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Topic: Infrared Astronomical Satellite

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	IRAS - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) was a space-based observatory that performed a survey of the entire sky at infrared wavelengths.
		IRAS's life, like most of infrared satellites, was limited by its cooling system: to effectively work in the infrared domain, a satellite must be cooled to impressively low temperatures.
		In IRAS' case, 720 liters of superfluid helium kept the satellite at a temperature of 1.6 kelvins (about −272 °C).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/IRAS (357 words)

	infrared astronomy
		: Infrared radiation is detected from the Moon by Charles Piazzi Smyth from the peak of Guajara on Tenerife.
		This infrared image of the Andromeda Galaxy was taken several years later (in 1983) by the IRAS satellite.
		The KAO, which would be used to gather infrared data for the next 20 years, was used to discover the rings of Uranus in 1977 and the presence of water in the atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/I/infrared_astronomy.html (2723 words)

	The Infrared Revolution - 200 Years of infrared discoveries
		Astronomers had to wait a further one and a half centuries to experience the full startling impact of the sky revealed in the infrared.
		Ground-based infrared astronomers have to try to observe objects that can be a million times fainter than the emission from the sky - as difficult as trying to observe faint stars during the day with an optical telescope.
		The combination of Hubble's very high resolution and the ability of infrared light to penetrate dust clouds, opaque to visible light, has allowed astronomers to study the nuclei of galaxies and dust-enshrouded star-forming regions and has led to the discovery of objects that are most probably nascent planetary systems.
	sci2.esa.int /specialevents/infrared/discoveries.html (2341 words)

	Infrared Astronomy
		Infrared astronomy involves the detection and study of infrared radiation emitted from objects in the universe.
		Infrared observations also have led to the discovery of a large number of stars which are too cool to be detected by their visible light.
		Infrared observations show that the center of our galaxy consists of a very dense crowding of stars and that gases near the center are orbiting very rapidly (probably due to the existence of a fl hole).
	teacherlink.ed.usu.edu /tlnasa/pictures/litho/infrared/infrared.html (1004 words)

	INFRARED ASTRONOMICAL SATELLITE
		Infrared telescopes were moved to higher and drier locations, and observers lofted their sensors by balloon, rocket, and airplane above the infrared-absorbing water of atmosphere.
		Astronomical objects generally emit their energy over a wide range of wavelengths, and the hotter an object is, the more its energy output is concentrated at the short end of the spectrum.
		Infrared astronomy is thus the study of relatively cool objects below about 6000° Kelvin (10,000° F) that astronomers believe account for a significant amount of the universe's total energy output.
	www.space-explorers.com /internal/chronos/more/infra.html (3828 words)

	COBE - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Though ultimately these proposals lost out to the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS), the large number of proposals sent a clear message to NASA that this was a matter to look into.
		In order to meet the demands of the slow rotation and the attitude three-axis controls, a sophisticated pair of yaw angular momentum wheels were employed with their axis oriented along the spin axis (Boggess, 1992).
		First, in 1981, two teams of astronomers, one led by David Wilkinson of Princeton and the other by Francesco Melchiorri of the University of Florence, simultaneously announced that they detected a quadrupole distribution of CMB using balloon-borne instruments.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer_satellite (2232 words)

	Infrared Imaging Satellite "AKARI"(ASTRO-F)
		AKARI Initial Results The infrared satellite AKARI (formerly ASTRO-F) of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), which was launched from the Uchinoura Space Center on the 21st of February (UT), captured light for the first time when the telescope aperture lid was opened on the 13th of April.
		Infrared images of world class resolution and sensitivity has been presented to the general public.
		ASTRO-F is an infrared-ray astronomical satellite that seeks an understanding of the formation and evolution of galaxies.
	www.jaxa.jp /missions/projects/sat/astronomy/astro_f/index_e.html (607 words)

	Infrared Astronony (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Fortunately, infrared wavelengths are so long that the light photons pass through the interstellar dust that obscures many of our observations at other wavelengths.
		Thus, infrared astronomy is an excellent way to detect cool objects, such as planets, cool stars, prestellar clouds, and galaxies, as well as the background radiation from the expanding universe.
		There are some "windows" in the atmosphere through which infrared radiation can enter, but water vapor and other gases in the atmosphere absorb much of the radiation.
	liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov /academy/universe/infrar_astro.html (294 words)

	LAMBDA - Infrared Astronomical Satellite
		The Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) mission was a collaborative effort by the United States (NASA), the Netherlands (NIVR), and the United Kingdom (SERC).
		It conducted an all-sky survey at wavelengths ranging from 8 to 120 microns in four broadband photometric channels centered at 12, 25, 60, and 100 microns.
		For the all-sky survey the satellite scanned at 3.85' per second along arcs of constant Solar elongation close to 90°.
	lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov /product/iras (351 words)

	Infrared Astronomical Satellite - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		INFRARED ASTRONOMICAL SATELLITE [Infrared Astronomical Satellite] see infrared astronomy.
		Urgent: Japan launches Astro-F infrared ray astronomical satellite.
		Japan's first infrared ray satellite put into orbit.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/X/X-I1R1A1stS1at.asp (122 words)

	Spaceflight Now \| Delta Launch Report \| Past and future infrared missions
		Astronomers hope to use the airborne telescope to study star birth and death, nebulas and fl holes.
		The project's major contributions were the detection of hundreds of brown dwarfs, mapping of the Milky Way's structure and dust distribution, charting of the large-scale structure of the nearby universe, observations of galaxies hidden behind the disc of the Milky Way, and discoveries of numerous dust-obscured galaxies and quasars in the distant universe.
		The telescope was established in 1979 to provide infrared support of NASA missions such as the Voyager spacecraft to the outer planets, and 50 percent of its observing time remains reserved for study of solar system objects, mainly planets and their moons.
	www.spaceflightnow.com /delta/d298/030414irmissions.html (1386 words)

	Jet Propulsion Laboratory
		This paved the way for astronomers in the 1900s who used special telescopes to survey the skies at infrared wavelengths.
		The concept of the Infrared Astronomical Satellite was to take such a telescope and place it in orbit above the interference of Earth's atmosphere.
		The Netherlands was responsible for the spacecraft, while the United States contributed the launch, the infrared telescope and final data handling; the United Kingdom was in charge of satellite operations and preliminary data processing.
	www.jpl.nasa.gov /missions/past/iras.html (242 words)

	NASM Space Artifacts: IRAS
		The Infrared Astronomical Satellite was a joint venture between NASA and its counterparts in the Netherlands and Great Britain.
		Therefore infrared detectors need to be cooled not only to increase their sensitivity but to render the objects they seek visible; in the case of IRAS, the entire optical instrument was cooled as well to cut down instrument noise.
		The satellite was launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base on January 25, 1983 on a Delta rocket and inserted into a polar orbit designed to minimize accidental exposure to bright sources such as the sun or earth.
	www.nasm.si.edu /research/dsh/artifacts/SS-IRAS.htm (796 words)

	INFRARED ASTRONOMICAL SATELLITE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Even at these transparent windows there are problemsthe air above us glows brightly in the infrared, so even on the darkest nights infrared astronomers must resort to techniques like nodding their telescopes back and forth to sort out sky "noise" from astronomical sources.
		Hundreds of these additional observationsof unusual galaxies, bright infrared stars, and nebulaeare done each week, not only when the turning Earth brings the south Atlantic under IRAS, but also when the satellite passes over the poles, where overlapping survey coverage is not needed as often as in other areas.
		Infrared also opens up an important region of the sky nearly invisible to optical astronomersthe center of our Milky Way galaxy, located in the direction of the constellation Sagittarius.
	vesuvius.jsc.nasa.gov /er/seh/infra.html (3798 words)

	Infrared views of the Solar System: Mark V. Sykes
		This region of the spectrum is referred to as the thermal infrared.
		The upcoming Wide-Field Infrared Explorer (WIRE) mission to observe galaxy evolution and the birth of new galaxies at 12 and 25 microns.
		The Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) is a joint project of the US, UK and the Netherlands to perform an unbiased, sensitive all sky survey at 12, 25, 60 and 100 microns.
	www.apnet.com /refer/solar/Contents/chap31.htm (295 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for satellite, (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Astronomical and Physical Characteristics of Saturn Saturn's orbit lies between those of Jupiter and Uranus; its mean distance from the sun is c.886 million mi (1.43 billion km), almost twice that of Jupiter, and its period of revolution is
		Astronomical and Physical Characteristics Jupiter's orbit lies beyond the asteroid belt at a mean distance of 483.6 million mi (778.3 million km) from the sun; its period of revolution is 11.86
		Five rays of light for the satellite sector: between price pressures and flat demand, Asia's satellite industry has seen better days.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=satellite,&StartAt=11 (759 words)

	AKARI's view on birth and death of stars
		AKARI, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) infrared astronomical satellite with ESA participation, is continuing its survey of the sky and its mapping of our cosmos in infrared light.
		AKARI's Infrared Camera (IRC) imaged the reflection nebula IC 1396 in the constellation Cepheus (a reflection nebula is a cloud of dust which reflects the light of nearby stars).
		The dust in the gas is heated by the intense light coming from both the massive star at the centre of the nebula and the newly born stars in the dense gas itself, and emits infrared light.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2006-08/esa-avo082906.php (571 words)

	Jet Propulsion Laboratory Herschel - Mission Description - Related Missions
		The Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) was the first space-based telescope to attempt a complete survey of the sky at infrared wavelengths.
		ISO observed in the range from 2.5 to 240 microns with greater sensitivity and resolution than its predecessor, and made the startling discovery that water vapor is a common and important part of the interstellar medium.
		The satellite found water in the vicinity of stars both at the beginning and end of their lives, in sources close to the center of the galaxy, and in the atmospheres of planets in our Solar System.
	herschel.jpl.nasa.gov /relatedMissions.shtml (1246 words)

	Infared Waves (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		For many years the earth's atmosphere kept astronomers from exploring the infrared sky except in a limited wavelength range, by means of brief rocket and balloon probes.
		This satellite's observations of the far infrared spectrum have been used to create an infrared map of nearly the entire celestial sphere.
		Since then, the development of large format arrays of reflectors that are sensitive to the near infrared has not only enabled imaging of hundreds of the faintest, most distant galaxies yet discovered, but has also led to new theories of galactic evolution.
	www.central-city.k12.ia.us /tutorials/JakeAdam/Infrared.htm (149 words)

	RedOrbit - Space - Japan Launches Astronomical Satellite
		In addition to the satellite, the M5 carries a tiny satellite made by the students of the Tokyo Institute of Technology, and experimental equipment for a solar sailor being developed by the agency, also known as JAXA.
		The satellite is equipped with a 70-centimeter telescope and can capture infrared rays emitted by low temperature stars and new galaxies.
		Scientists hope that the satellite will detect several million new astronomical objects and plan to create a database of the whole universe utilizing the satellite's ability to observe wide areas.
	www.redorbit.com /news/space/400962/japan_launches_astronomical_satellite/index.html?source=r_space (319 words)

	CosmicQuest @ The Children's Museum of Indianapolis
		The Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) was a joint scientific project sponsored by the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Netherlands.
		It was equipped with a special infrared telescope to scan the sky.
		IRAS was the first satellite to discover a comet.
	www.childrensmuseum.org /cosmicquest/fieldguide/iras.html (155 words)

	[No title]
		ISO: The Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) was launched by ESA in late 1995 and operated for 30 months before the cryogen was exhausted.
		The four-month mission was designed to use a 30-cm telescope to conduct a mid-infrared survey of the Universe and to study the birth and evolution of starburst galaxies.
		This path-breaking infrared satellite doubled the number of known astronomical sources and made numerous important discoveries.
	spider.ipac.caltech.edu /staff/lmh/NEWIPACLOCAL/past.html (366 words)

	ipedia.com: IRAS Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Infrared Astronomical Satellite was a space-based observatory that performed a survey of the entire sky at infrared wavelengths.
		In IRAS' case, 720 liters of superfluid helium kept the satellite at a temperature of 1.6 Kelvin (about -272 °C).
		In addition to its main work, IRAS also discovered three asteroids, including notably 3200 Phaethon (an Apollo asteroid and the parent body of the Geminid meteor shower), as well as the periodic comet 126P/IRAS.
	www.ipedia.com /iras.html (318 words)

	Berkeley Lab Far-Infrared Detectors in Orbit
		Because interstellar gas clouds and space dust effectively absorb visible and ultraviolet photons, observations in the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum -- in particular the far infrared -- can reveal objects and phenomenon that would otherwise be invisible to astronomers.
		The far infrared is also good for the study of small stars, extrasolar planets, and molecular clouds that give off heat but are too dim to be viewed by visible light.
		This infrared image shows a 5 by 5 arcminute starfield in the constellation Perseus, an engineering test image made while the satellite cools down in orbit before serious science begins.
	www.lbl.gov /Science-Articles/Archive/SB-MSD-SIRTF.html (1221 words)

	DISCOVERIES BY IRAS - The Infrared Satellite Observatory
		DISCOVERIES BY IRAS - The Infrared Satellite Observatory
		During its ten months of operation, IRAS scanned more than 96 percent of the sky four times at four infrared bands centered at 12, 25, 60 and 100 microns, increasing the number of cataloged astronomical sources by almost 70%.
		It was found that many of these starburst galaxies have "superwinds" emerging from their centers due to the large number of supernova explosions which occur in these galaxies.
	www.ipac.caltech.edu /Outreach/Edu/iras_discoveries.html (315 words)

	ESA Science & Technology: AKARI First Light (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		On 13 April, during the second month of the system checkout and verification of the overall satellite performance, the AKARI telescope's aperture lid was opened and the two on-board instruments commenced their operation.
		In these infrared images of IC4954 - a region of intense star formation - it is possible to pick out individual stars that have only recently been born.
		Launched in 1983, the InfraRed Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) was the first mission to make a complete infrared survey of the entire sky.
	sci.esa.int /science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=39279 (712 words)

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