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Topic: Influence of Hellenic Philosophy on Christianity

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	Christianity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Christianity is an Abrahamic religion based on the life, teachings, death by crucifixion, and resurrection of Jesus of Nazareth as described in the New Testament.
		Crucial beliefs in Christian teaching are Jesus' incarnation, atonement, crucifixion, and resurrection from the dead to redeem humankind from sin and death; and the belief that the New Testament is a part of the Bible.
		During the Crusades, Christian atrocities against Jews in German and Hungarian towns, later also in those of France and England, and in the massacres of non-combatants in Palestine and Syria initiated a tradition of Christian anti-Semitism, which was further bolstered by the blood libel cult, and continued into the 1500s by the Spanish Inquisition.
	christianity.ask.dyndns.dk (5128 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Neo-Platonism
		It became necessary, in the intellectual world, to impose on the Christians by showing that Paganism was not entirely bankrupt, and, in the political world, to rehabilitate the official polytheism of the State by furnishing an interpretation of it, that should be acceptable in philosophy.
		While these philosophical defenders of neo-Platonism were directing their attacks against Christianity, representatives of the school in the more practical walks of life, and even in high places of authority, carried on a more effective warfare in the name of the school.
		Christian thinkers, almost from the beginning of Christian speculation, found in the spiritualism of Plato a powerful aid in defending and maintaining a conception of the human soul which pagan materialism rejected, but to which the Christian Church was irrevocably committed.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/10742b.htm (3933 words)

	Hebrew language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Hebrew, long extinct outside of Jewish liturgical purposes, was revived at the end of the 19th century by the Jewish linguist Eliezer Ben-Yehuda, owing to the ideology of Zionism.
		By the end of the 3rd millennium BCE the ancestral Aramaic, Ugaritic and Canaanite languages were spoken in the Levant alongside the influential dialects of Ebla and Akkad.
		It was possibly influenced by the Aramaic language, although some linguists maintain that it is the direct heir of Biblical Hebrew, and thus represents the true dialect of Hebrew.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hebrew_language (5386 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		HELLENIC HUMANISM AND EARLY CHRISTIANITY by John J. Mulloy There is a striking contrast between two traditions of humanism which have challenged each other throughout the course of the history of Western culture, and indeed of Hellenic culture before that.
		Christian culture has been built, almost from the very first, on a double foundation, that of both Hebraism and Hellenism, to use Matthew Arnold's terms; and it was precisely the development of Greek culture toward certain religious and philosophical ideas which made this possible.
		And true philosophy is to observe the celestial part within us,...and at all timesawaiting death with cheerfulness, in the sure knowledge that it is but a dissolution of the elements whereof every life is compound....It is in harmony with nature, and naught that is evil can be in harmony with nature....
	www.ewtn.com /library/HOMELIBR/HELLHUM.TXT (2702 words)

	Origen of Alexandria [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		This Stoic doctrine was to have an immense influence on the development of the so-called esoteric traditions in the Hellenistic era, notably the Hermetic school, Gnosticism, and astrology, with all of which Origen was, in varying degrees, familiar.
		In Origen's time, Christianity as a religion had not yet developed a system of theology as a basis of orthodoxy; therefore, in addition to a wide variety of opinions regarding the faith, there were also various sects, each claiming to possess the truth of the Christian faith.
		Berdyaev himself admits Origen's influence on his thought (as well as that of Gregory of Nyssa) and insists that the doctrine of hell and the eternal suffering of sinners is not compatible with authentic Christianity.
	www.iep.utm.edu /o/origen.htm (5005 words)

	The Christianity of Philosophy [Free Republic]
		Thus it is that the ultimate triumph of Christianity and the eventual decline and disappearance of the ancient pagan philosophic schools is viewed as the triumph of philosophy itself.
		Philosophy in this narrow sense, where it is, for purposes of formal clarification, identified with the preambles to Christian wisdom, was reached by prescinding from the lived context of ancient philosophy and from the lived love of wisdom that motivated ancient philosophers.
		Academic philosophy as we now know it was born as the concretizing of a medieval abstraction and indeed also as the handmaid of technological science for the conquest of nature.
	www.freerepublic.com /forum/a3b49a86440df.htm (9391 words)

	Gnostic Christianity and the Myth of Sophia
		But on the Christian side, perhaps the brush with Roman power was too heady a temptation, for the church leadership began to show the same hunger for wealth and power which had so marred the Roman rule.
		It mainly influenced the intellectuals and philosophers, drawing to its ranks a more highly educated adherent than did the mainstream sects which were often composed of the peasants and slaves.
		The influences in the area that visibly survive are Egyptian and orthodox Christian.
	www.essene.com /Gospels/GnosticAndSophia.html (11579 words)

	Alchemy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Pythagorean philosophy is, essentially, the belief that numbers rule the universe, originating from the observations of sound, stars, and geometric shapes like triangles, or anything from which a ratio could be derived.
		The third component introduced to hermetical philosophy by the Greeks was gnosticism, a belief prevalent in the Christian and early post-Christian Roman empire, that the world is imperfect because it was created in a flawed manner, and that learning about the nature of spiritual matter would lead to salvation.
		His major influence on Alchemy was his belief that Platonic universals did not have a separate existence outside of man's consciousness.
	alchemy.iqnaut.net (5362 words)

	sociology - Christianity
		The story goes that an early Christian, upon meeting another person, might draw an arc in the earth, and if the other person shared the faith, he would draw another arc completing this ichthys, a symbol of Christianity.
		As of 2005, Christianity is the world's most widely practiced religion, with 2.2 billion adherents (followed by Islam with 1.3 billion, Hinduism with 1.05 billion (150 million Yoga followers included), and the nonreligious with 774 million).
		Christianity is considered by mainstream Christians to be the continuation or fulfillment of the Jewish faith.
	www.aboutsociology.com /sociology/Christianity (5021 words)

	New Page 2
		Christian theology took the Neoplatonic metaphysics of substance as well as its doctrine of hypostases as the departure point for interpreting the relationship of the ‘Father’ to the ‘Son’ in terms of the Neoplatonic hypostases doctrine.
		Christians, therefore, fail to comprehend the very essence of the word they use to describe themselves, because they are unaware of the realms beyond the three dimensions of this world.
		The Christian representations of the Madonna and child are clearly the continuation of the representations of Isis and her son suckling her breast.
	mystic.nazirene.org /SonOfGod.htm (15336 words)

	Saint Augustine
		In particular, philosophy for Augustine was centered on what is sometimes misleadingly referred to as "the problem of evil." This problem, needless to say, was not the sort of analytic, largely logical problem of theodicy that later came to preoccupy philosophers of religion.
		As with most thinkers influenced by the Greek philosophical tradition, Augustine conceives of reason rather austerely, focusing upon the mind's ability to engage in deductive reasoning, where logical necessity is the criterion of adequacy.
		Augustine, like other thinkers influenced by the Greek tradition, saw an ontological dimension in the truths of reason, i.e., an isomorphism between the necessity that governs our thinking and the necessity that governs the structure of that about which we are thinking.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/augustine (13099 words)

	CONFUCIUS AND SOCRATES: Introduction by Sanderson Beck
		Philosophy must always continue to be the guardian of this science; and although the public does not take any interest in its subtle investigations, it must take an interest in the resulting doctrines, which such an examination first puts in a clear light.29
		Now if we are concerned not merely with the practice of wisdom but also the teaching of it to others, then we must also select someone about whom we have adequate information as to their methods, style, and results in educating.
		Each of the exerted a profound influence on his culture in terms of fundamental beliefs, philosophies, and the methods of carrying them out in daily living.
	www.san.beck.org /C&S-Intro.html (5891 words)

	Revealing Christianity
		Christian teachings and behaviour are riddled with contradictions.Acts of supreme self-sacrifice to ice cold hate have been undertaken in the name of Christianity.
		From its inception Christians have been arguing and even fighting among themselves over the meaning of their religion.Look at any book on the history of Christian theology or thought and you will find a plethora of interpretations of Christians.There is no general agreement.
		It is a rise of ascetism, of mysticism, in a sense, of pessimism; a loss of self-confidence, of hope in this life and of faith in normal human effort; a despair of patient inquiry, a cry for infallible revelation; an indifference to the welfare of the state, a conversion of the soul to God.
	www-personal.usyd.edu.au /~apert/book.html (11844 words)

	Western Philosophy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In philosophy, the Renaissance refers to the period of the break-up of feudalism (15th to early 17th century), when trade grew up around the merchants and craftspeople of Northern Italy particularly, and a bourgeois society began to flourish and gave rise to a humanist culture in opposition to the official scholasticism.
		British philosophy had its beginnings in the relatively open social conditions of pre-Revolutionary England with the British Empiricists Francis Bacon, Thomas Hobbes and during the period of the Restoration, John Locke.
		The growth of natural science was a major influence on the development of bourgeois thinking prior to the nineteenth century with Isaac Newton (1642-1727) among the most prominent of British natural scientists of the period prior to the Industrial Revolution.
	www.marxists.org /reference/subject/philosophy/help/collect.htm (2071 words)

	Origen of Alexandria [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		His family was devoutly Christian, and likely highly educated; for his father, who died a martyr, made sure that Origen was schooled not only in biblical studies, but in Hellenistic education as well.
		Since there were no non-Gnostic Christian theological systems in his day, it was up to Origen to formulate one.
		If one approaches Origen's text expecting a carefully worked-out system of philosophy in the manner of a Kant or a Hegel, one will be disappointed.
	www.utm.edu /research/iep/o/origen.htm (5005 words)

	Supplementary Materials
		It has affinities with Babylonian, Egyptian, and Hellenic mysticism and its origin has been placed in the second century B.C.E., when such a combination of influences might be expected.
		Christians must renounce Jesus Christ because belief that Jesus was God is the basis of anti-Semitism, says Professor Rabbi Dr. Pinkus Hayman of Israel's Bar Ilan University.
		Instead of embracing Christianity, Christians must surrender their faith and submit to the Noahide laws, he says.
	www.comeandhear.com /supplement (3053 words)

	http://www.hinduism.co.za
		By studying His character, on the other hand, in the light of the Vedanta philosophy, we shall be able not only to understand Him better, but to have a larger appreciation of His true glory.
		The followers of Christian Science, unacquainted with the Vedanta and the religious teachings of India, may in all sincerity claim originality for their founder, Mrs.
		Thus it is the sun himself, who, drenched by the lunar influence, is transformed, upon the sprouting of seeds, into holy vegetable furnished with the six tastes.
	www.hinduism.co.za (14797 words)

	greek
		Classical Greek philosophy, literature and political theory had, and has, a huge and continuing influence on our modern world.
		The importance of the eastern Empire was increased when Constantine the Great altered the division of the Empire: following his conversion to Christianity, he officially moved the capital of the Empire from Rome to the Greek city of Byzantium, which was then renamed Constantinople.
		The eastern Roman Empire survived the fall of the western Empire in the fifth century, becoming known as the Byzantine Empire, which in its turned survived until its fall to the Turkish Ottoman Empire in 1456.
	colfa.utsa.edu /drinka/pie/lang_greek.htm (444 words)

	Religion/Ethics/Philosophy
		Documents the participation of Christian women in the religion and society of medieval Europe between 500 and 1500 C.E. "The project draws on both textual and material sources, primary and secondary, although its basis is unpublished archival evidence."
		A page on the comparative study of Islam, Christianity and Judaism, presented both with and without recourse to the Western academic tradition.
		It includes philosophy of life, bioethics, environmental ethics, and criticism of modern civilization at its core.
	www.geocities.com /dboals.geo/religion.html (4717 words)

	Timeline: the development of Christianity
		(the tension between Jewish Christians and Gentile Christians: emerging "Christianity" shifts from Hellenic Jewish Christians of Judea, Samaria, and Galilee [Nazarenes, Ebionites] to Gentile Christians.)
		Gentile Christians adopt the codex-form for their Scriptures to differentiate Church from Synagogue, which used scrolls
		(Christians destroy the library of Alexandria, the last repository of "pagan" [Greek, Roman, etc.] science, literature, philosophy, in the West)
	www.drury.edu /ess/values/christianscriptures.html (1414 words)

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