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Topic: Infrared astronomy

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		Infrared Astronomy is the detection and study of the infrared radiation (heat energy) emitted from objects in the Universe.
		In the field of astronomy, the infrared region lies within the range of sensitivity of infrared detectors which is between about 1 and 300 microns (a micron is one millionth of a meter).
		Infrared radiation, having longer wavelengths and lower energy than visible light, does not have enough energy to interact with the photographic plates which are used in visible light astronomy.
	library.thinkquest.org /C007410/ie4/astronomy/infrared.shtml (3324 words)

	Infrared Astronomy
		Infrared astronomy involves the detection and study of infrared radiation emitted from objects in the universe.
		Infrared observations also have led to the discovery of a large number of stars which are too cool to be detected by their visible light.
		Infrared observations show that the center of our galaxy consists of a very dense crowding of stars and that gases near the center are orbiting very rapidly (probably due to the existence of a fl hole).
	teacherlink.ed.usu.edu /tlnasa/pictures/litho/infrared/infrared.html (1004 words)

	Infrared Astronomy - Search Results - MSN Encarta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Infrared Astronomy, the detection and study of infrared radiation emanating from celestial objects.
		Astrophysics, the branch of astronomy that seeks to understand the birth, evolution, and end states of celestial objects and systems in terms of the...
		Infrared radiation is used to obtain pictures of distant objects obscured by atmospheric haze, because visible light is scattered by haze but...
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Infrared_Astronomy.html (113 words)

	Infrared Astronony (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Fortunately, infrared wavelengths are so long that the light photons pass through the interstellar dust that obscures many of our observations at other wavelengths.
		Thus, infrared astronomy is an excellent way to detect cool objects, such as planets, cool stars, prestellar clouds, and galaxies, as well as the background radiation from the expanding universe.
		There are some "windows" in the atmosphere through which infrared radiation can enter, but water vapor and other gases in the atmosphere absorb much of the radiation.
	liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov /academy/universe/INFRAR_ASTRO.HTML (294 words)

	SPACE.com -- Fred Gillett, Infrared Astronomy Pioneer, Dead at 64
		Infrared astronomy pioneer Dr. Fred Gillett died Sunday, April 22, 2001 at the University of Washington Medical Center in Seattle at the age of 64, following a months-long battle with a rare bone marrow disorder.
		Gillett pioneered the exploration of astronomical sources in the thermal infrared, the region of the electromagnetic spectrum with wavelengths from 8 to 13 microns.
		Gillett also was active in space-based astronomy, serving as a visiting scientist to the Astrophysics Division in the Office of Space Science at NASA Headquarters, Washington, D.C., from August 1987 to August 1989.
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/astronomy/fred_gillett_obit_010426.html (910 words)

	infrared astronomy. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The beginnings of IR astronomy can be traced to the discovery of IR radiation in the spectrum of the sun by English astronomer Sir William Herschel about 1800.
		Also sponsored by NASA is the Infrared Telescope Facility, a 10-ft (3-m) IR telescope located at an altitude of 14,000 ft (4,270 m) on the summit of Mauna Kea in Hawaii; established in 1979, it effectively is the U.S. national IR observatory.
		Future plans for IR astronomy include a KAO replacement, the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA), a joint project of NASA and the German space agency, DLR, that consists of a Boeing 747-SP aircraft modified to accommodate a 8.2-ft/2.5-m reflecting telescope (the largest airborne telescope in the world).
	www.bartleby.com /65/ir/IR-astro.html (774 words)

	Joint Astronomy Centre - World's most powerful infrared camera opens its eyes on the heavens (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		WFCAM detects infrared light, or heat radiation, which is the key to understanding many types of astronomical objects.
		In the brightest region is a cluster of stars known as the "Trapezium", surrounded by clouds of glowing interstellar dust and gas.
		This is an image at three infrared wavelengths (red represents narrow-band emission from molecular hydrogen gas at 2.12 microns, green represents K-band emission at 2.2 microns, and blue represents J-band emission at 1.25 microns).
	outreach.jach.hawaii.edu /pressroom/2004-wfcam (1577 words)

	Infrared Astronomy
		Infrared astronomers are merely those astronomers interested in the infrared portion of the spectrum and what it can tell us about the universe.
		There are specific wavelengths in the infrared though called "bands" that can reach the surface; but for the most part, infrared light is absorbed by water vapor and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
		Because most of the infrared radiation that hits the Earth is absorbed in the atmosphere, the surface of the Earth is not a very good place to observe objects in the infrared.
	feps.as.arizona.edu /outreach/ira.html (978 words)

	Infrared Imaging Satellite "AKARI"(ASTRO-F) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The infrared astronomical satellite "Akari" continues its mission to map the entire sky in infrared light.
		ASTRO-F is being designed to make this survey with greater sensitivity and higher resolution than those achieved by the Infrared Astronomy Satellite (IRAS), the world’s first astronomical satellite using infrared rays, which was launched jointly by the United Kingdom, the United States and the Netherlands in 1983.
		Light from stars that were born during the early evolution of the Universe can be observed at infrared wavelengths because of a cosmological Doppler effect.
	www.jaxa.jp /missions/projects/sat/astronomy/astro_f/index_e.html (603 words)

	astronomy
		For students interested in graduate programs in astronomy, the astronomy major together with independent research with Professor Murray Campbell is ideal undergraduate preparation, since astronomy graduate programs primarily build on the principles of undergraduate astronomy courses.
		In fact, courses in astronomy are not necessary for admission to graduate schools in astronomy.
		Astronomy students have often worked in summer REU internship programs at universities and observatories.
	www.colby.edu /astronomy (392 words)

	Infrared Astronomy: The Kuiper Airborne Observatory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Infrared waves are longer than the longest visible waves, red, so we cannot see them without special equipment.
		Infrared is especially useful for measuring temperatures of astronomical objects.
		The telescope mirrors gather infrared from a large area, a circle about one yard in diameter, and concentrate it on a detector.
	vathena.arc.nasa.gov /curric/space/lfs/kao.html (1037 words)

	SOFIA - Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy
		Observations throughout most of the infrared wavelength range are impossible from ground-based observatories due to absorption by water vapor in the troposphere.
		The Water Vapor Monitor (WVM) is mounted at a fixed elevation of 40° in the upper deck of the aircraft and is responsible for measuring the integrated water vapor while the SOFIA aircraft is at normal operational altitudes.
		These data are used to correct the astronomical infrared data obtained by the telescope and will also be used in the algorithm that determines successful SOFIA observatory flight hours for contractual purposes.
	www.sofia.usra.edu /Science/instruments/waterVaporMonitor.html (865 words)

	Mt. Lemmon Observatory
		It was formerly a Radar Base of the Air Defense Command and was converted into an observatory for infrared astronomy in October 1970.
		Astronomy Campers learn the principles of telescopic observation here and conduct research projects by eyepiece, CCD imagers, and a CCD spectrograph in visible light.
		An adjacent warm room is used by Astronomy Campers to analyze their data by computer image processing and to plan the details of their observations.
	www.astronomycamp.org /lemmon.html (811 words)

	Infrared Astronomy Resources
		CTIO is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy Inc. (AURA), under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation as part of the National Optical Astronomy Observatories.
		The Monterey Institute for Research in Astronomy is a non-profit astronomical observatory, founded in 1972 and dedicated to research and education in astronomy.
		VISTA is the Visible and Infrared Telescope for Astronomy: a 4-m Wide Field Survey telescope for the Southern Hemisphere, being built at Cerro Paranal, close to ESO VLT, by a consortium of 18 UK universities.
	cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr /astroweb/infrared.html (6812 words)

	Working Group on Infrared Astronomy: On Improving IR photometric passbands
		Correction for atmospheric extinction is difficult in infrared photometry, notwithstanding the apparently linear form of the extinction curve at airmasses greater than 1 in some bandpasses, chiefly because of the strong and variable effects of water-vapor absorption.
		But in the infrared, the best we have done so far is to describe the shape of the curved part of the extinction line, which requires at least three parameters.
		Most infrared filters must be cooled to minimize thermal radiation to the detector; cooling shifts the passband, because both the refractive indices and thicknesses of the layers used are temperature-dependent.
	www.ucalgary.ca /~milone/IRWG/yms/yms.html (9900 words)

	infrared astronomy — FactMonster.com
		However, modern IR astronomy did not begin until the 1950s because of the lack of appropriate instrumentation.
		Before it flew its last mission in 1995, the KAO was instrumental in the discovery of the rings of Uranus, the atmosphere around Pluto, and the definitive detection of water during the crash of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 into Jupiter.
		The first IR satellite to be launched (1983) was the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS), a joint venture of the United States, Great Britain, and the Netherlands.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/sci/A0825201.html (750 words)

	Board on Physics and Astronomy and Astrophysics
		During the 1990s, arrays of infrared detectors, the ability to build large optical telescopes, improved angular resolution at a variety of wavelengths, new electronic detectors, and the ability of computers to process large amounts of data will make possible an improved view of the universe.
		For example, studies of the sun, the planets, and the stars have led to experimental techniques for the investigation of the earth's environment and to a broader perspective from which to consider terrestrial environmental concerns such as ozone depletion and the greenhouse effect.
		Research in astronomy derives its support from the curiosity of human beings about the universe in which we live, from the stimulus it provides to young people to study science, from the synergistic benefits to other sciences, and from the unforeseen practical applications that occasionally ensue.
	www7.nationalacademies.org /bpa/Bahcall_Survey_Contents.html (2089 words)

	Infrared Processing and Analysis Center
		Engineers are rolling up their sleeves in preparation for building a telescope that will find the nearest star-like objects and the brightest galaxies.
		NASA has approved the start of construction on a new mission called the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, which will scan the entire sky in infrared light.
		It was "painted" by hundreds of baby stars on a canvas of gas and dust, with intense ultraviolet light and strong stellar winds as brushes.
	www.ipac.caltech.edu (281 words)

	INFRARED ASTRONOMY - Overview
		In the field of astronomy, the infrared region lies within the range of sensitivity of infrared detectors, which is between wavelengths of about 1 and 300 microns (a micron is one millionth of a meter).
		The image to the left is an infrared view of some of the farthest galaxies ever seen.
		Infrared astronomy can not only allow us to discover new objects and view previously unseen areas of the universe, but it can add to what we already know about visible objects.
	www.ipac.caltech.edu /Outreach/Edu/importance.html (1093 words)

	New Adventures in Infrared Astronomy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Infrared astronomy has revolutionised and transformed the way we view the makings of the Universe and our place in it.
		The advantage of infrared radiation is that it can be detected from deep within distant, dust-shrouded regions that are impenetrable to visible light.
		These sightings are enabling astronomers to reconstruct the early history of the Cosmos, as it cooled to transform itself from a hot, blandly uniform fluid into the mass of colliding galaxies, exploding stars and newly born planets we see swirling all around us.
	www.iso.vilspa.esa.es /multimedia/lectures/harwit (331 words)

	Far infrared astronomy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Far infrared astronomy is the branch of astronomy and astrophysics which deals with objects visible in far-infrared radiation (extending from 30 µm towards submillimeter wavelengths around 450 µm).
		The Earth's atmosphere is opaque over most of the far infrared, so that ground-based observations are limited to submillimetre wavelengths using high altitude telescopes such as the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope, the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory, and the Submillimeter Array.
		Most far-infrared astronomy is performed by satellites such as Spitzer, IRAS and ISO.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Far_infrared_astronomy (372 words)

	Splat! Web Directory - Science: Astronomy
		Astronomy Education and Outreach - General astronomy tutorial, education links, web courses, documents at the UCSD Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences.
		Astronomy Today - Articles on astronomy, cosmology and space exploration, with a regularly updated sky guide and the latest space news.
		Infrared Astronomy - All about infrared astronomy from NASA's infrared astronomy center: Discovery of infrared, what is infrared and infrared astronomy, history, the infrared universe, gallery, activities, discoveries, missions and a lot of links to IR astronomy sites.
	www.splatsearch.com /directory/Astronomy.html (452 words)

	ESA - Space Science - Exploring space - Why infrared astronomy is a hot topic
		This is why ground-based infrared observatories are usually placed near the summits of high mountains to get above as much of the atmosphere as possible.
		Many of the things scientists want to observe in space are far too cold to radiate at optical or shorter wavelengths, but radiate strongly in infrared, for example, the cold atoms and molecules that drift in interstellar space.
		The future is extremely bright for infrared astronomy and, in the next decade, you will hear a lot about ESA discoveries in infrared astronomy!
	www.esa.int /export/esaSC/SEMX9PZO4HD_exploring_0.html (439 words)

	Infrared Astronomy. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The infrared light that SPIREX (South Pole Infrared Explorer) observes has a wavelength of four times that of yellow light.
		This is primarily because molecules in the air block the infrared light from space.
		To make matters even worse, the atmosphere and even the telescope emit infrared light since they are in the temperature range of things that give off infrared light.
	astro.uchicago.edu /cara/about_cara/defn/irastro.html (568 words)

	infrared astronomy definition - Dictionary - MSN Encarta
		infrared astronomy definition - Dictionary - MSN Encarta
		study of infrared radiation in space: the study of astronomical objects by examining the wavelengths they emit in the infrared range.
		Infrared sources within our galaxy include cool gas giants and the galactic center.
	encarta.msn.com /dictionary_1861692456/infrared_astronomy.html (97 words)

	ESA Science & Technology: Space infrared astronomy comes of age
		In 1856, the Astronomer Royal for Scotland, Charles Piazzi Smythe, invented infrared astronomy by climbing Mount Teide on Tenerife and detecting infrared radiation coming from the Moon.
		In the latter half of the 20th century, came the next major step in infrared astronomy.
		Clearly, infrared astronomy could provide an entirely new insight of a hidden universe, one that is invisible at optical wavelengths.
	sci.esa.int /science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=32136 (604 words)

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