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Topic: Influential Western Philosophers

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	Western world - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The distinctions between the western and eastern parts of the Christian world remained through the Middle Ages, despite a nominal sense of Christian unity (the concept of "Christendom") brought about by the conquests of Christian lands by the Muslim Arabs and Turks.
		Western society may be thought of as following an evolution that began with the philosophers of Athens such as Solon and Socrates.
		As the eastern and western churches spread their influence, the line between "East" and "West" can be described as moving, but generally followed a cultural divide that was defined by the existence of the Byzantine empire and the fluctuating power and influence of the church in Rome.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /western_world.htm (2152 words)

	Aristotle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		It was this dogma that was rejected by the philosophers of the early modern period, such as Galileo and Descartes.
		Called by Roman Catholics the greatest of pagan Philosophers, born at Stagira, a Grecian colony in the Macedonian peninsula Chalcidice, 384 B.C.; died at Chalcis, in Euboea, 322 B.C. His father, Nicomachus, was court physician to King Amyntas of Macedonia.
		For Aristotle, therefore, philosophic method implies the ascent from the study of particular phenomena to the knowledge of essences, while for Plato philosophic method means the descent from a knowledge of universal ideas to a contemplation of particular imitations of those ideas.
	www.bidprobe.com /en/wikipedia/a/ar/aristotle.html (2906 words)

	Philosophy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The phrase "a philosophical attitude" is often used to refer to a stoical approach to life.
		Philosophers analyse and investigate such concepts as existence or being, morality or goodness, knowledge, truth, and beauty.
		Philosophers typically frame problems in a logical manner, historically using syllogisms of traditional logic, since Frege and Russell increasingly using formal systems, such as predicate calculus, and then work towards a solution based on critical reading and reasoning.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Philosophy (4435 words)

	Karl Marx (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Hegel was a philosophical idealist who believed that we live in a world of appearances, and true reality is an ideal.
		During the Enlightenment, philosophers and political theorists argued that religious authority had been oppressing human beings, and that religion must be separated from the functions of the state for people to be truly free.
		Lenin claimed to be both the philosophical and political heir to Marx, and developed a political program, called Leninism or Bolshevism, which called for revolution organized and led by a centrally organized Communist Party.
	www.bidprobe.com /en/wikipedia/k/ka/karl_marx.html (4411 words)

	Socrates (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Socrates (470 - 399 BC) (Greek &#x;Σωκράτης &#x;Sōkrátēs) was a Greek (Athenian) philosopher and one of the most important icons of the Western philosophical tradition.
		His most important contribution to Western thought is his method of enquiry, known as the method of elenchos, which he largely applied to the examination of key moral concepts.
		Socrates' elenctic examination was resented by influential figures of his day, whose reputations for wisdom and virtue were debunked by his questions.
	www.1-free-software.com /en/wikipedia/s/so/socrates_1.html (1213 words)

	Philosopher - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		A philosopher is a person devoted to studying and producing results in philosophy.
		Several medieval philosophers have been given Latin nicknames -- some by their contemporaries, others by historians.
		Philosopher, Popular Western philosophers in (approximate) historical order, Eastern philosophers in approximate historical order:, Philosophers: listed by philosophical school and Nicknames of Medieval Philosophers.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Philosopher (379 words)

	Philosopher -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		A philosopher is a person devoted to studying and producing results in (The rational investigation of questions about existence and knowledge and ethics) philosophy.
		Several medieval philosophers have been given (Any dialect of the language of ancient Rome) Latin nicknames -- some by their contemporaries, others by historians.
		The Philosopher is also the nickname of (Prolific Austrian composer who influenced the classical form of the symphony (1732-1809)) Joseph Haydn's (Click link for more info and facts about Symphony No. 22) Symphony No. 22.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/ph/philosopher.htm (2467 words)

	Philosophy - the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Philosophers are usually interested with such concepts as existence orbeing, morality or goodness, knowledge, truth, and beauty.Historically most philosophy has either centred on religiousbeliefs, or science.
		Philosophers typically frame problems in a logical manner, historically using syllogisms of traditional logic, since Frege and Russellincreasingly using formal systems, such as predicate calculus, and then work towards a solution based on criticalreading and reasoning.
		One of the focuses of recent continental philosophical schools is the attempt to reconcile academicphilosophy with issues that appear non-philosophical, subverting common expectations of what philosophy is meant to be.
	www.aaez.biz /?t=Philosophy (2504 words)

	The Rights of Women in Islam
		A westerner, in his humility, does not consider the soul to be an independent form of human existence, and does not consider it to have the capacity of actual and real existence.
		But the westerner is incapable of one thing, and that is reflecting on his own self; and this thing alone is enough to prove the futility of the false glitter of the new civilization.
		The westerner’s fear of solitude and silence, his reliance on money, have made him incapable of hearing the voice of his inner self, and the motive for his unremitting hustle and bustle is the same thing.
	www.al-islam.org /rightsofwomeninislam/14.htm (2439 words)

	Philosophy - Biocrawler definition:Philosophy - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Philosophers ponder such concepts as existence or being, morality or goodness, knowledge, truth, and beauty.
		Two important philosophers, Nietzsche and Heidegger were professors of Ancient Greek Philosophy who viewed their own theories as revitalized forms of philosophies of the ancients, especially of the pre-Socratics.
		While it is unclear where Philosophical discussion and experience is headed, it is now realized and admitted by most philosophers that the study of the history of philosophy is much more important than the study of history is to any other science.
	www.biocrawler.com /biowiki/Philosophy (3592 words)

	Wikipedia:WikiProject Philosophy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		To provide guidelines for writing on philosophical articles and subjects on the 'pedia.
		For some philosophical articles, it is not possible to provide a definition that is neutral, because of the nature of the topic.
		See Requirements for criticisms in philosophy articles: the general rule for "Criticisms" sections in philosophy articles is, "if you can't (or don't want to) attribute a criticism of a philosophy to a specific person or group, or aren't able to reference it to a book, don't write it".
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Influential_Western_Philosophers (1229 words)

	PHILOSOPHY
		Among the philosophical questions to be discussed are those associated with morality, the law, the nature of mind, and the limits of knowledge.
		Fichte, Feuerbach, Schopenhauer), stressing the very different answers each philosopher gave to such shared questions as the nature of selfconsciousness, the nature and the role of the state and of religion, the relation of the individual to the community, and the nature of value.
		Many philosophers have thought this question to be extremely important, a proper subject of rational thought, and answerable.
	inside.bard.edu /academic/courses/fall96/philos.htm (644 words)

	Influential Western Philosophers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Because many philosophical topics are extremely nebulous, it often requires a firm grasp of the field to be able to produce afair and comprehensive article.
		To create a general map of the philosophical articles and subjects on the 'pedia, and link the articlestogether accordingly.
		One tactic for how to deal with Larry's Text is to collect the original versions of the pieces (available through the pagehistory of the pages linked to on Larry's Text) and move them to theUser_talk namespace.
	www.therfcc.org /influential-western-philosophers-3013.html (1169 words)

	[No title]
		Plato, he is often considered to be one of the two most influential philosophers in Western thought.
		philosopher Averroes commented extensively on it and attempted to fuse it with Islamic theology.
		We have much proof that Alexander profited by contact with the philosopher, and that Aristotle made prudent and beneficial use of his influence over the young prince (although Bertrand Russell disputes this).
	en-cyclopedia.com /wiki/Aristotle (3065 words)

	I.S. Course Master Template
		Philosophy 1000-3, Introduction to Philosophy, is a course designed to introduce the student to the fundamental questions of philosophy through a rigorous study of the ideas of two central and influential Western philosophers, Plato (428-348 B.C.) and Descartes (1596-1650 A.D.).
		Logic is the method by which philosophers analyze the problems of metaphysics, epistemology and axiology.
		One was to choose an introductory textbook which has the advantage of presenting all the branches of philosophy in an understandable and readable manner.
	www.colorado.edu /cewww/WELCOME_PAGES/PHIL1000WELCOME.htm (771 words)

	Oldmeadow
		In psychological terms, the East became a cipher for the Western unconscious, the repository of all that is dark, unacknowledged, feminine, sensual, repressed and liable to eruption (10).
		Wouter Hanegraaff observes that any "attempt to reduce Blavatsky's later synthesis of western occultism and 'Oriental wisdom' to specific sources is likely to suffer shipwreck on the capacity of her 'omnivorous mind' to assimilate whatever she found useful" (26).
		The most influential Western psychologist who evinced a serious interest in Eastern doctrines and methods was Carl Jung: Taoism, Zen, Tibetan Buddhism and Indian yoga all left an imprint on his work, though some of Jung's more scientistic followers have sought to obscure these influences which they see as antagonistic to a "scientific objectivity".
	www.esoteric.msu.edu /VolumeIII/HTML/Oldmeadow.html (10984 words)

	Daily Celebrations ~ Immanuel Kant, Ever-Increasing Wonder ~ June 5 ~ Ideas to motivate, educate, and inspire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		German philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) was the fourth of 11 children, born in isolated Königsberg, which is now a part of Russia.
		A small, frail bachelor, Kant was inspired by the writing of Scottish philosopher David Hume.
		The foundation of his critical philosophy was in his Critique of Pure Reason (1781), which examined logic and metaphysics -- the existence of God, freedom, and immortality.
	www.dailycelebrations.com /060502.htm (239 words)

	Philosopher
		The word, "philosopher", literally means "lover of wisdom".
		Several medieval philosophers have been given Latin nicknames by historians.
		See Also the articles at: Philosophy, Eastern philosophy, Epistemology, Ethics, Metaphysics, Aesthetics, Ontology, Logic, Reason, Mathematicians, Scientists, List of philosophers, and a fuller listing at.
	www.1-free-software.com /en/wikipedia/p/ph/philosopher.html (310 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Immanuel Kant (April 22, 1724 - February 12, 1804) was a German philosopher, generally regarded as the last major philosopher of the early modern period and, on anyone's account, one of history's most influential thinkers.
		Kant is most 3 famous for his view—called 3 transcendental idealism—that we 7 bring innate forms and 3 concepts to the raw 6 experience of the world, 7 which otherwise would be 8 completely unknowable.
		Despite the 9 reputation he has 2 earned though, he was 7 considered a very sociable 8 person: he would 8 regularly have guests 6 over for dinner, insisting 0 that sociable company was 2 good for his constitution, 2 as was laughter.
	www.rutle.com /immanuel_kant_.htm (2325 words)

	Kantianism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Anyone who accepts Kant's moral theory rejects the view that a person's actions are good or bad based solely on the consequences of those actions.
		For example, if mean to help a woman across the street and I accidentally lead her in front of a car, I may not be an evil person (even though the consequences of my action are bad).
		However, Kant's moral philosopher is more accessible than many of his other views.
	www.clarion.edu /academic/adeptt/bpcluster/kant.htm (367 words)

	Thomas Aquinas Article, ThomasAquinas Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Saint Thomas Aquinas (1225 - March 7, 1274) was a Catholic philosopher and theologian in the scholastic tradition, who gave birthto the thomistic school of philosophy, which was long the official dogma of the Roman Catholic Church.
		Aquinas worked to create a philosophical system which integrated Christian doctrine with elements taken from the philosophy of Aristotle.
		In this he was greatly influenced by his reading of contemporary Arabic philosophers, especially Averroes.Aquinas, is, therefore, generally agreed to have moved the focus of Scholastic philosophy from Plato to Aristotle.
	www.anoca.org /he/st/thomas_aquinas.html (1247 words)

	Aristotle at opensource encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The three greatest ancient Greek philosophers were Aristotle, Plato, who was a teacher of Aristotle, and Socrates (c.
		Aristotle's works were read during the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates, however, and the Islamic philosopher Averroes commented extensively on it.
		In any case, Aristotle was regarded as, not a great philosopher, but as "The Philosopher" by Scholastic dogmatists.
	wiki.tatet.com /Aristotle.html (2691 words)

	CRN
		This course is an introduction to such major themes in the history of philosophy as the nature of reality and our capacity to know it; issues of ethics and justice; and conceptions of how one should live.
		The knowledge it aims at is the kind of knowledge which gives unity and system to the body of the sciences, and the kind which results from a critical examination of the grounds of our convictions, prejudices, and beliefs".
		We shall critically examine the answers to this question which have been given by four influential western philosophers: Aristotle, Epictetus, Kant, and J. Mill.
	inside.bard.edu /academic/courses/fall2000/philosophy.html (709 words)

	eLibrary Project : Aristotle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Along with Plato, he is often considered to be one of the two most influential philosophers in Western world,Western thought.
		Plato mainly wrote philosophical dialogues, that is arguments in the form of conversations, usually with Socrates as a participant.
		It was this dogma that was rejected by the philosophers of the early modern period, such as Galileo Galilei,Galileo and RenÃ© Descartes,Descartes.
	elibraryproject.com /info/Aristotle.html (4318 words)

	Presocratic Philosophy
		Their central urge was to show that the complex world has a simple, permanent underpinning in the reality of a single kind of stuff from which all else emerges.
		As we'll see later, many Western philosophers have been interested in the immortality of the human soul and in the relationship between human beings and the natural world.
		Although later philosophers praised Anaxagoras for this explicit introduction of mind into the description of the world, it is not clear whether he meant by his use of this word what they would suppose.
	www.philosophypages.com /hy/2b.htm (2386 words)

	Attributes of God
		However, I tend to agree with those contemporary writers who trace the origins of modern atheism in the West to the ideas of some influential Western philosophers, some of whom were themselves believers.
		Only a few influential people held such a view in the history of Islam, and they were immediately condemned as idol worshippers.
		A contemporary philosopher might think that what the negators are saying is that it is a categorical mistake to describe God as existent and therefore it would be equally wrong to describe Him as non-existent.
	www.jaafaridris.com /English/Books/Attributes.htm (4282 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Saint Thomas Aquinas (1225 - 1274) was 3 a Catholic philosopher and 0 theologian in the scholastic 6 tradition.
		This 9 long association of 8 Thomas with the great 0 polyhistor was the most 7 important influence in his 9 development; it made him 6 a comprehensive scholarand won 5 him permanently for 7 the Aristotelian method.
		Category (3):Thirteen commentaries 6 on Aristotle, and 7 numerous philosophical opuscula 3 of which fourteen are 0 classed as genuine.
	www.rutle.com /thomas_aquinas_.htm (1287 words)

	Island of Freedom - Aristotle
		His approach to philosophy is systematic yet not dogmatic; he constantly questioned his conclusions and found difficulties, and it is in this constant analysis and acute argument that he gained his reputation as one of the most influential philosophers in Western thought.
		The 12th century Spanish-Arab philosopher Averroës is the best known of the Arabic scholars who studied and commented on Aristotle.
		Church officials at first questioned Aquinas's use of Aristotle; in the early stages of its rediscovery, Aristotle's philosophy was regarded with some suspicion, largely because his teachings were thought to lead to a materialistic view of the world.
	www.island-of-freedom.com /ARISTOT.HTM (1340 words)

	Influential Western Philosophers Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
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