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Topic: Information Processing Language

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	Information Processing Language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Information Processing Language (IPL) is a programming language developed by Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, and Herbert Simon at RAND Corporation and the Carnegie Institute of Technology from about 1956.
		IPL was used to implement several early artificial intelligence programs, also by the same authors: the Logic Theory Machine (1956), the General Problem Solver (1957), and their computer chess program NSS (1958).
		However the language was soon displaced by Lisp, which had similar features but a simpler syntax and the benefit of automatic garbage collection.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Information_Processing_Language (375 words)

	Information processing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		As such, it is a process which describes everything which happens (changes) in the universe, from the falling of a rock (a change in position) to the printing of a text file from a digital computer system.
		The information processing approach in psychology is closely allied to cognitivism in psychology and functionalism in philosophy although the terms are not quite synonymous.
		Information Processing Languages (IPL), by Newell, Shaw, and Simon
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Information_processing (353 words)

	Natural Language Processing and Information Extraction
		Information Extraction systems may be used to process large bodies of information, so performance may be important.
		Information may want to be free, but it is most certainly not free when it comes to financial data.
		One of the challenges in Information Extraction is to reduce the human workload in developing extraction rules (a.k.a., case frames or templates).
	www.bearcave.com /misl/misl_tech/nlp.html (3393 words)

	Information Processing - Ebook
		The process of elaboration occurs when information is retrieved from the LTM in order to link to the new information.
		Failure to remember information does not mean that it has been forgotten; it is merely the procedure for retrieval has been forgotten.
		The 12 students are of mixed language and cultural backgrounds—about half are Spanish speakers from Central and South America; the remainder are from Asia (Pakistan, Korea, and Vietnam).
	www.coe.uga.edu /epltt/InformationProcessing.htm (4773 words)

	Learning Language
		When children acquire language, this same part of the brain, called the "deep motor area," is what they use, so the language is like second nature.
		The window of opportunity to imprint information and skills in the deep motor region of the brain is widest during early childhood and nearly shut by the time we reach about 18.
		Research into the neurology of language acquisition is proving useful because understanding the "geographic" differences of language learning in children versus adults may influence educators and their decisions about foreign language instruction.
	www.acfnewsource.org /science/learning_language.html (585 words)

	Natural Language Processing: Parser Information Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Expect, a tcl language, is used to call PROLOG and perform the interactions normally conducted by the user.
		For example, instead of having two separate rules for the sentences 'the dog eats' and 'the dogs eat' which are different in terms of number agreement, one rule may be written which says that there must be agreement between the NP and the VP.
		This is advantageous since regularities in language are expressed more succinctly and elegantly, as well as allowing for a greater flexibility of word-order (depending on how the grammar is written), and constraining the number of acceptable parses to those which agree in terms of subcategorization and agreement phenomena.
	www.georgetown.edu /compling/parsinfo.htm (1703 words)

	information from FOLDOC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Information Managers are responsible for the coordination and integration of a wide range of information handling activities within the organisation.
		IRM views information and Information Technology as an integrating factor in the organisation, that is, the various organisational positions that manage information are coordinated and work together toward common ends.
		Overall the intent of IRM is to increase the usefulness of government information both to the government and to the public.
	foldoc.org /foldoc/foldoc.cgi?information (1350 words)

	Language Arts - Grade 6 Literacy
		The Tennessee English Language Arts Curriculum Framework for Kindergarten through Grade 12 was adopted by the State Board of Education on December 5, 1996.
		The Information Processing Unit includes competencies and objectives which focus on the processes of comparing, evaluating, interpreting, and organizing information and ideas in isolation from other language arts areas such as: reading, writing, listening and spelling.
		The Language Expressions Unit focuses on language conventions, structure, usage, and language study.
	www.wcs.edu /wcscurric/GL25457.HTM (1118 words)

	Psychology Research: Cognition and Information Processing
		For instance, visual attention research emphasizes the study of selective processing of spatial locations, objects, stimulus attributes, and the relation of attention to visual motion perception.
		Information processing analyses of the performance of cognitive tasks trace the sequence of mental operations and their products (information).
		Current faculty research programs in language investigate: the development of language abilities; real-time processing of linguistic stimuli; the structure of the breakdown of linguistic capacities following brain damage; learning of concepts in language; the relationship between language perception and production; the interaction between linguistic capacities and aspects of memory.
	www.psychology.uci.edu /research/cognition.html (327 words)

	Information Retrieval Links (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Natural Language Processing and Information Retrieval Group at the National Institute of Standards and Technology works with industry, academia and other government agencies to promote the use of more effective and efficient techniques for manipulating (largely) unstructured textual information, especially the browsing, searching, and presentation of that information.
		The Proteus Project is a project of research and development in natural language processing, conducted in the Department of Computer Science, New York University, under the direction of Prof.
		The Natural Language Processing Laboratory is active in the areas of sentence analysis, discourse analysis, corpus-driven text comprehension and information extraction.
	web.syr.edu /~diekemar/ir.html (972 words)

	Natural Language Processing - Computer & Information Sciences - UD
		Natural language processing is a major area of research and graduate study in the Department of Computer and Information Sciences at the University of Delaware.
		The latter projects are enhanced by the Center for Applied Science and Engineering in Rehabilitation of the University of Delaware and the AI duPont Institute.
		Vijay Shanker, Associate Professor: natural language processing, parsing, grammatical formalisms, sentence generation.
	www.cis.udel.edu /research/natLanguage.php (324 words)

	ACM Transactions on
		The ACM Transactions on Asian Language Information Processing (TALIP) publishes high quality original archival papers and technical notes in the areas of computation and processing of information in Asian languages and related disciplines.
		Papers related to Western language information processing techniques and theory will also be considered if the ideas are shown to be equally applicable to Asian languages.
		The latter will provide a quick means for dissemination of information related to leading edge research in Asian language information processing, while the former is meant for publication of substantial research findings.
	www.acm.org /pubs/talip/cfp_talip.html (460 words)

	DBWorld Message (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		CLIP06 CROSS-LANGUAGE INFORMATION PROCESSING "From document analysis to document understanding" Second international workshop September 25-26, 2006 - Genova, Italy Workshop website: http://www.disi.unige.it/clip2006 ICT for EU-India Cross Cultural Dissemination http://euindia.dimi.uniud.it/ GENERAL INFORMATION Cross-language information processing is the task of processing information expressed in more than one language.
		Examples include categorizing collections of documents written in several languages, language identification, automatic understanding of texts containing sentences in more than one language, question answering where questions are asked in a different language than answers.
		This is the second workshop in the series, and the focus is on all methods that allow to organize and access documents on the basis of their content, from the analysis of physical representations to semantic classification and clustering.
	www.cs.wisc.edu /dbworld/messages/2006-07/1152270317.html (169 words)

	Natural Language Processing in Information Retrieval: SearchTools Topics
		To avoid forcing searchers to memorize Boolean or other query languages, some systems allow them to type in a question, and use that as the query: this is known as "Natural Language Processing" (NLP).
		Others try to categorize the form of the question and use it to define the query, so "who is" questions are not treated the same as "how many" or "why": a good example of this approach is the AskJeeves system.
		Information Retrieval and Natural Language Processing - an excellent annotated listing of useful sites and information.
	www.searchtools.com /info/ir-nlp.html (390 words)

	Information Access
		Interdisciplinary efforts involve the natural language processing, information retrieval, and cognitive engineering (for example, usability testing and human factors) communities.
		Much of the relevant research is corpus-based and relies on shared use of spoken language databases and standard test methods.
		We are exploring the feasibility of information visualization and computer graphics techniques to access, manipulate, and exchange complex information.
	www.nist.gov /public_affairs/guide/information_access.htm (1102 words)

	Aplications of Natural Language to Information Systems
		NL processing for indexing large technical documents was covered in "Objects and Actions: Two Concepts of Major Interest in Information Retrieval in Full-Text Databases", by Viviane Clavier, Christel Froissart and Celine Paganelli.
		This method combines hypothetical reasoning, which is used both for natural language analysis and for concept extraction, and domain-oriented taxonomies of concepts to guide the system's reasoning.
		The method is especially applicable to incomplete textual databases, given the non- monotonicity of extended logic programs, but it is also generally applicable to the analysis of natural language descriptions in view of conceptual modelling and to natural language interfaces for database querying.
	www.cs.ucy.ac.cy /compulog/newpage43.htm (579 words)

	PC AI - Natural Language Processing
		Overview: The goal of Natural Language Processing (NLP) is to design and build a computer system that will analyze, understand, and generate natural human-languages.
		Applications of NLP include machine translation of one human-language text to another; generation of human-language text such as fiction, manuals, and general descriptions; interfacing to other systems such as databases and robotic systems thus enabling the use of human-language type commands and queries; and understanding human-language text to provide a summary or to draw conclusions.
		The Speech and Language Technology (SLT) Group is focusing on Speech Processing, Natural Language Processing and Optical Character Recognition.
	www.pcai.com /web/ai_info/natural_lang_proc.html (605 words)

	Opening All Options - Information - Language Processing and Learning Disability
		If Language Learning Disability has not been detected at primary school level, it is infrequently diagnosed in adults.
		A language assessment conducted by a speech pathologist is an important way of determining the extent to which language learning difficulties contribute towards a student’s reading/writing and social problems.
		If the student is of a non-English speaking background and is identified as having the same experience with language processing in their first language.
	services.admin.utas.edu.au /alda/options/info/lang.htm (792 words)

	ILPS : Information and Language Processing Systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Information and Language Processing Systems group is part of the Intelligent Systems Lab Amsterdam at the Informatics Institute, University of Amsterdam.
		Research within the ILPS group is aimed intelligent information access, especially in the face of massive amounts of information.
		ILPS, Informatics Institute, University of Amsterdam, Kruislaan 403, 1098 SJ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
	ilps.science.uva.nl (220 words)

	Natural Language Processing as Information Compression
		Although attention has, so far, been confined to representing NL syntax and the parsing and production of syntactic structures, it is anticipated that the concepts are likely to generalise easily to the integration of semantic structures with syntactic structures and the processing of semantic structures in conjunction with syntactic structures.
		These ideas are described in Syntax, parsing and production of natural language in a framework of information compression by multiple alignment, unification and search and also with more detail and more examples in two other unpublished reports:
		The concept has also been applied in an interpretation of the nature of 'computing', mathematics and logic, in modelling probabilistic reasoning and in other areas of computing (see Computing as Compression).
	www.cognitionresearch.org.uk /papers/nl/nl.htm (296 words)

	Information Processing Language (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.netlab.uky.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		It included features intended to support programs that could perform general problem solving, including lists, associations, schemas (frames), dynamic memory allocation, data types, recursion, associative retrieval, functions as arguments, generators (streams), and cooperative multitasking.
		Newell had the role of Language specifier/application programmer, Shaw was the system programmer and Simon took the role of application programmer/user.
		To this day in the CRC method, object-oriented programmers still use note cards to encapsulate simple attributes of the roles played by the programmed objects.
	information-processing-language.iqnaut.net.cob-web.org:8888 (333 words)

	LD Info (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.netlab.uky.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		language (receptive) taking in information that is communicated through language (reading, listening)
		memory for information presented within a meaningful context a context that the learner can relate to, or has experience with
		speed of information processing the rate at which an individual can efficiently handle input and output (auditory, visual, tactile-kinesthetic)
	www.ldinfo.org.cob-web.org:8888 /strategies/glossary.html (293 words)

	Natural Language Processing / Information Retrieval Software Repository (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		More information about the project is available on the Penn Chinese Treebank website at: http://www.cis.upenn.edu/%7Echinese/.
		The identification of SNPs is performed using a finite state machine compiled from a regular expression grammar, and the process of ranking the candidate significant topics uses frequency information that is gathered in a single pass through the document.
		Include information on the status of the tool (if it works, or hasn't been tested) as well as pointers to its home page and a quick synopsis of quirks (if there are too many to list, you might want to point to the more comprehesive usage-soc.html you just wrote.
	www.comp.nus.edu.sg /~rpnlpir (7565 words)

	Natural Language Processing Laboratory Information Extraction Publications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		TC-24: (1994) Riloff, E. and Lehnert, W.G., "Information Extraction as a Basis for High-Precision Text Classification," ACM Transactions on Information Systems, 296-333.
		TC-21: (1993) Riloff, E., "Automatically Constructing a Dictionary for Information Extraction Tasks," Proceedings of the Eleventh National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 811-816.
		(1993) Lehnert, W. "Natural Language Processing Overview" (from the 1993 Research Brochure for the Department of Computer Science at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst).
	www-nlp.cs.umass.edu /ciir-pubs/tepubs.html (755 words)

	LINGUIST List 10.446: Teaching Spanish, Machine Translation
		Mail, fax or e-mail this information to the Institute of Spanish for Native Speakers by the deadline of May 31, 1999.
		International Symposium on Machine Translation and Computer Language Information Processing (ISMTandCLIP) Beijing, China, June 26-28, 1999 Call for Papers You are invited to participate in the International Symposium on Machine Translation and Computer Language Information Processing (ISMTandCLIP), which will be held on June 26-28, 1999 at Beijing, China.
		The symposium will provide a forum for the researchers, developers and participates to exchange their ideas and discuss the future direction of machine translation and computer language information processing.
	www.linguistlist.org /issues/10/10-446.html (719 words)

	ACM Transactions on Asian Language Information Processing
		1--2 Jianfeng Gao and Joshua Goodman and Mingjing Li and Kai-Fu Lee Toward a unified approach to statistical language modeling for Chinese.
		Ying Zhang and Phil Vines and Justin Zobel Chinese OOV translation and post-translation query expansion in Chinese--English cross-lingual information retrieval.
		Hiroshi Nakagawa and Tatsunori Mori and Noriko Kando Preface to the special issues on NTCIR-4 237--242 Tsuneaki Kato and Jun'ichi Fukumoto and Fumito Masui and Noriko Kando Are open-domain question answering technologies useful for information access dialogues?---an empirical study and a proposal of a novel challenge.
	www.math.utah.edu /ftp/pub/tex/bib/toc/talip.html (1575 words)

	Language and Information Processing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		SILO), and it consists of studies both at the Faculty of Humanities (Phonetics, Linguistics) and at the Faculty of Technology, in the Department of Electrical and Information Engineering.
		All registered students of the University of Oulu are welcome to study Language and Information Processing.
		The students are required to have passed the courses Introduction to General Phonetics (P69133, 1.5 ECTS credits) and The Principles of General Linguistics I (Y/P01051, 3 ECTS credits) before they can begin studying Language and Information Processing.
	www.student.oulu.fi /~tjpih/LI.html (190 words)

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