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Topic: Infrared Space Observatory

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	Infrared astronomy - New World Encyclopedia
		Infrared astronomy is the branch of astronomy and astrophysics that studies objects as they would appear in the infrared (IR) region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
		Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS): Launched on January 25, 1983, IRAS was a joint project of the United States (NASA), the Netherlands (NIVR), and the United Kingdom (SERC).
		Infrared Space Observatory (ISO): This telescope was launched in November 1995 and operated until it ran out of liquid helium in May 1998.
	www.newworldencyclopedia.org /entry/Infrared_astronomy (1329 words)

	Space Shop - the Space Store
		ISO observed in the wavelength range from 2.5 to 240 µm and achieved an one thousand fold increase in sensitivity and a one hundred fold improvement in angular resolution (at 12 µm) compared to IRAS.
		The Spitzer Space Telescope (formerly SIRTF, the Space Infrared Telescope Facility) was launched on 25 August 2003.
		Infrared radiation is less affected by these clouds - the longer the wavelength, the thicker the dust cloud that it can penetrate.
	www.aerospaceguide.net /telescope (485 words)

	ISOLOG - ISO (Infrared Space Observatory) Observation Log
		ISO is an ESA (European Space Agency) project with instruments funded by ESA member states (especially the PI countries of France, Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom), and with the participation of ISAS (Japan) and NASA (USA).
		As an unprecedented observatory for infrared astronomy, able to examine the cool and hidden places in the Universe, ISO successfully made nearly 30,000 scientific observations.
		The ISO data can be retrieved from the ISO Data Archive, which is available at the ISO Data Centre at http://www.iso.vilspa.esa.es, and comprises about 150,000 observations, including calibration, parallel mode and serendipitous observations.
	heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov /W3Browse/all/isolog.html (1151 words)

	Space Today Online - SIRTF - the Space Infrared Telescope Facility
		The heat is infrared energy on the electromagnetic spectrum between the wavelengths of 3 and 180 microns.
		Because infrared energy is heat, the telescope must be cooled to a temperature near absolute zero to see infrared unobstructed by heat generated by the telescope itself.
		The image by Spitzer's infrared array camera is a four-color composite of invisible light, showing in blue the emissions from wavelengths of 3.6 microns, in green the 4.5 micron emissions, in yellow the 5.8 micron emissions, and in red the 8.0 micron emissions.
	www.spacetoday.org /DeepSpace/Telescopes/GreatObservatories/SIRTF/SIRTF.html (1768 words)

	INFRARED SPACE OBSERVATORY (ISO)
		ESA's infrared space observatory, ISO, has taken pictures of the 'golden age' of galaxy formation, the epoch when galaxies were taking the shape we see now, and has unveiled more than a thousand very active young galaxies in which non-stop star-formation machines are at work.
		ISO astronomers searched for signs of star formation in the distant Universe, since the birth of many stars means that a galaxy is undergoing a phase of intense evolution.
		Matching the galaxies seen by ISO with the galaxies detected in visible light (for which distances are either known or have been estimated on the basis of their colours) allows the distance to each galaxy to be determined.
	www.xs4all.nl /~carlkop/isoont.html (2100 words)

	BNSC - Infrared Space Observatory (ISO)
		ISO has enabled us to peer into regions of space invisible to other telescopes, penetrating dust clouds to observe new stars as they form and detect distant young galaxies.
		Infrared radiation is primarily heat, or thermal radiation.
		ISO was originally designed to last 18 months but a combination of some world-class engineering and a bit of luck meant it actually lasted for 28 months, and generated far more data than expected.
	www.bnsc.gov.uk /content.aspx?nid=5624 (357 words)

	The Infrared Revolution -Infrared discoveries
		Although the discovery of infrared light was reported exactly 200 years ago, astronomers had to wait until the eighties to gain full access to the infrared sky -with the IRAS satellite-, and until 1995 to have a true Infrared Space Observatory, ESA's ISO.
		ISO stopped observing in May 1998, but the infrared community says its results have only now started to be exploited.
		It is launching the Herschel Space Observatory and participating in the NASA/ESA/CSA Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST), which is the infrared successor to the Hubble Space Telescope.
	sci2.esa.int /specialevents/infrared/infrared.html (248 words)

	ISO - European Space Activities
		The next major astrophysical mission of ESA is the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO), scheduled for launch in late 1995.
		ISO will have an initial mass of 2.5 metric tons in a compact structure 5.3 m in length and 23 m in width.
		ISO's operational orbit will be 1,000 km for perigee and 70,000 km for apogee at a low inclination, and the spacecraft will be controlled from ESA's Villafranca ground station in Spain (References 228-235).
	www.fas.org /spp/guide/europe/science/astronomy/iso.htm (425 words)

	ISO switched off
		The European Space Agency's Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) was switched off on May 16 at 14:00 h (CEST), thereby bringing to a close the highly-successful in-orbit operations of the ISO mission.
		ISO's 'last light' observation --taken with the SWS instrument just before midnight on May 10-- was of emission lines from hydrogen in a hot supergiant star (Eta Canis Majoris).
		ISO was put into orbit in November 1995, by an Ariane 44P launcher at Europe's Spaceport at Kourou in French Guiana.
	www.xs4all.nl /~carlkop/isofinal.html (564 words)

	Observatories in Space
		The biggest infrared observatory currently in orbit is the brand new Infrared Space Observatory (ISO), launched in November 1995 by the European Space Agency.
		Although its name indicates that it is a X-ray observatory, the range of energy ALEXIS is exploring is at the very lowest end of the X-ray spectrum and often considered to be extreme ultraviolet.
		The observatory's instruments are dedicated to observing the gamma-ray sky, including locating gamma-ray burst sources, monitoring solar flares, and other highly energetic astrophysical phenomenon.
	imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov /docs/introduction/space_observatories.html (1816 words)

	The Infrared Revolution - main page
		The discovery of infrared light was reported exactly 200 years ago and is an event astronomers are eager to celebrate.
		The first space observatory able to see in the infrared, ESA's ISO, has unveiled in the last few years a surprising face of the Universe that had remained mostly hidden so far, and that deserves an even deeper exploration.
		ESA is now preparing to dive yet deeper into the infrared with ISO's successor, Herschel Space Observatory (formerly called FIRST), whose main observing priorities will be discussed by over 200 astronomers from all over the world at a meeting in Toledo (Spain), from 12 to 15 December.
	sci2.esa.int /specialevents/infrared/index.html (917 words)

	ESA - Space Science - ISO overview
		ISO has therefore provided astronomers with a unique facility to see both familiar objects in an unusual way and objects that are invisible at other wavelengths.
		For this reason, ISO, operating at wavelengths from 2.5 to 240 microns, could observe astronomical objects that remain hidden for optical telescopes, such as cool objects that are unable to emit in visible light.
		ISO was launched by an Ariane 44P launcher from Europe's spaceport in Kourou, French Guiana, on 17 November 1995.
	www.esa.int /export/esaSC/120396_index_0_m.html (930 words)

	Infrared Space Observatory – FREE Infrared Space Observatory Information \| Encyclopedia.com: Facts, Pictures, ...
		A cool view of the heavens: infrared observatory spies a hidden universe.
		New findings from an orbiting infrared telescope suggest that many galaxies were star-making factories in their youth.
		The Astronomical Observatory The function of the astronomical observatory is centered around the telescope.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-X-IRSpace-ast.html (737 words)

	Infrared Space Observatory - ISO :iso:ISO:AandA
		"ISO Observations of hot dust in the nucleus of the S0 galaxy NGC 3998" Knapp, G.R. et al.
		"ISO observations of the WR Galaxy Haro 3" Metcalfe, L. et al.
		"ISO LWS measurement of the far-infrared spectrum of Saturn" Davis, G.R. et al.
	www.iso.vilspa.esa.es /iso/ISO/AandA (1261 words)

	April 8, 1998: Infrared observatory finds life-giving vapor throughout universe
		For 2 1/2 years, the European Space Agency's Infrared Space Observatory, known as ISO, has been exploring the universe at wavelengths that can't be seen with the human eye, giving astronomers a new view of the solar system.
		The observatory found water around dying stars, newborn stars, in intersteller space, in other galaxies, and in the atmospheres around Mars and all the outer planets, in particular the Titan moon, Genzel said.
		The infrared observatory also has been able to solve the riddle of what causes distant galaxies to be up to 10,000 times more luminous than the Milky Way, Genzel said.
	www.chron.com /content/interactive/space/astronomy/news/1998/ds/980408.html (745 words)

	Infrared group
		Herschel The far-infrared and submillimeter space observatory Herschel of ESA is hosting three PI-provided focal plane instruments.
		IRSI Darwin The InfraRed Space Interferometer Darwin is an ongoing ESA project study.
		ISO The Infrared Space Observatory of ESA was a cryogenically cooled mission, with the lifetime (1995-1998) determined by the coolant (liqid helium) onboard the space craft.
	www.astro.su.se /groups/infrared/spaceprojects.html (422 words)

	ESA - Space Science - ISO factsheet
		ISO made particularly important studies of the dusty regions of the Universe, where visible light telescopes can see nothing.
		For this reason, ISO, which operates at wavelengths from 2.5 to 240 microns, could observe objects that remain hidden for optical telescopes, such as cool objects that are unable to emit in visible light.
		ISO has observed many galaxies which are half as old as the Universe by staring through a window in the dust of our own Milky Way Galaxy, called the Lockman Hole.
	www.esa.int /esaSC/SEMM7G1A6BD_index_0.html (274 words)

	Imperial College London - Infrared Space Observatory sees stars forming in remote galaxies
		ISO was used to make infrared images of galaxies in the so-called Hubble Deep Field, which are up to 10 billion light years away.
		The Hubble Space Telescope obtained the 'Deep Field' image in December 1995, when it scanned a tiny area of sky (5 square arcminutes - about the size of Venus) 150 times to capture the faintest galaxies ever seen through four different light filters in the ultraviolet, visible and near infrared wavelength bands (0.3-0.9 microns).
		This is where ISO, the European Space Agency's Infrared Space Observatory, launched in November last year and already producing impressive results about the infrared sky from wavelengths 3 to 200 microns, comes in.
	www.imperial.ac.uk /P1853.htm (973 words)

	Infrared Space Observatory (ISO)
		A European Space Agency orbiting infrared observatory, launched in 1995, that carried a cryogenically-cooled 60-cm telescope, a deep-infrared camera, two spectrometers, and photopolarimeter.
		ISO, which observed at wavelengths between 2.5 and 240 microns, not only covered a much wider wavelength range than its predecessor, the Infrared Astronomy Satellite, but was also thousands of times more sensitive and viewed infrared sources with much greater resolution.
		Among of its most important discoveries is that a large fraction of young stars are surrounded by disks of gas and dust out of which planetary systems might form.
	daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/I/ISO.html (200 words)

	Infrared Space Observatory (ISO)
		ISO is an ESA major infrared mission which was successfully launched in November 1995.
		It will explore the far infrared sky in spectroscopic and imaging modes to as far as 200 :m.
		We have eight approved experiments on the first year of operation of ISO to study various phases of the late stages of stellar evolution.
	www.iras.ucalgary.ca /~kwok/iso.html (56 words)

	Infrared Processing and Analysis Center
		More than 800,000 snapshots from NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope have been stitched together to create a new "coming of age" portrait of stars in our inner Milky Way galaxy.
		The image, which is the highest-resolution, largest, most sensitive infrared picture ever taken of our Milky Way, depicts an area of sky 120 degrees wide by two degrees tall.
		NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope has uncovered clues about the atmospheres of two planets beyond our solar system.
	www.ipac.caltech.edu (244 words)

	Infrared images of M51 by the ISO satellite
		The spiral arms of the Whirlpool Galaxy M51 are highlighted by clouds of dust and gas, opaque in visible light.
		These are linked by regions of cooler dust along the spiral arms and in the spaces between the arms, where previous generations of stars have left their debris.
		In the infrared image the spiral arms can be traced right into the heart of the galaxy, where there are hotspots of star formation on either side of a bright central nucleus.
	www.seds.org /messier/more/m051_iso.html (296 words)

	The Space Review: It will never work! An idea that changed infrared astronomy from space
		The first generation of infrared space telescopes, such as IRAS (1983) and COBE (1989), accomplished this by putting the telescope inside a Dewar filled with liquid helium.
		At longer wavelengths, where the infrared sky is dominated by very many closely spaced galaxies which act like a confusing background wallpaper, the better angular resolution of the larger mirror would outweigh the reduced sensitivity that comes from higher telescope temperatures.
		He proposed a 1.5-meter telescope, dubbed the Passively-cooled Orbiting Infrared Observatory Telescope (POIROT) and was invited to present it to the ESA assessment panel.
	www.thespacereview.com /article/688/1 (1863 words)

	ISO Mission
		ISO was the first versatile infrared space observatory.
		ISO’s 60 cm telescope and four scientific focal plane instruments were inside a huge cryostat containing as coolant 2300 l of superfluid helium at a temperature close to absolute zero (-273°C).
		During the Postoperation Phase (1998...2002) and Active Archive Phase (2002...2006), the huge ISO data base obtained during 29 months of observations was reprocessed with the final calibration corrections and transformed into the ISO Data Archive, which will become part of the International Virtual Observatory.
	www.mpia-hd.mpg.de /IRSPACE/iso (167 words)

	NASA - NASA's Great Observatories
		This observatory is observing such objects as fl holes, quasars, and high-temperature gases throughout the x-ray portion of the EM spectrum.
		Spitzer obtains images and spectra by detecting the infrared energy, or heat, radiated by objects in space between wavelengths of 3 and 180 microns (1 micron is one-millionth of a meter).
		Infrared also brings us information about the cooler objects in space, such as smaller stars which are too dim to be detected by their visible light, extrasolar planets, and giant molecular clouds.
	www.nasa.gov /audience/forstudents/postsecondary/features/F_NASA_Great_Observatories_PS.html (963 words)

	UKIDC: Main Page
		The Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) satellite is a European Space Agency (ESA) mission with the participation of ISAS (Japan) and NASA (USA).
		ISO was launched at 1:20 GMT on 17th November 1995 from Kourou on an Arianne 4 rocket.
		ISO was switched off at 13:00 GMT on 16th May 1998.
	jackal.bnsc.rl.ac.uk /isouk (203 words)

	Chapter 4: Light and Telescopes
		A variety of ISOCAM results from the Infrared Space Observatory are available, along with links to the results of other experiments.
		A tour of Mauna Kea with its telescopes is available, photographed from the ground and from a helicopter by Richard Wainscoat of the Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, staff.
		ISO) is an infrared satellite that will improve on the IRAS satellite's resolution by a factor of 10 and the sensitivity by a factor of 1000.
	www.williams.edu /astronomy/jay/ETU4/chapter4.html (1467 words)

	Toxic Compound In Space Signals Starbirth
		ISO, a pioneering telescope for infrared space astronomy, has proven to be a powerful tool for astro- chemists, astronomers who study the chemistry of the Universe.
		It was the first instrument to be able to detect a whole range of molecules in space which emit only in the infrared, triggering what many astronomers called 'the infrared revolution'.
		The ISO observations of abundant HCN were reported in the paper by F. Lahuis and E.F. van Dishoeck, which appeared in Astronomy & Astrophysics, vol.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/stellar-chemistry-01a.html (1102 words)

	NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details
		The Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) is designed to provide detailed infrared properties of selected Galactic and extragalactic sources.
		The sensitivity of the telescopic system is about one thousand times superior to that of the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS), since the ISO telescope enables integration of infrared flux from a source for several hours.
		Density waves in the interstellar medium, its role in star formation, the giant planets, asteroids, and comets of the solar system are among the objects of investigation.
	nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov /nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1995-062A (203 words)

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