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Topic: Inflectional language

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List of grammatical cases

Ergative case

	Automatic morphological synthesis and analysis for Bulgarian language
		A classification of Bulgarian inflection in view of the mentioned rules and the grammatical features of the words is presented in [6].
		There are 187 different inflectional types in that classification divided into parts of speech as follows: 75 for the nouns, 14 for the adjectives, 41 for the pronouns, 11 for the numerals and 42 for the verbs.
		When the inflectional type belongs to a subset of some part of speech this means that there are grammatical features for that type, missing in the paradigm.
	www.uni-plovdiv.bg /hdk/Morfeng.htm (1479 words)

	[No title]
		Inflectional meaning is the meaning that exists between words (the adhesive for the slots), and this fact motivates variation across languages as to whether grammatical meanings are assigned to inflection or to other parts of language.
		Inflectional morphemes may be segmental, consisting of affixes applied to the stem, or they may be non-segmental, involving a different modification of the stem, such as a prosodic feature or a modification of one or more of the segments of the stem.
		Because inflectional categories express their meanings only in the context of constructions, it can be hard to determine what portion of grammatical meaning is borne by inflectional morphemes, and what part is borne by other elements in a construction.
	www.unc.edu /depts/slavdept/lajanda/InflectMorphJanda.doc (6818 words)

	Introduction to Diom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Diom was originally the language of Gestomai, a kingdom centered at Gestomaia stretching from Fost in the north, through Beryllia, to the Anelez Mountains, in the south.
		Diom is historically related to the languages of Northande spoken in the northwestern parts of Atenkemen, Hrothon spoken in the Earldom of Chamborg in northeastern Atenkemen, and Aranorom spoken by the people of the Anrasholm Hills to the south of the Anelez Mountains.
		Diom is not related to the languages of Ridjek or Ranhyar, which are related to one another, and to most of the languages of the southwest coast.
	www.bloomington.in.us /~dstokes/diom_intro.html (669 words)

	A Brief History of the Italian Language
		In this sense, the history of the Italian language is a bit of anomaly among language histories: we have a continuous spectrum of 'proofs' of language change.
		The inflectional Latin language was an opaque one, or one, as Martin Maiden puts it, in which "each case is expressed by an array of inflectional endings varying according to number and case" (1995: 97).
		The period from the end of the eighteenth century to the middle of the nineteenth was the one that saw the proliferation of the language spoken in central Italy as the national, uniform language.
	linguistics.byu.edu /classes/ling450ch/reports/Italian2.html (1232 words)

	Inflection - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Inflection is the process of adding inflectional morphemes (atomic meaning units) to a word, which may indicate grammatical information (for example, case, number, person, gender or word class, mood, tense, or aspect).
		Inflection is most typically realized by adding an inflectional morpheme (that is, affixation) to the base form (either the root or a stem).
		Inflection is sometimes confused with synthesis in languages.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Inflection (1730 words)

	The Latvian Institute (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		It is the Latvian language, the state language of the Republic of Latvia.
		Sociolinguistic Situation of languages and language legislation in Latvia after World War II During the Soviet occupation (1940-1941; 1945-1991) Latvian functioned in a situation of Latvian and Russian societal bilingualism – the language of governing state and bodies was Russian.
		The main goal of language policy was integration of all inhabitants against the background of the official state language while protecting and developing the languages of Latvia's minorities.
	www.li.lv /en/?id=5 (1685 words)

	Linguistics
		Language is said to be lateralized and processed in the left hemisphere of the brain.
		A non-standard dialect is associated with covert prestige and is an ethnic or regional dialect of a language.
		The Dravidian languages of Tamil and Telugu are spoken in southeastern India and Sri Lanka.
	www.ielanguages.com /linguist.html (8167 words)

	Notes on a Research Statement for Child First Language Acquisition...
		Inflectional morphologies may be fuller understood in light of this dichotomy, i.e., that derivations ultimately trace their origins back to interpretable features internal to the lexicon (l-morpheme), and, conversely, that Inflections are nothing more than 'morpho-phonetic fillers' (expletive in nature), the remnants of some computational operation of a broader syntactic scope (f-morpheme).
		Languages such as Italian, Spanish, among others (with perhaps the most sever case being Hebrew) are non-stem-based languages in the sense that the projection of a bare stem doesn't constitute a word.
		In brief, Grinstead concludes that it is the simultaneous onset of tense and number in the inflection paradigm that ultimately triggers a particular aspect of UG pertaining to the CAse of overt subjects.
	www.csun.edu /~galasso/statement.htm (8682 words)

	Polish Language
		Slavic languages are "case languages" and word order is not as stable as in English.
		History and classification: The Polish language belongs to the West-Slavic group of the Indo-European languages together with Czech and Slovak.
		It emerged from the Proto-Slavic language as used as the mother tongue of all Slavic tribes in the past.
	www.staypoland.com /polish.htm (511 words)

	Esperanto: european or asiatic language?
		In Asia many languages are spoken (including Persian, Bengali, and Sinhalese) which, structurally and historically, belong to the same family as the majority of the European languages, the so-called "Indo-European" family.
		Two criteria are traditionally used to classify a language into one of these categories: first, the way in which the language in question expresses grammatical relationships and, second, the processes by which its word elements are transformed or grouped to acquire new significance or a new role in a sentence.
		At first glance he concludes that it is a typical inflectional language because of the grammatical agreement between the adjectives and the corresponding nouns (as in several Indo-European and Semitic languages).
	www.translationdirectory.com /article715.htm (3943 words)

	The Latvian Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Latvian is now a modern European language used by Latvians for all walks of life; it is the official State language in the Republic of Latvia and covers the most important sociolinguistic functions in multiethnic Latvian society.
		The main languages in contact – German and Russian – are spoken by several tens or hundreds million of people and have status of international languages, and their speakers have dominated over Latvians politically.
		In the beginnings of linguistic theory, developing the typology of the Indo-European group of languages, it was gradually discovered that the Baltic languages provided some of the missing links to explain the relationship between Sanskrit and the classical languages (Greek and Latin) and the modern languages of the day.
	www.li.lv /old/language.htm (1687 words)

	accusative case: the case of the direct object
		inflection: variation in the form of a word to indicate a change in meaning or in grammatical relationships with other elements in the sentence.
		inflectional (or inflective) language: a language whose words change their forms to show grammatical function and connection.
		In Germanic languages only two tenses can be signaled without auxiliary verbs, the present and the preterit: you run, you ran; all other tenses are periphrastic: you will run, you have run, you have been running etc. See present tense, preterit tense, past perfect tense, pluperfect tense.
	web.uvic.ca /hrd/oe/glossary.htm (1905 words)

	Inflectional morphology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Inflection morphology is a process in natural language processing.
		Inflectional morphology manifests primarily in the form of a prefix, suffix, or vowel change.
		Yet other languages require the speaker to distinguish the number two of something, called the dual form of a noun.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Inflectional_morphology (206 words)

	LINGUIST List 12.1861: Stump, Inflectional Morphology
		Equating the definition of a language's inflectional morphology with the definition of its paradigm function (a theoretical construct unique to this theory), PFM presumes the existence of several different rule types.
		Furthermore, a paradigm-based conception of inflectional semantics is presented and the analogy of derivational 'paradigms' to inflectional paradigms is examined.
		A key assumption is "that the rules and principles determining a word's inflectional form are properly morphological (being reducible neither to principles of syntax nor to principles of phonology), and that the interfaces of these rules and principles with other grammatical components are in general extremely limited".
	linguistlist.org /issues/12/12-1861.html (1062 words)

	sociology - Proto-Indo-European language
		The Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) is the hypothetical common ancestor of the Indo-European languages.
		All Indo-European languages are inflected languages (although many modern Indo-European languages, including Modern English, have lost much of their inflection).
		Also, the Northwest Caucasian languages preserve a large number of guttural phonemes which may be the modern equivalents of PIE "laryngeals".
	www.aboutsociology.com /sociology/PIE (629 words)

	Wilbers: ASL
		While English is a more inflectional language than Chinese, whose individual lexical items are for the most part immutable, it is relatively limited compared with languages like Latin and Greek, which employ a relatively high number of inflectional processes.
		As Bellugi and Klima point out, ASL appears to be "an inflecting language, with inflection as a favored form of patterning." In this sense, one might even argue that ASL’s expressive range exceeds that of English.
		While all sign languages may have their origins in gesturing and pantomime, the signs employed by American Sign Language and other sophisticated sign languages have evolved to the point that they have lost their transparency.
	www.wilbers.com /ASL.htm (3785 words)

	Latin is the language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Latin is a synthetic or inflectional language: affixes are attached to fixed stems to express gender, number, and case in adjectives, nouns, and pronouns, which is called declension; and person, number, tense, voice, mood, and aspect in verbs, which is called conjugation.
		After the introduction of the Modern Language GCSE in the 1980s, it was gradually replaced by other languages, although it is now being taught by more schools along with other classical languages.
		Many would-be international auxiliary languages have been heavily influenced by Latin, and the moderately successful Interlingua considers itself to be the modernized and simplified version of the language (le latino moderne international e simplificate).
	koz.vianet.ca /boshis14.htm (1234 words)

	Morphology & MT
		As expected, the results are dramatic for German, a compounding language, where the number of distinct types drops 82% from 170,402 to 30,898, and the number of rare tokens drops 86% from 140,464 to 19,507.
		Inflectional affixes are highly productive and regular, generally add only grammatical information, and rarely change the part of speech.
		A templatic language is a fusional language where the root is a sequence of characters (typically consonants) and the affix is another sequence of characters/diacritics (typically vowels) which are interweaved into the root.
	www.umiacs.umd.edu /users/kensch/papers/morphology.htm (6687 words)

	Language Log
		As usual, language turns out to be a much more complex and interesting phenomenon than it first appears, and etymology (word or phrase origins) is one of the most difficult aspects of it.
		Inuktitut verbs can be formally described as nuclei that attain the status of a free-standing form by the addition of an inflectional ending containing information as to person, number, valence and mood.
		Language News ("Hand-picked news headlines related to the science of linguistics")
	itre.cis.upenn.edu /~myl/languagelog (5003 words)

	Words in English: Latin and Greek Morphology
		Latin and Greek are both languages of the inflectional type, that is, they use a lot of bound morphology to indicate much of the grammatical information in the language.
		The modern languages descended from Latin have for the most part reduced this to a three-way verb conjugation system, having lost the vowel length distinctions that Latin had.
		Then, since Latin is an inflectional language, the word still needs to be filled out with specific inflectional endings.
	www.ruf.rice.edu /~kemmer/Words/classmorph.html (853 words)

	Greg Thomson
		This finding may reflect the difficulty that the language acquisition mechanisms have in establishing and maintaining form-function associations when the relationships of form to function are many-to-many in nature, as they are in Russian.
		Differences between languages of the inflectional morphological type, such as Russian, and languages of the agglutinative type, such as Turkish, have been observed in L1 acquisition and aphasia (Slobin, 1985, 1989).
		In the current study, this expectation is tested through the adaptation for learners of L2 Kazak (Turkic) of one of the experiments conducted with L2 Russian learners as reported in Thomson (2000).
	www.uic.edu /depts/sfip/formmeaning/abstracts/thomson.html (239 words)

	PLATO® Achieve Now Reading and Language Arts
		These lessons allow students to practice language arts test-taking skills and strategies in an environment designed to reduce test-taking anxiety.
		This program allows students to practice language arts test-taking skills and strategies in an environment designed to reduce test-taking anxiety.
		Areas covered: figurative language, author's craft, story structure and plot, character development, and literary comprehension.
	www.plato.com /Elementary-Solutions/Extended-Day/PLATO-Achieve-Now-Reading-Language-Arts.aspx (696 words)

	Czech language and literature - Czech republic
		The Czech language belongs to the group of West Slavic languages.
		From another perspective, Czech is an inflectional language, which means that the words “inflect” (their endings change).
		The meaning a given word has in a sentence is primarily determined according to this inflection.
	www.czech.cz /en/culture/czech-arts/czech-language-and-literature (825 words)

	Linguistics, English Grammar, Dictionaries, Educational Software
		This program is intended for people learning English as a second language or for those interested in developing computer programs with natural language interfaces.
		The archetype of interactive natural language interfaces was a program called ELIZA written by Joseph Weizenbaum in the mid-1960s.
		TAGGER is a natural language parser that assigns parts of speech to English text and displays phrase markings.
	www.scientificpsychic.com /linguistics.html (748 words)

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