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Topic: Informal logic

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	Informal Logic (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		Informal logic is the attempt to develop a logic to assess, analyse and improve ordinary language (or "everyday") reasoning.
		Informal logic is sometimes presented as a theoretical alternative to formal logic.
		Informal logic's attempt to identify general criteria for good reasoning, and its attempt to define positive argument schema that specify particular forms of good reasoning, can in some ways be compared to the approach to argument implicit in classical formal logic.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/logic-informal (7184 words)

	Informal logic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Informal logic is the study of arguments as presented in ordinary language, as contrasted with the presentations of arguments in an artificial (technical) or formal language (see formal logic).
		The focus of informal logic lies in distinguishing good arguments (valid, cogent) from bad arguments or fallacies (invalid, uncogent).
		In mathematics the reasoning that occurs in proofs, though informal, is often regarded as a close approximation to a formal proof, that is one which is carried out in a formal system of logic.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Informal_logic (558 words)

	Informal logic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Informal logic is the study of natural language argument s.
		Much of the focus of informal logic is in analyzing erroneous arguments, particularly well-known patterns of erroneous arguments called logical fallacies.
		Informal Fallacies Dr. Charles Ess, professor of philosophy and religion, explains and gives examples of logical fallacies.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Informal_logic.html (925 words)

	Titles - Critical Thinking
		A textbook for a college course on critical thinking, informal logic, or practical reasoning.
		Considers the importance of skill at argument for democracy, the stands by several feminist writers on whether women should avoid argument or seek to master it, and how argument is to be evaluated.
		Examines the rise of informal logic since the mid-twentieth century as a logic of argument in natural language and of informal fallacies.
	www.valepress.com /Titles.htm (346 words)

	Informal Logic Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Informal logic is the study of natural language arguments, and is typically less analytical than formal logic.
		The focus of informal logic lies in such activities as analyzing erroneous arguments to identify logical fallacies, and identifying and classifying similar reasoning strategies.
		The activity of analysing arguments in natural language and representing them in a system of formal logic is known as philosophical analysis and is sometimes regarded as part of informal logic.
	www.greatartworks.com /encyclopedia/Informal_logic (703 words)

	Encyclopedia: Informal logic
		Logic (from ancient Greek λόγος (logos), meaning reason) is the study of arguments.
		Logic (from Classical Greek Î»ÏŒÎ³Î¿Ï‚ (logos), originally meaning the word, or what is spoken, but coming to mean thought or reason) is most often said to be the study of arguments, although the exact definition of logic is a matter of controversy amongst philosophers (see below).
		A logical fallacy is an error in logical argument which is independent of the truth of the premises.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Informal-logic (946 words)

	Informal logic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Much of thefocus of informal logic is in analyzing erroneous arguments, particularly well-known patterns of erroneous arguments called logical fallacies.
		In mathematics the reasoning that occurs in proofs, though informal, isoften regarded as a close approximation to a formal proof, that is one which is carried out in a formal system of logic.
		Nevertheless, one of the goals of the Mizar project is to formalize theentire body of informal proofs of mathematics.
	www.therfcc.org /informal-logic-915.html (495 words)

	The Autonomist - Logic Fallacies
		Logic, which provides the principles of correct reason, does not ensure we will use those principles correctly, and it is easy to suppose we are being logical, while making subtle mistakes in our reasoning that are not easy to detect.
		Formal logic defines, in rigid terms, the exact form in which statements must be made and arranged to lead to conclusions which are true.
		Since the use of force essentially ends logical argument, some might doubt this is a fallacy, but frequently force or the threat of it, is used in conjunction with "reason" (if people don't comply, we have to use force for their own good) convincing people that something quite false is true.
	usabig.com /autonomist/fallacies.html (14595 words)

	Core Concepts in Critical Thinking, Part I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Nor is there any particular reason to suppose that the logic of these primitives was primitive logic-- that is, they probably drew logically correct conclusions from their data about as often as folks do nowadays (i.e.
		In a typical symbolic logic course, emphasis is placed on the precise symbolic representation of logical concepts, the study of the abstract relationships between these concepts, and the systematization of these relationships.
		Informal Logic begins with the perception that people don't actually reason all that well, but jumps from there to the matter of doing something about it.
	www.kcmetro.cc.mo.us /longview/ctac/corenotes.htm (7404 words)

	English Composition 1: Logical Argument
		This page, however, is not complete discussion of logic as a science of reasoning, of different kinds of logic, or of all the different varieties of logical fallacies we humans commit.
		Although the goals are different, some familiarity with logic and the structure of well-formed arguments and reasoning can help writers (a) construct valid arguments/reasoning in support of their theses and (b) evaluate and refute invalid arguments/reasoning used to support others' theses.
		Not only is this faulty logic, since the validity and soundness of an argument does not depend on the personal characteristics of the person who makes it, it is also a poor rhetorical strategy because it is so easy to beat.
	papyr.com /hypertextbooks/engl_101/logic.htm (6650 words)

	Asian Philosophy and Critical Thinking: Divergence or Convergence?
		Since the logical traditions within both Indian and Chinese cultures were perceived to be not conducive to their respective ideals, they were eventually supplanted by the more dominant traditions which did not emphasize criticism or argumentation as much as social harmony or intuitive insights.
		And when the logical tradition had to compete with other traditions which could garner more popular appeal, it is quite conceivable that the remote logical schools would lose support.
		Perhaps in India the tradition of logical and critical thinking was limited to the élite educated class in such a way that the general population knew nothing of it, and this could be one explanation, though very sketchy and tentative, as to why modern scientific thinking did not develop in India.
	pioneer.chula.ac.th /~hsoraj/web/APPEND.html (4404 words)

	The Atheism Web: Logic & Fallacies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Concise Oxford English Dictionary defines logic as "the science of reasoning, proof, thinking, or inference." Logic will let you analyze an argument or a piece of reasoning, and work out whether it is likely to be correct or not.
		There are many kinds of logic, such as fuzzy logic and constructive logic; they have different rules, and different strengths and weaknesses.
		Logic in itself doesn't solve the problem of verifying the basic assertions which support arguments; for that, we need some other tool.
	www.infidels.org /news/atheism/logic.html (5794 words)

	Logical Fallacies and the Art of Debate
		Logic is a useful tool in this process, but it is not the only tool -- after all, "plausibility" is a fairly subjective matter that does not follow strict logical rules.
		It is therefore not enough simply to point out a logical fallacy and move on; there is an art to pointing out logical fallacies in your opposition's arguments.
		And there are some types of argument that are listed as logical fallacies in logic textbooks, but that are perfectly acceptable in the context of the rules of debate.
	www.csun.edu /~dgw61315/fallacies.html (5262 words)

	Informal Logic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Logical fallacies are presented with detailed explanations, multiple examples, and tips on avoiding them.
		Explains and gives examples of logical fallacies from the media and everyday life, with references to sources.
		A brief introduction to informal logic and argument.
	www.puredirectory.com /Society/Philosophy/Philosophy-of-Logic/Informal-Logic (288 words)

	Informal Logic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		but the inner proportions of each work are integral to its conception, to its logic.
		and that is "to be able to interact or engage in informal communication with...
		Socrates made this theory of logic, so stop complaining about how complicated this...
	www.wikiverse.org /informal-logic (653 words)

	Open Directory - Society: Philosophy: Philosophy of Logic: Informal Logic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Informal Fallacies - Dr. Charles Ess, professor of philosophy and religion, explains and gives examples of logical fallacies.
		Informal Logic - Article in the Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, by Leo Groarke.
		Logical Fallacies and the Art of Debate - A guide to using logical fallacies in debate.
	www.dmoz.org /Society/Philosophy/Philosophy_of_Logic/Informal_Logic (397 words)

	A List of Fallacies In Logic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The informal fallacies are more likely to be useful, especially when you are debating with someone else.
		Logic is not just the "rules" of validity and soundness, but it is also the straightest and most conducive path to practical communication.
		It is not logically valid to divert a chain of reasoning with extraneous points.
	www.locksley.com /6696/logic.htm (1984 words)

	Phil 120 Course Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The critical thinking portion of the course covers the distinction between logic and rhetoric, the distinction between deductive and inductive arguments, the analysis of ambiguities and the nature of common fallacies in reasoning.
		In the logic portion of the course, the basic topics include the symbolization and evaluation of deductive arguments using truth tables and the construction of proofs to assess validity.
		The objectives of the course, then, are both to become familiar and competent with basic techniques of formal logic and to acquire skill in using these and related formal techniques to assess reasoning in a wide variety of applications.
	www.philosophy.ubc.ca /faculty/bartha/phil120.htm (373 words)

	Liar Paradox [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		Most logical paradoxes are based on circular definitions or self-referential statements, and the liar paradox is no exception.
		Some logicians argue that classical logic is not the incumbent which must remain in office unless an opponent can dislodge it, although this is gospel for other philosophers of logic (probably because of the remarkable success of two-valued logic in expressing most of modern mathematical inference).
		There are more pressing problems in the philosophy of logic and language than finding a solution to the Paradox, so any treatment of it should wait until these problems have a solution.
	www.utm.edu /research/iep/p/par-liar.htm (3427 words)

	DeHaven: Textbook (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The treatment of categorical logic comprises a single chapter placed between propositional logic and predicate logic.
		Propositional Logic: The text uses a modified Copi proof system, together with a symbol system designed to integrate with the software (e.g., using an arrow, ->, for conditional instead of a horseshoe, ⊃, and a double arrow, <->, for biconditional instead of triple bar, ≡).
		The strategy throughout the text seems to be to introduce the basic concepts as clearly and briefly as possible, and then to have students do exercises, quizzes, and web-based problems until they master the material.
	mbyron.philosophy.kent.edu /Logic/textbooks/dehaven.html (348 words)

	Stoneforest.org
		And this statement of fact has some logical relation to the asserted claim; that is, the truth of the reason can affect the truth of the claim.
		It is logically impossible or against common sense that a man could both wear and not wear clothes at the same time.
		Stripped to its skeletal logic, the argument goes: He is unmarried, therefore he is unmarried; being bachelor is exactly equivalent to an unmarried man. Begging the question is when an argument whose some or all parts of its conclusion are used as reasons to support the very same conclusion.
	www.stoneforest.org /critical.html (11231 words)

	fallacies
		Informal fallacies, on the other hand, come in many different varieties.
		The conclusion is logically irrelevant to the premises, even if it is psychologically or emotionally relevant.
		They key to spotting a fallacy of relevance is to distinguish genuine evidence from emotional appeal.
	www.olemiss.edu /courses/logic/fallacies.htm (574 words)

	PROBLEMS IN ARGUMENT ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION
		This book was one of the first theoretical explorations of basic issues arising from the nonformal approach to the interpretation and evaluation of a wide range of arguments in natural language.
		The author’s motivation was to follow through comments by informal logicians to the effect that the techniques and strategies of formal logic were not helpful for the task of understanding and appraising real arguments in daily life or non-mathematical academic disciplines.
		Her determination to explore whether these comments were correct, and if so, why, was enhanced by provocative discussions in early issues of the Informal Logic Newsletter, later to become the journal Informal Logic, to which she was a frequent contributor.
	members.shaw.ca /govier/arganal.htm (318 words)

	Intro to Philosophy: Logic and Reasoning Syllabus
		In our study of formal logic, we will focus upon the mehods of syllogism, the Aristotelian square of opposition, propositional logic, and basic predicate logic.
		Our study of informal logic will address the strengths and weaknesses of arguments as they occur in ordinary, nontechnical writing and speech, with particular emphasis on the informal fallacies.
		Chapter 3 ("Informal Fallacies"), § 3.1 and fallacies of relevance 1-3.
	www.kzoo.edu /phil/420.html (531 words)

	Fallacies [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		A formal fallacy can be detected by examining the logical form of the reasoning, whereas an informal fallacy depends upon the content of the reasoning and possibly the purpose of the reasoning.
		Because informal reasoning regularly deals with hypothetical reasoning and with premises for which there is great disagreement about whether they are true or false, many researchers would relax the requirement that every premise must be true.
		Philosophers tend to de-emphasize this difference between rhetoric and informal logic, and they concentrate on arguments that should fail to convince the ideally rational reasoner rather than on arguments that are likely not to convince audiences who hold certain background beliefs.
	www.utm.edu /research/iep/f/fallacies.htm (13340 words)

	Boole (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Boole approached logic in a new way reducing it to a simple algebra, incorporating logic into mathematics.
		Boole's system of logic is but one of many proofs of genius and patience combined.
		That the symbolic processes of algebra, invented as tools of numerical calculation, should be competent to express every act of thought, and to furnish the grammar and dictionary of an all-containing system of logic, would not have been believed until it was proved.
	www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk /history/Mathematicians/Boole.html (1797 words)

	Progic 2005: Objective Bayesianism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		According to objective Bayesianism, probability generalises deductive logic: deductive logic tells us which conclusions are certain, given a set of premises, while probability tells us the extent to which one should believe a conclusion, given the premises (certain conclusions being awarded full degree of belief).
		The aim of this workshop is to explore the connections between probability and logic, and in particular to evaluate aspects of the connection forged by objective Bayesianism.
		This is an informal workshop and participants are expected to make their own arrangements for travel, accommodation, meals etc, though we will plan a meal together on 6th July.
	personal.lse.ac.uk /willia11/progic2005 (810 words)

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