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Topic: Influenzavirus C

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	Genetics of Influenza
		The family Orthomyxoviridae is comprised of Isavirus and Thogotovirus, with three types of influenza virus: Influenzavirus A, Influenzavirus B or Influenzavirus C. Although strains A and C are capable of infecting multiple species, B is fairly exclusive to humans.
		Influenzavirus B is far less common than Influenzavirus A, and seals are the only other animal known to have carried this strain of influenza B. This strain is less genetically diverse because it mutates 2-3 times slower than type A, resulting in only one influenza B serotype.
		Influenza C is the least common of the three strains.
	www.rpi.edu /~tsanga/genetics.html (818 words)

	Influenzavirus C - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Influenzavirus C is a genus in the virus family Orthomyxoviridae, which includes those viruses which cause influenza.
		Influenza C viruses are known to infect humans and pigs, giving them influenza.
		Detection of influenza C virus by using an in situ esterase assay
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Influenzavirus_C (182 words)

	H5N1 - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Influenzavirus A is not the same as "avian influenza": the former is a genus of viruses, the latter is an illness.
		Avian influenza (also known as bird flu, avian flu, influenzavirus A flu, type A flu, or genus A flu) is a flu due to a type of influenza virus that is hosted by birds, but may infect several species of mammals.
		Avian influenza viruses compose the Influenzavirus A genus of the Orthomyxoviridae family and are negative sense, single-stranded, segmented RNA viruses.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/H5N1 (6594 words)

	Influenzavirus B - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Influenzavirus B is a genus in the virus family Orthomyxoviridae.
		This limited host range is apparently responsible for the lack of Influenzavirus B caused influenza pandemics in contrast with those caused by the morphologically similar Influenzavirus A as both mutate by both genetic drift and reassortment.
		According to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses the Influenzavirus B virus capsid is enveloped while its virion consists of an envelope, a matrix protein, a nucleoprotein complex, a nucleocapsid, and a polymerase complex.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Influenzavirus_B (529 words)

	Influenzavirus C - Information, Resources, Links and Reference (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Influenzavirus C is a genus in the virus family Orthomyxoviridae, which includes those viruses which cause influenza.
		Influenza C viruses are known to infect humans and pigs, giving them influenza.
		Flu due to the type C species is rare compared to types A or B, but can be severe and can cause local epidemics.
	www.cyberpedia.net /info.php?title=Influenzavirus_C (182 words)

	Spotlight: The Spread of Avian Influenzavirus H5N1, 2005
		The influenzaviruses are divided on the basis of their antigenic nature into types A, B and C. Only type A influenzaviruses are of interest to veterinarians, whereas types B and C are usually found in humans.
		Influenzavirus is transmitted by direct contact with respiratory secretions and faeces, where the virus can survive for long periods, especially in water at low temperatures.
		Immunohistochemically, influenzavirus antigens were detected often in the liver and spleen, heart, intestine, gizzard, proventriculus, and oviduct.
	www.animalscience.com /uploads/articles/ASSpotlight_AvianFlu.htm (5226 words)

	Britain.tv Wikipedia - Flu
		There are three types of influenza virus: Influenzavirus A, Influenzavirus B or Influenzavirus C.
		The influenza C virus infects humans and pigs, and can cause severe illness and local epidemics.
		However, influenza C is less common than the other types and usually seems to cause mild disease in children.
	www.britain.tv /wikipedia.php?title=Flu (6258 words)

	Influenzavirus A - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Influenzavirus A has only one species in it; that species is called "influenza A virus".
		Influenzavirus type A is subdivided into subtypes based on hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) protein spikes from the central virus core.
		It is feared that if a strain of avian influenza virus to which humans have not been previously exposed undergoes antigenic shift to the point where it can cross the species barrier from birds to humans, the new subtype created could be both highly contagious and highly lethal in humans.
	www.birdflu.co.tz (3115 words)

	Kuş Gribi Nedir? Tedavisi, Kuş Gribi (Avian Influenza) Tarihsel Gelişimi
		Son bulgular, insanların da kuş topluluklarında dolaşan kimi influenzavirus alt tipleri için benzer bir rolünün olabileceğini göstermektedir.
		Kümes hayvanlarını infekte eden influenzavirus A, hastalığa neden olma yeteneğine göre ikiye ayrılır.
		Kuşa özgü influenzavirus A H5N1’nin önemi: İnfluenzavirus A H5N1, ilk kez 1961’de Güney Afrika’da balıkçıllardan izole edilmiş olmakla birlikte, patojenitesi yüksek kuş gribi çok daha önceden, ilk kez 1878’de İtalya’da tanımlanmıştır.
	www.kusgribinedir.com /avian_influenza.htm (2652 words)

	Information about Influenza
		Influenza viruses are divided into three types, designated A, B, and C. Influenza types A and B are responsible for epidemics of respiratory illness that occur almost every winter and are often associated with increased rates for hospitalization and death.
		Influenza type C differs from types A and B in some important ways.
		Type C infection usually causes either a very mild respiratory illness or no symptoms at all; it does not cause epidemics and does not have the severe public health impact that influenza types A and B do.
	www.webmd.com /content/article/5/1680_51269.htm (1052 words)

	Influenza Virus
		Influenzavirus A and B contain human and animal strains of influenza type A and human strains of influenza type B. Influenzavirus C contains human strains of influenza type C virus and also Swine strains.
		Classification of the viruses into A, B, and C is allowed by the antigenic differences of the two internal structural proteins i.e.
		Virions contain 7 segments influenza C virus to 8 segments (influenza A and B virus) of linear negative-sense single stranded RNA.
	www.angelfire.com /nj/inquisitivemind/influenza.html (2022 words)

	Influenza A virus (IFAV), influenza B virus (IFBV), influenza C virus (IFCV) and the flu
		Influenza A virus (IFAV), influenza B virus (IFBV), influenza C virus (IFCV) and the flu
		Influenza A virus (IFAV), Influenza B virus (IFBV) and Influenza C virus (IFCV) belong to the family Orthomyxoviridae and used to be included among the myxoviruses (from the Greek myxa = mucous).
		C - This group does not occur in epidemics and causes mild disease.
	www.uq.edu.au /vdu/VDUInfluenza.htm (822 words)

	Manual of standards for diagnostic tests and vaccines, 4th edition, 2000
		Diagnosis of influenzavirus infections is based on virus isolation from horses with acute respiratory illness, or on the demonstration of increased antibody titres in paired sera taken in the acute and convalescent stages of the disease.
		Serological tests: Diagnosis of influenzavirus infections can usually only be accomplished by tests on paired sera; the first sample should be taken as soon as possible after the onset of clinical signs, and the second approximately 2 weeks later.
		Plateau E. and Cruciere C. Study on radial haemolysis method for the detection of anti influenza equiantibodies in equine sera: reliability and expression of the results.
	www.oie.int /eng/normes/mmanual/ancien_manuel/A_00073.htm (7064 words)

	Orthomyxoviridae information - Search.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Influenza C viruses are known to infect humans and pigs.
		Populations tend to have more resistance to influenza B and C, because they only undergo antigenic drift, and have more similarity with previous strains.
		Influenzavirus A is not the same as "avian influenza": the former is a genus of viruses, the latter is an illness.
	domainhelp.search.com /reference/Orthomyxoviridae (858 words)

	Avian influenzavirus
		Influenzavirus are 80-120 nm diameter, segmented RNA viruses, with a helical symmetry.
		Type C influenza is usually restricted to humans, but there have been documented exceptions.
		Influenzavirus has a high rate of genetic recombination meaning that new serological and pathological subtypes frequently appear.
	www.avianbiotech.com /Diseases/Influenza.htm (463 words)

	[No title]
		Indicate the appropriate description(s) of Influenza Virus: A. Influenza virus is a kind of RNA virus.
		B. There are 3 types of influenza virus (A, B and C) and all of them can cause pandemics.
		C. Influenza Virus can be classified as subtypes based on surface antigens Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA).
	w3.ouhsc.edu /biostat/carabin/ID_quiz3_correct.doc (176 words)

	Avian Influenza at the University of Maryland
		Lamb, R. A., and Lai, C. Expression of unspliced NS1 mRNA, spliced NS2 mRNA, and a spliced chimera mRNA from cloned influenza virus NS DNA in an SV40 vector.
		Lamb, R. A., Lai, C. J., and Choppin, P. Sequences of mRNAs derived from genome RNA segment 7 of influenza virus: colinear and interrupted mRNAs code for overlapping proteins.
		Penn, C. The role of RNA segment 1 in an in vitro host restriction occurring in an avian influenza virus mutant.
	www.agnr.umd.edu /avianflu (6674 words)

	Influenzavirus A - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Influenzavirus A is a genus of a family of viruses called Orthomyxoviridae in virus classification.
		The species of Orthomyxoviridae that can cause flu in pigs are Influenza A virus and Influenza C virus but not all genotypes of these two species infect pigs.
		Influenzavirus A - Influenzavirus B - Influenzavirus C
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Influenzavirus_A (4555 words)

	Role of Protein Kinase C {beta}II in Influenza Virus Entry via Late Endosomes -- Sieczkarski et al. 77 (1): 460 -- The ...
		Cells were infected with SFV (a and b) or influenza virus (c and d) at a low multiplicity of infection for 5 h.
		A role for MARCKS, the alpha isozyme of protein kinase C and myosin I in zymosan phagocytosis by macrophages.
		Calphostin C (UCN-1028C), a novel microbial compound, is a highly potent and specific inhibitor of protein kinase C. Biochem.
	jvi.asm.org /cgi/content/full/77/1/460 (5141 words)

	Various Forms Of Influenza Viruses
		There are three types of influenza virus: Influenzavirus A, Influenzavirus B or Influenzavirus C. Influenza A and C infect multiple species, while influenza B almost exclusively infects humans.
		As a result of this lack of antigenic diversity, a degree of immunity to influenza B is usually acquired at an early age.
		However, influenza C is less common than the other types and usually seems to cause mild disease in children.
	www.articledashboard.com /Article/Various-forms-of-Influenza-Viruses/135188 (712 words)

	Flu Wiki - Science - H 5 N 1 Hemagglutinin Sequences
		Hemagglutinin is one of the10 proteins produced by the Influenzavirus A genome, and the principal protein responsible for the ability of the virus to enter host cells.
		As has been found by comparisons of this region among various Influenzavirus A strains, the key difference between those that prefrentially infect humans vs. those that preferentially infect birds are changes in two amino acids.
		This holds true for all other Influenzavirus strains - the same query can be run against these by changing the “Limit by entrez query” field in the “Options for advanced blasting” section of the query form to H3N2, or any other Influenzavirus strain designation.
	www.fluwikie.com /pmwiki.php?n=Science.H5N1HemagglutininSequences (1571 words)

	ZstatFlu Technology Advantage
		While influenza C can cause sporadic upper respiratory tract illness, it is rarely associated with severe lower respiratory tract disease.
		The most prominent sign of infection is fever that often peaks as high as 41 o C (106 o F), but more commonly ranges between 38 o C to 40 o C (100 o F to 104 o F).
		Influenza C is not detected by the ZstatFlu Test because it does not possess a neuraminidase enzyme and historically, this organism has not been considered to be a significant clinical pathogen.
	www.zymetx.com /index.cfm?pageid=142 (1504 words)

	Paulson Laboratory - Publications
		Aubin, Y., Ito, Y., Paulson, J. C., and Prestegard, J. (1993) Structure and dynamics of the sialic acid moiety of GM3-ganglioside at the surface of a magnetically oriented membrane.
		Herrler, G., Gross, H. J., Milks, G., Paulson, J. C., Klenk, H. D., and Brossmer, R. (1990) Use of a sialic acid analogue to analyze the importance of the receptor- destroying enzyme for the interaction of influenza C virus with cells.
		Sadler, J. E., Rearick, J. I., Paulson, J. C., and Hill, R. (1979) Purification to homogeneity of a b-galactoside a2,3 sialyltransferase and partial purification of an a-N- acetylgalactosaminide a2,6 sialyltransferase from porcine submaxillary glands.
	www.scripps.edu /mb/paulson/publications.html (6064 words)

	Influenzavirus C - Health Encyclopedia
		Influenzavirus C Cite this publication as: ICTVdB Management (2006).
		Genus Influenzavirus A Genus Influenzavirus B Genus Influenzavirus C Genus "Thogoto-like Viruses" Host: Virus infects vertebrates.
		This page was last modified 17:30, 26 May 2006.
	www.steadyhealth.com /encyclopedia/Influenzavirus_C (60 words)

	Influenza - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		All influenza viruses are either Influenzavirus A, Influenzavirus B or Influenzavirus C.
		While all flu is caused by the family of virus species called Orthomyxoviridae, most flu is caused by the species Influenza A virus which is hosted by birds, but may infect several species of mammals.
		Following an incubation period of usually a few days (but rarely up to 21 days), depending upon the characteristics of the isolate, the dose of inoculum, the species, and age of the bird, the clinical presentation of avian influenza in birds is variable and symptoms are fairly unspeciﬁc (Elbers 2005).
	www.higiena-system.com /wiki/link-Flu (2981 words)

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