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Topic: Ingrian Finns

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	UNPO
		The Ingrian Finns population consists of 90,000 persons, many live in Carelia, in the central region of Russian, in Central Asia, in Finland and in Estonia, in Sweden, in Canada, in the USA and in Australia.
		The project attempts to give the Ingrian people the hope of an alternative to emigrating to Finland, which is what many younger Ingrians hope for, despite their inability to speak the language (13,000 Ingrian Finns have already migrated to Finland, with another 7,000 expecting to follow).
		The Ingerian Finns are represented in UNPO by Inkeri Liitto.
	www.unpo.org /member_profile.php?id=26 (1322 words)

	www.inkeri.com
		The Ingrians were promised by Soviet auhtorities that they could return to their own region, but instead were deported to different parts of the Soviet Union.
		The Ingrian Finns have not been separated from the rest of the Finns since the census of 1939.
		The destiny of the Ingrian Finns has been seriously affected by the location of the Russian-Swedish border on the Isthmus of Karelia after the Great Northern War, which separated them from the rest of the Finns.
	www.inkeri.com /english.html (1831 words)

	[No title]
		In the 1930s Ingrian schoolbooks were published and it began to be used as the medium of education.
		The Votes and the Ingrians were converted to the Greek Orthodox religion, which enhanced the status of Russian, since it was the language of the religion.
		The Ingrian Finnish villages of Kurkolanniemi have belonged to the Lutheran parish of Narvusi (Russ.
	www.conflicts.rem33.com /images/Finland/INKERI.htm (3886 words)

	FAST-FIN-1 Finnish Institutions Papers
		The Ingrians are descendants of Finnish-speakers who moved to the eastern shores of the Gulf of Finland after Sweden had annexed this area from Russia in the beginning of the 17th century.
		Ingrians are usually seen in a positive light, but many take Ingrians for Russians because most of them speak Russian as their mother tongue.
		Ingrians have come a long way in history; they have suffered from repression and have not been able to live according to their traditions and ethnicity.
	www.uta.fi /FAST/FIN/HIST/en-ingim.html (2686 words)

	TURAN - INGRIA-IZHORIA
		The Ingrian Finns population is 90,000 of which most live in the St.Petersburg region..
		Ingrian Finns are represented in UNPO by Inkeri Liitto.
		Traditional forms of agriculture are partially preserved, although most Ingrian Finns now work at the industrial enterprises of St.Petersburg and the region.
	www.hunmagyar.org /turan/finnu/inkeri-izhor.html (650 words)

	The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire
		They caused quite a rapid increase in population: in 1656 the percentage of Finns in the population of Ingermanlandia was 41.1 %, in 1671 it was 56.9 % and in 1695, 73.8 %.
		The Finns of the Leningrad Region live mainly in the Gatshina (Hatshina), Lomonossov (Oranienbaum) and Vsevolozhk (Keltto) districts.
		The language of the Ingrians is not a separate language but consists of eastern Finnish dialects (the vernaculars of the Savo and southeastern dialects of Ingermanland).
	www.eki.ee /books/redbook/ingrians.shtml (1813 words)

	Ingria
		The Votes, along with the Izhorians (Ingrians proper), are the indigenous people of historical Ingria (Inkeri in Finnish).
		Another people of the area are the "Ingrian Finns[?]", descendants from Lutheran emigrants from present-day Finland of the 17th century.
		The term Ingrian is mainly used for the Izhorians, but sometimes confusingly also for Ingrian Finns.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/in/Ingria.html (237 words)

	History of Finland and the Finnish People from ice age to WWII.
		But the early Finns had Viking style ships and were seafaring people already from earlier times, probably long before the Viking raids began to the eastern shores of the Baltic, as we can clearly see from ancient rock art found in Karelia.
		Later the Finns formed the backbone of the Swedish army and were used to increase the wealth of Sweden and for the power of the Swedish Baltic Empire.
		But I believe that the Finns have had to fight the Russians from the moment the latter entered the north, and this is the cultural memory that is responsible for all the mistrust, if not hatred by some Finns today.
	uralica.com /earlyfin.htm (9421 words)

	Genocide in Soviet Karelia: Stalin's Terror and the Finns of Soviet Karelia
		Even though the Finns were a very small group, they were the target of a most intense terror in Soviet Karelia and their losses in terms of human life were perhaps among the heaviest in the whole of the country when seen in relation to the population figures of a given area.
		According to Irina Takala's studies,however, the proportion of the Finns in the 1937-1938 is possibly closer to 30 %.
		The Finns were replaced by other ethnic and national groups, especially persons from the largest group, the Russians, from which the new layers of the elite were to a great extent recruited.
	www.genealogia.fi /emi/art/article255e.htm (5445 words)

	Finland: Finno-Ugric Cooperation
		As for Finns, whose language is fairly close to Estonian, nearly 50% have changed to Estonian, whereas over 50% of the other Finno-Ugrians in Estonia have changed to the Russian language.
		Ingrians, ("Inkeriläiset" in Finnish) are an offshoot of Karelians living between Estonia, St. Petersburg, and Finland; forceably dispersed throughout Russia after WW2 by train and dumped there in the middle of winter.
		The Soviets just accused the Finns of being part of a "Western conspiracy" (the standard Communist knee-jerk response) to overthrow their communist state and moved four army divisions into the Karelian Isthmus.
	www.geocities.com /ojoronen/FINCOOP.HTM (2548 words)

	The Finns of Soviet Karelia as a Target of Stalin's Terror
		Even though the Finns were a very small group, they were the target of a most intense terror campaign in Soviet Karelia and their human losses were perhaps among the heaviest in the whole of the country when seen in relation to the population figures of a given area.
		The number of Finns living in Soviet Karelia rose from about a thousand in 1920 (0.6 per cent of the population of the Karelian Workers' Commune) to 12,088 in 1933 (3.2 per cent of the Karelian ASSR) and decreased in 1939 to 8,322, or 1.8 per cent.
		According to Irina Takala's studies, however, the share of the Finns in 1937-38 is possibly even close to 30 per cent; and the total number of Finns in Karelia victimised by the terror would be some 3,000-3,500 individuals; of those, she claims, 70 per cent were executed.
	www.genealogia.fi /emi/art/article226e.htm (5650 words)

	Ingrian Finns - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Ingrian Finns (inkeriläinen or inkerinsuomalainen) were the Finnish rural peasant population of Ingria, (now the central part of Leningrad Oblast).
		The Ingrian Finns still constitute the largest part of the Finnish population of the Russian Federation.
		The 20th century Soviet rule, and the German occupation (1941–1944) during the World War II were as disastrous for the Ingrian Finns as for other small ethnic groups.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ingrian_Finns (279 words)

	Tartto2000
		Ingrian Finnish (hereafter IF) is a Finnish dialect that has been spoken in the areas south and south-east of the Gulf of Finland, in the so-called Ingria region of Russia (Finn.
		During World War II the Ingrian Finnish community was conclusively fragmented, because one part of the people were in the area occupied by Germans and transferred later to Finland (and back to Russia after the war), while the other part of them was in the Russian zone and transferred to Inner Russia and Siberia.
		After the war most of the Ingrian Finns were not allowed to return to Ingria, but they were settled in different parts of Russia.
	www.kolumbus.fi /ossi.kokko/Tartto2000.html (747 words)

	INGRIAN FINNS
		The primary one is undoubtedly the ethnic dispersion of the Ingrian Finns, which makes their survival as a nation very dubious.
		Not everything is lost, however, because the Russian government has rehabilitated the Ingrian Finns as a nation (1993); since 1989, 15 church congregations have been restored (in 1918 there were approximately 100) and national cultural societies have been established in Estonia, Leningrad Province, Karelia, Sweden and elsewhere.
		However, the hopes are curbed by the fact that 13,000 Ingrian Finns have already emigrated to Finland, with another 7,000 waiting their turn.
	www.hunmagyar.org /turan/finnu/ingrian.html (560 words)

	HS Home 13.2.2002 - Parliamentary committee aghast at failures of Finnish Ingrian policy
		Ingrians are ethnic Finns - descendants of Finns who settled in the part of Russia on the southeastern shore of the Gulf of Finland in the 17th century, when the area - and Finland - were controlled by Sweden.
		In the spring of 2001 4,650 of the Ingrians waiting to be admitted to Finland were over the age of 50.
		Officials say that few of the Ingrian returning migrants have much of an idea of the country where they are going.
	www2.hs.fi /english/archive/news.asp?id=20020213IE4 (652 words)

	GeoNative - Ingria
		The name Ingrian is mainly given to the Izhorians, but sometimes also to Ingrian Finns, so it is bound to confusion.
		The 1989 census showed that there were 67 359 Finns living in the Soviet Union, of whom 34.6% spoke their native language.
		In the next 20 years, 110,000 people or 97% of the Finn population of Ingria were removed.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/9479/ingria.html (882 words)

	HS Foreign 4.9.2001 - Russia's Ingrian Finns often reluctant to discuss plans to emigrate to Finland
		A group of Ingrian Finns wearing scarves stand in the yard of the Lutheran Church of Petrozavodsk.
		, who wrote her doctoral thesis on the rise of the Ingrian Finns and the Ingrian Lutheran Church after the end of the Soviet persecutions, believes that the issue is a painful one for many.
		FACTFILE: Migrations and expulsions of the Ingrian Finns
	www2.hs.fi /english/archive/news.asp?id=20010904IE17 (1020 words)

	Home (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Ingrian are Finnish related population, who have for centuries lived in closeness of St. Petersburg.
		In the beginning of the 20th century it was estimated that about 120 000 people of Finnish orgin lived in the Ingria.
		Deportation, WW2, evacuation and emigration have reduced the Ingrian population so that today it is estimated that around 15 000 - 20 000 Ingrians live in the Ingrian area.
	www.inkeri.fi /Uk/UK_etusivu.htm (151 words)

	finns - Webled.com
		[ Between 1870 and 1920, approximately 340,000 finns immigrated to the ]...
		[ finns were identified for the first time in the 1900 U.S. census, ]...
		[ finns Northwest -- Serving finns and finns-at-heart in the Seattle, ]...
	www.webled.com /finns.htm (378 words)

	Finno-Ugric peoples as ethnic minorities
		According to the census 1989 the figures are: 47 000 Finns, 46 000 Estonians and 5700 Hungarians.
		As a result of this policy, 18% of all the Ingrian Finns in the Soviet Union were living in Estonia in 1959 (as were 34% of the Izhorians) —; altogether about 17 000 persons, which formed a relatively large minority group.
		As for Finns, whose language is fairly close to Estonian, nearly 50% have changed to Estonian, whereas over 50% of the other Finno-Ugrians in Estonia have adopted the Russian language.
	www.einst.ee /historic/society/finno_ugric_people.htm (1507 words)

	Finland: Uralic and Finno-Ugric People
		The Lutheran Finns prospered, while the orthodox Karelians, with their idols, were left in poverty.
		This goes for the Finnish tribes as well, if they plan to survive as Finns, for without strong bonds based on strong beliefs, we have weak bonds based on weak beliefs.
		In contrast to the slavs, Swedes were not out to remove the Finns from their land.
	uralica.com /fincoop.htm (3340 words)

	The Visit of the Ingrian Choir and the Pupil Group of Kuismala Music School in Vaasa October 7
		Ingrian Finns don´t have to move to Finland but they can utilize their abilities in Russia.
		The mayor of Vaasa, Markku Lumio, talked about the history of the Ingrian Finns as well as their present conditions in his evening speech.
		The language skills of the Ingrian Finns certainly developed a lot and everybody made new friends.
	www.edu.vaasa.fi /vvy/visit_of_the_ingrian_choir_and_t.htm (431 words)

	The Karelians
		Finns are not the native people to this area.
		During the 1920s and 1930s, Finns migrated to Karelia from Finland, America and Canada; people of Finno-Ugrian origin arrived from the Leningrad Region as well.
		They treat the problems of Karelian and Ingrian folklore, as well as the condition of Finnish population in Russia, particularly in Karelia.
	www.suri.ee /inf/karelen.html (1119 words)

	UNPO TCO Activities (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The delegations of Chuvashia, Ingrian Finns, Mari and Tatarstan as well as politicians and experts from Estonia took part in the event.
		The delegations of Abkhazia, Buryatia, Chechenia, Chuvashia, Circassians, Ingrian Finns and Subcarpathian Russins as well as the UNPO General Secretary Ms Helen Corbett and a number of politicians and experts from Estonia and Lithuania took part in the event.
		Regional meeting of UNPO, in which participated the delegations of the representatives of Chechenia, Ingrian Finns, Estonia, Komi, Mari, Udmurtia.
	www.unpo.ee /en/activities (780 words)

	RACISM AND CULTURAL DIVERSITY IN THE MASS MEDIA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		A study on the Finn’s attitudes towards foreigners shows that during the economic recession in the early and mid-1990s, attitudes became more hostile than in previous years.
		Studies on ethnic relations which were conducted in 1991-1996 mainly reflect the situation of Swedish-speaking Finns, the Sami, the Finns and the Ingrians.
		Additionally, the majority perspective is affirmed by the media’s emphasis on the attitudes of the Finns towards ethnic minorities.
	members.fortunecity.com /victorcauchi/f/finracism.htm (4741 words)

	The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire
		The Ingrian territory has received its name from the southern tributary of the Neva, the Inkere, and according to some theories the Izhorian tribe has its origins in the valley of Inkere.
		On the basis of habitation, the Izhorian language is divided into 4 dialects: the Lower-Luga and Soikkola dialects which are spoken in the western part of Ingria, the Kheva dialect on the Izhorian Plateau, and the Oredezh or the Upper-Luga dialect which was spoken near the River Oredezh.
		Estonian linguists (P. Ariste, A. Laanest) are of the opinion that it is a separate language, they claim that the dialect has developed from the ancient Karelian language and the Izhorians are the native inhabitants of the country, not later immigrants.
	www.eki.ee /books/redbook/izhorians.shtml (2185 words)

	History of Evangelical Lutheran Church in Ingria Russia
		Votes and an "Ingrian" peoples known as the Karelians who were ethnically related to the Finnish peoples occupied this area.
		The first congregation was founded in 1611 and Finns from Finnish Karelia and the Savo area were moved there.
		By the time of the Russian revolution of 1917, there were 32 Ingrian Lutheran congregations with nearly 150,000 members, 300 elementary schools, a teacher-training academy and a Lutheran high school in the Ingrian region in and around St. Petersburg.
	www.flcduluth.org /russiahistory.html (563 words)

	Kansallisarkisto - Luovutukset-tutkimushanke
		In the Winter War, in 1939-40, the Finns took about 5500 prisoners, and during the Continuation War, in 1941-44, some 64 000.
		In addition, the Finns interned over 24 000 civilians during the occupation of Eastern Karelia, and transferred to Finland tens of thousands of Ingrian Finns and Karelians, all of whom were forcefully repatriated to the Soviet Union after the war.
		The research project is preparing a thorough account of the conduct of the Finnish authorities in regard to all these cases and groups of people.
	www.narc.fi /Arkistolaitos/luovutukset/english.htm (368 words)

	Ingria - Gurupedia
		Ingria never came to form a state, the Ingrians can hardly be said to have been a nation, although their "
		nationality" was recognized in the Soviet Union, and as an ethnos the Ingrians are about to perish together with their language.
		Another people of the area are the "Ingrian Finns", descendants from
	www.gurupedia.com /i/in/ingria.htm (556 words)

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