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Topic: Informal sector

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	Informal Sector: Employment Sector
		Because of the heterogeneity of the informal sector, and its multiple dimensions, conceptual and statistical definitions of this sector are not as clear-cut as one might expect.
		Informal sector in non-agricultural activities, rural-urban: Self-employed workers, most of whom are own-account and unpaid family workers, are considered the major component of the rural and urban informal sector.
		As in the formal sector, in contrast to their male counterparts, women workers tend to be concentrated in a narrower range of activities or occupations (common stereotyped activities are food processing, garment sewing, domestic services), in tasks that require less or no skills and pay less, and in the lower-end of the markets.
	www.ilo.org /public/english/employment/skills/informal/who.htm (1084 words)

	Suitcase Traders and the Economy's Informal Sector
		These young traders' attempts to increase their status through the informal sector are likely caused by the women's lack of opportunity within the formal sector.
		She states, “the informal economy is what one is able to make of it: at times a stepping stone, at times a dead-end.” Employment in the informal sector enables women, in most cases, to make their own hours.
		The informal sector is a growing portion of the economy.
	www.progress.org /2004/noury04.htm (1043 words)

	Trade Unions and the Informal Sector, WIEGO
		An International Symposium on Trade Unions and the Informal Sector, organized by the Bureau for Workers’ Activity of the ILO (often referred to by its French acronym ACTRAV), was held in Geneva from October 18 to 22, 1999.
		Equally, it is not appropriate to identify the formal sector as the “modern” sector, as opposed to the informal sector which is supposed to be “non-modern”.
		What is particular to the informal sector is the absence of rights and social protection of the workers involved in it; in every other respect, and particularly from the economic point of view, the formal and informal sectors form an integral whole.
	www.global-labour.org /trade_unions_and_the_informal_sector_wiego.htm (5032 words)

	Informal Sector Newsletter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The study found that perhaps only a small part of informal lending is for basic consumption, and to the extent that it is, it enhances the welfare of the poor.
		The study highlights the contributions of the informal sector to economic well-being, and urges the acceptance of the informal sector as a natural and beneficial phenomenon.
		Formal financing of informal lending is heralded as an efficient, profitable exercise, wherein the formal sector can take advantage of the informals lower transactions costs, the informal lender has more to lend, and the informal borrower more opportunities.
	www.cipe.org /publications/fs/ert/e02/5self.htm (1873 words)

	National The Telegraph - Weekly (Nepal)
		Only the informal sector continues to contribute to their food security in rural areas, job security in the marginal cash economy of urban areas and safety valve for the disaffected young populations that make up the majority of the nations' population.
		Informal sector is socially embedded, favourable to the production of "economic commons." This shows that economy is not an isolated system with its own internal dynamics.
		Informal sector economy must respond to the legitimate aspirations of workers constituted as citizens and human beings and cluster around networks with like-minded enterprises for production, supplies and market services so that it can achieve financial stability, economies of scale and social integration.
	www.nepalnews.com.np /contents/englishweekly/telegraph/2004/jul/jul14/national.htm (1667 words)

	Employment in the urban informal sector of the wood industries: summary of ILO studies.
		However, as the informal sector of the wood industries plays an important role in many developing countries, an attempt was made to obtain specific information on this part of the industry.
		Formal-sector workers' organisations deplore the poor working conditions and low wages in the informal sector and recommend that in the framework of employment policy, measures should be taken which ensure a gradual transfer of enterprises from the informal to the formal sector.
		In periods of economic difficulty when the formal sector is obliged to reduce manpower, this may be partly absorbed by the informal sector on a temporary or permanent basis.
	www.fao.org /docrep/S8380E/s8380e06.htm (2082 words)

	Africa- Ghana - organising in the informal sector (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The decline in formal sector employment during the 1980s and 1990s and the expansion of the informal sector during the same period have together constituted one of the most enduring features of the structural adjustment programmes that have been implemented in Ghana.
		The injunction to organize informal sector workers that emerged from the Arusha Conference was based on the recognition of informal sector workers as a new partner in the workforce community.
		Because the informal sector is a new area for trade union organization, the conference called for a creative approach that took account of the differences between the informal sector and the formal which so far had been the traditional domain for trade union organization.
	www.streetnet.org.za /ghana.htm (8414 words)

	Informal sector sucks them in, cheapl (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Of the 1,3-million who work for their own account, 1,2-million are employers and self-employed, 129 000 are employed full-time in the formal sector, but also involved in the informal sector, and 10 000 people are involved in the informal sector, but looking for work.
		Income generated from this sector is unlikely to have any meaningful impact on the lives of fl informal workers in particular - it is estimated that the average monthly income is no more than R500, or about R16 a day.
		Sectorally, wholesale, retail and catering services, and accommodation services are the largest sub-sectors in the informal sector, contributing at least R1,2-billion monthly or R12,4-billion annually.
	www.btimes.co.za /96/1215/news/news4.htm (362 words)

	Organizing the Informal Sector: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The informal sector represents a broad terrain of activity that is defined principally in negative terms.
		Informal transportation services (collective taxis, for example) frequently operate on the same basis for similar reasons, as does the practice of land invasions used in informal housing.
		However, as we have noted, in the informal sector the types of sub-sectors most likely to organize are those that are most visible, and therefore most likely to be in conflict and need defensive mechanisms.
	www.openair.org /cross/ILOpaper.htm (2743 words)

	Exploring the Economy's Informal Sector
		The International Labor Organization (ILO) estimated in 2002 that the informal sector's average share of non-agricultural GDP ranged “from a low of 27 percent in Northern Africa to a high of 41 percent in sub-Saharan Africa.” However, these contributions are seldom, if ever, included in these figures.
		Activity in the informal sector differs from that in the formal sector where the “related sequence of production-distribution-consumption activities [are] regulated and tracked by the official record-keeping system of a polity's governing sector,” as anthropologist M. Estelle Smith notes in Stuart Plattner's Economic Anthropology.
		Research in the informal sector is difficult due to the inherent elusiveness of certain activities that occur within it.
	www.progress.org /2003/noury03.htm (1236 words)

	United Nations Statistics Division - City Groups on Statistical Methodologies
		The importance of the informal sector for the economies of developing countries and the developments in its measurement were also discussed by different international organizations.
		In addition, the contribution of the informal sector in terms of, inter alia, employment, value added and capital formation in the economy of participating countries was also discussed.
		The meeting recognized that the national definitions of the informal sector cannot be fully harmonized as the informal sector manifests itself in different ways in different countries.
	unstats.un.org /unsd/methods/citygroup/delhi.htm (978 words)

	Kenyaweb Economy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The small scale informal sector is known as the jua kali sector in Kenya.
		Agricultural sector has been the main employer especially in rural areas and it has experienced a slow growth and decline in some cases.
		The jua kali industry and the private sector have greatly assisted in the employment of a majority of Kenyans who have not been able to be absorbed in government and NGOs.
	www.kenyaweb.com /economy/informal_sect/index.html (528 words)

	The Informal Sector in Mexico
		The informal sector is often considered the disadvantaged sector of a dualistic labor market segmented by excessive formal sector remuneration, benefits, and regulation.
		Departing from that view, this study found that the informal sector may be the unregulated analogue to the industrial country small-firm sector and therefore may represent desirable employment for many workers.
		The analysis showed that, contrary to the traditional view, the size of the informal sector and movements into it are strongly procyclical.
	worldbank.org /html/dec/Publications/Abstracts97/02labor/labor10.html (447 words)

	Informal Leverage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		By remaining in the informal sector in essence what the vendors obtained was a form of subsidy of their activity--an informal one that they appropriated illegally by the simple fact that they did not pay the costs of formalization.
		Indeed, one way in which we can view the informal economy as a whole is as a set of economic actors that are able to compete with larger businesses precisely because of this system of "informal subsidies" that parallels in a certain sense the formal subsidies available for much larger companies.
		It is here that organization promises to provide a system of informal leverage that could allow people working in the informal sector to advance their own interests in such a way that allows them to reduce, although without eliminating, the "costs of informality".
	www.openair.org /cross/esmat.html (5528 words)

	The Informal Sector - Bibliography
		Charmes J. (1996b): Employment, Informalization, Marginalization: Africa in the Crisis and under Adjustment (in French), in: Coussy J. and Vallin J. eds.(1996): Crises and Population in Africa.
		Charmes J. (1998a): Progress in Measurement of the Informal Sector: Employment and Share of GDP, in UN Statistics Division (1998): Handbook of National Accounting.
		Regulation and the informal economy: micro-enterprises in Chile, Ecuador, and Jamaica.
	www.gdrc.org /informal/doc-1bibliography.html (2620 words)

	INFORMAL SECTOR
		Hofmann, M. "The Informal Sector in an Intermediate City: A Case in Egypt," EDCC 34(2), Jan. 1986.
		As the cost of creating jobs in the informal sector is very low, it needs to be integrated into the context of the overall macro-economy.
		The Urban Informal Sector in Quito/Ecuador Suzanne Teltscher's NFS Dissertation Proposal (Abstract)
	faculty.washington.edu /~krumme/readings/informal.html (587 words)

	NAFTA: The Informal Sector (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The informal sector grew substantially during the debt crisis in the 1980s, due to import-reduction policies and the resulting need to replace imports with domestic production, and continues to be a large part of the Mexican economy with the implementation of NAFTA (Benería, source 2).
		Though activities in the informal sector are often illegal, its growth allows the urban economy to absorb increasing numbers of rural workers migrating to cities.
		According to a 1981 study of women involved with industrial homework in Mexico City, women who participated in the informal sector were paid on the average less than one third of the minimum wage.
	www.earlham.edu /~pols/17Fall97/nafta/informal.htm (332 words)

	Informal sector (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The term informal sector was coined in the early 1970s (Hart 1973).
		Many of those formerly thought to be unemployed were in fact working in the informal sector, often very hard and for long hours, but also sometimes earning more, albeit more precariously, than their customers.
		The informal sector has been denigrated by some, under the influence of Marx, who have argued that it is really 'petty commodity trade' and as such the most vulnerable and exploited part of what they call the capitalist system.
	pioneer.netserv.chula.ac.th /~ckieatvi/Informal_sector.htm (852 words)

	Institutional support for informal sector (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Contributions of Informal sector to Pakistan economy: On March 10, 1990, a seminar was held on The Informal Sector in Pakistan in Karachi.
		The development strategy for the informal sector should be integrated with other policies for other subsectors, such as tourism, which have high employment and productivity potentials.
		The right type of policies be developed and efforts be made to ensure that the contributions of informal sector become more pronounced and people working in it are extended logistical support with sound commercial, fiscal, monetary, industrial, agricultural and services sector policies to achieve the major goals.
	www.pakistaneconomist.com /database1/macro-economy/macro-economy-58.htm (1500 words)

	Press Kits: Training in the informal sector: WORLD EMPLOYMENT REPORT 1998-99: PRESS KITS - Public information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Earnings in the informal sector vary greatly, "as does the level of education, which on average is low".
		Entrepreneurs in the informal sector place a high value on it as, among other reasons, apprentices often stay on as skilled labour in their workshops.
		Successful as informal apprenticeship may have proved to be in transferring skills from one generation to the next, "it suffers from serious problems and there is ample scope for improvement", says the ILO report which goes on to identify strategies to improve the quality of the training provided.
	www.ilo.org /public/english/bureau/inf/pkits/wer98/wer98ch5.htm (1148 words)

	The Informal Sector by John C. Cross, Ph.D. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The informal sector (IS) describes economic activity that takes place outside the formal norms of economic transactions established by the state and formal business practices but which is not clearly illegal in itself.
		Formal sector firms, they argue, cut labor costs by using home workers, sweatshops, street vendors, neighborhood shop keepers and others in the IS who, while nominally self-employed, are actually "disguised workers" with none of the benefits or safeguards of formal employment.
		This can be seen as a system of "informal subsidies" that counterbalance the economies of scale of large firms and the formal subsidies and political preference that such firms may enjoy.
	www.openair.org /cross/infdef2.html (1301 words)

	Informal sector surveys: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		data on informal sector employment obtained in respect of a short reference period are unlikely to be representative for the whole year.
		of the density of informal sector establishments of various types in the census enumeration areas.
		In view of the particular characteristics of the informal sector, special attention to data quality aspects should be paid when informal sector surveys are designed and conducted.
	mospi.nic.in /informal_paper_05.htm (5273 words)

	Ghana : Financial services for women entrepreneurs in the informal sector
		Because local government accounts were not generally available, a field survey was carried out in 19 of Uganda’s 39 districts, covering a randomly selected sample of 250 government schools and 100 public health clinics, to collect spending and other data for 1991—95.
		Previous efforts by the government to clean up the teachers’ payroll give some idea of the magnitude of the leakage in salaries: in 1993 nearly 20 percent of teachers on the payroll were removed as ghosts.
		Third, the survey showed that the performance of public facilities in different sectors can vary considerably even within one country, depending on the facilities’ institutional context and incentives.
	www.worldbank.org /afr/findings/english/find138.htm (1387 words)

	WIEGO - Women in Informal Employment: Globalizing and Organizing
		Women in Informal Employment: Globalizing and Organizing (WIEGO) is a global research-policy network that seeks to improve the status of the working poor, especially women, in the informal economy through better statistics, research, programs, and policies and through increased organization and representation of informal workers.
		The individuals and institutions in the WIEGO network are drawn from three broad constituencies: membership-based organizations of informal workers; research, statistical, and academic institutions; and development agencies of various types (non-governmental, governmental, and inter-governmental).
		The common motivation for those who join the network is the troubling lack of recognition and support for the informal economy, especially the women who work in it, by policy makers and the international development community.
	www.wiego.org (133 words)

	The Economics of the Informal Sector: a Simple Model and Some Empirical Evidence from Latin America
		The empirical approach consists of identifying the size of the informal sector to a latent variable for which multiple causes and multiple indicators exist.
		The size of the informal sector is found to depend positively on proxies for tax burden and labor-market restrictions, and negatively so on a proxy for the quality of government institutions.
		Furthermore, the empirical results suggest that an increase in the size of the informal sector negatively affects growth by, first, reducing the availability of public services for everyone in the economy, and, second, increasing the number of activities that use some of the existing public services less efficiently or not at all.
	www.worldbank.org /research/growth/absnorm.htm (263 words)

	The Informal Sector, Entrepreneurship and Economic Development (ResearchIndex)
		The informal sector in developing countries not only makes a significant contribution towards gross domestic product, but is a major potential source of entrepreneurship.
		This study explores the emerging nature of the informal sector, and attempts to distinguish...
		1 The Informal Sector (context) - DeSmidt - 1988
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /380521.html (587 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		According to them, those are informal labourers who are not in "formal" sector, not protected by any labour law, not in formal 'employee-employer relationship' and not getting any benefits entitled to them as employee.
		Nepali informal sector is often considered as a female dominated sector, which absorbs a big number of women workers.
		Informal sector, its trend & magnitude T hough Nepal has a vast area of informal sector traditionally, even the formal sector is being converted into informal these days.
	www.gefont.org /views/2004/informal_eco.doc (4577 words)

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