htm (7967 words)

	Henry Tye Seminar Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Brane interaction in the brane world in superstring theory provides a natural framework for the inflationary scenario.
		Towards the end of the inflationary epoch, cosmic strings (but not domain walls or monopoles) are copiously produced during brane collision.
		Using the COBE data, the cosmic string tension is estimated to have a value that is consistent with all present known bounds, but should be readily testable in the near future via the cosmic microwave background radiation measurements and gravitational wave detections.
	www-ctp.mit.edu /cosmo/y0203/tye_abs.html (104 words)

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