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Topic: Ingroup bias

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Attributional bias

List of cognitive biases

Fundamental attribution error

Attribution theory

European Economic Community

Indonesian Confrontation

	Ingroup bias - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ingroup bias is the preferential treatment people give to whom they perceive to be members of their own groups.
		Ingroup effects appear to be stronger, however, when the group is smaller relative to another high-power group.
		Brewer, M. Ingroup bias in the minimal intergroup situations: A cognitive motivational analysis.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ingroup_bias (156 words)

	CRISP Volume 10 No. 7
		The basic result was that ingroup bias was absent in the double-task group, whereas the usual ingroup bias could be replicated in the standard group, which is in accordance with the conversation logic approach.
		A participant may well identify with the ingroup and feel inclined to treat it more favorably but deliberately choose a fairness strategy because he or she assumes that the experiment has to do with ingroup bias and he or she does not want to appear prejudiced to the investigator.
		In short, ingroup bias as a reaction to intergroup uncertainty is but one possible process in the minimal group paradigm which should be regarded within the larger context of the experimental situation and the participants' definition of it.
	www.uiowa.edu /~grpproc/crisp/crisp.10.7.html (8386 words)

	Bruce
		Underlying this ingroup bias, it is argued, is the desire of people to have a positive self esteem, or social identity.
		Ingroup bias is, however, moderated by the relative status of the comparison groups.
		Stronger ingroup identification is reflected in greater ingroup favouritism and outgroup derogation (Brown and Abrams, 1986, van Knippenberg, 1984).
	prin.edu /users/els/departments/soc_anthro/indigenous/new_page_19.htm (4717 words)

	The Psychology of Prejudice: Ingroup Love or Outgroup Hate? Journal of Social Issues - Find Articles
		Allport's (1954) chapter on "Ingroup Formation" (from which the above quotation is taken) is one of the less cited sections of his classic book The Nature of Prejudice, but it warrants closer attention as a precursor to later research on ingroup bias and intergroup discrimination.
		In this chapter, Allport postulated that ingroups are "psychologically primary," in the sense that familiarity, attachment, and preference for one's ingroups come prior to development of attitudes toward specific outgroups.
		Ingroup bias and outgroup prejudice are studied interchangeably, as if discrimination for ingroups and discrimination against outgroups were two sides of the same coin.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0341/is_3_55/ai_58549254 (866 words)

	Crisp Volume 7 No 13
		Several factors proposed to moderate ingroup bias include self-esteem (e.g., Hogg and Abrams 1990), identification with the ingroup (e.g., Spears, Djoose, and Ellemers 1999), status (e.g., Mullen, Brown, and Smith 1992), and ingroup bias dimension (e.g., Aberson, Healy, and Romero 2000).
		Other definitions of ingroup bias, for example, rating similarity to successful ingroups, may be favored by those low in self-esteem as this type of measure does not require ratings of superiority (i.e., is not inconsistent with experience).
		When the ingroup is of low status, ingroup bias may appear as a reduction in the differences between high status outgroups and low status ingroups.
	www.uiowa.edu /~grpproc/crisp/crisp.7.13.htm (3799 words)

	Ingroup - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In sociology, an ingroup is a social group towards which an individual feels loyalty and respect, usually due to membership in the group.
		Commonly encountered ingroups include family members, people of the same race or religion, and so on.
		Research demonstrates that people often privilege ingroup members over outgroup members even when the ingroup has no actual social standing; for instance, a group of people with the same last digit in their social security number.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ingroup (129 words)

	Low self-esteem and ingroup bias Social Behavior and Personality - Find Articles
		This perspective argues that ingroup bias is a means by which high-self-esteem individuals maintain positive social identities.
		Ingroup bias is exhibited through rating the ingroup superior on positive adjectives.
		Consistent with patterns of ingroup bias, high selfesteem participants exhibited greater bias toward the ingroup when the ingroup was successful and the outgroup failed.
	www.looksmartmentalhealth.com /p/articles/mi_qa3852/is_199901/ai_n8852404 (887 words)

	Normative Bias and Adaptive Challenges: A Relational Approach to Coalitional Psychology and a Critique of Terror ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		We present a view of fitness threats and adherence to ingroup norms that is consistent with evolutionary theory, and is informed by a broader view of cultural variation.
		Finally, in an online study using pregnant women as participants, we show that ingroup bias peaks during the first trimester (the period when the mother and fetus are most vulnerable to infection), and decreases in the second and third trimesters when pathogen risk is lower (Navarrete, Fessler and Eng, 2005).
		We suggest that, because these results reveal that intergroup bias occurs in the absence of meaningful worldview distinctions, this investigation actually demonstrates that it is perceived coalitional membership, and not worldview defense, that is the key factor in mortality-salience phenomena.
	human-nature.com /ep/articles/ep03297325.html (10283 words)

	[No title]
		Implications o Although bias crimes may be targeted against members of any culture, including the dominant culture, a significant percentage of bias crimes are committed against individuals from cultures different from the culture of the perpetrator.
		Bias crime victimizes not only the targeted individuals but all members of the targeted group, as well as members of other commonly targeted groups.
		Ultimately, the goal of bias crime intervention is to change not only the behavior of potential offenders but the community norms that support attitudes that lead to bias crime and enable it to occur.
	ojp.usdoj.gov /ovc/publications/infores/responding/files/SessionF.txt (3421 words)

	Psychology Glossary. Definitions to psychology terms written in English, not psychological jargon
		Ingroup Bias: Ingroup bias is a simple concept, but one that has very powerful affects on people, societies, and life in general.
		Ingroup bias is simply the tendency to favor one's own group.
		So, for example, when you play on an intramural softball team that meets once a week, you are part of that softball team's ingroup.
	www.alleydog.com /glossary/definition.cfm?term=Ingroup%20Bias (180 words)

	Performance Appraisal Methods
		Gabris and Mitchell have reported a disruptive bias in performance appraisal known as the Matthew Effect.
		Supervisors need to be informed of the types of subtle bias that can interfere with their performance as appraisers.
		They need to understand that the ingroup/outgroup bias, for instance, reduces the morale and motivation of their subordinates.
	www.performance-appraisal.com /bias.htm (800 words)

	Peak Oil News & Message Boards Forums >> Post 392436 >> Re: Humans are cognitively flawed (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Ingroup bias - preferential treatment people give to whom they perceive to be members of their own groups.
		A mature thinking adult will recognize that their own position is a culmination of bias, experience, culture, education, and genetics.
		Ingroup Bias...People who look/act/feel like me are probably close genetic relatives.
	peakoil.com /post392436.html (1791 words)

	UnderstandingPrejudice.org: The Psychology of Prejudice
		One of the most startling aspects of ingroup bias is how easily it is triggered.
		Tajfel and his colleagues invented what is now known as the "minimal group procedure" -- an experimental technique in which people who have never met before are divided into groups on the basis of minimal information (e.g., a preference for one type of painting versus another, or even just the toss of a coin).
		While it may seem odd that ingroup favoritism develops so easily, these findings are consistent with research showing that social bonds and attraction can readily form on the basis of seemingly minor characteristics.
	www.understandingprejudice.org /apa/english/page7.htm (510 words)

	330 new unit 3b
		Ingroup biases happen even with minimal groups (artificially induced group differences based on trivial distinctions such as detached vs. attached earlobes).
		Though subjects were told that the average height of all men pictured was equal to that of all women pictured, and though $50 was offered as a prize to the subject making the most accurate judgments overall, subjects overestimated male height and underestimated female height by several inches.
		Stereotypes can also be reinforced by attributional biases (attributing positive ingroup behavior to internal causes -- "that's what we are like" -- but attributing positive outgroup to external causes -- "they had to act that way" -- and doing the reverse for negative behavior).
	www.uwmc.uwc.edu /psychology/330_new_unit_3b.htm (2002 words)

	Downward social comparison in the minimal intergroup situation: A test of a self-enhancement interpretation
		Based on a self-enhancement interpretation of ingroup bias, we predicted that subjects who expected to succeed on a task for dispositional reasons and subsequently failed would be most threatened by the feedback and hence, would engage in downward social comparison strategies.
		First, downward social comparison involving favorable comparisons of the ingroup relative to the outgroup was pervasive and not mediated by self-esteem.
		Second, ingroup bias was greatest when individuals’ outcomes were consistent with their expectations; ingroup bias was mitigated when subjects received feedback that was inconsistent with their expectations.
	www.leighthompson.com /publications/pub90e.htm (280 words)

	English authors abstract
		It was found that both identification and social dominance influence ingroup bias, and with about the same strength.
		In the condition of Threat to the ingroup value, it was found that people oriented to social dominance distance themselves from the ingroup, whose value they perceive as unstable.
		The general result, in Studies 1 and 2, is that personality variables substantially affect ingroup bias.
	www.coirag.org /pages/rivista/abstra-uk.php4?ID=26 (199 words)

	[No title]
		SIT is a theory of intergroup relations pertinent to groups of unequal power that integrates social and psychological variables to account for the impact of group memberships on intergroup behaviour, particularly ingroup bias.
		A field sample of employed individuals (n = 190) was administered the same measures with the exception of ingroup bias and social identity.
		In addition, the results show that, as hypothesized, the relationship between social identity and ingroup bias is strongest in the collectivist-relational quadrant of the taxonomy.
	library.usask.ca /theses/available/etd-10212004-000533 (490 words)

	Ingroup - Welcome to InGroup Licensing: Building Relationships that Last (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		English, ingroup, The ingroup is the group actually studied by an investigator working on genealogical relationships between taxa.
		InGroup (Checks whether the current user is a member of one or more groups).
		Ingroup bias Ingroup bias is the preferential treatment people give to whom they perceive to be members of their own groups.
	www.allindexes.com /alid/ingroup.htm (437 words)

	Psychology An International Perspective: Chapter Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Ingroup favouritism has been explained in terms of ingroup identification and ingroup reciprocity, where self-interest is thought to account for the bias (Rabbie et al., 1989; see PIP p.765).
		However, as Gardham and Brown (2001; see PIP p.765) pointed out, this could be because a newer ingroup of “participants” had been formed and the “experimenters” were now seen as the outgroup.
		Lemyre and Smith (1985; see PIP p.766) did find that there was a positive link between self-esteem and ingroup bias, but Crocker et al.'s (1987; see PIP p.766) research did not support the corollary that low self-esteem leads to more ingroup bias.
	www.psypress.com /pip/resources/slp/topic.asp?chapter=ch21&topic=ch21-sc-01 (615 words)

	NWO - Determinants of ingroup versus outgroup bias in aggressive interactions
		Empirical evidence suggests that ingroup bias is not a necessary outcome when comparing responses to negative behaviors.
		We expect ingroup bias when the critical behavior was ambiguous (no clear intention to do harm) and had no severe consequences.
		However, ingroup members intentionally causing severe harm should be derogated more than outgroup members.
	www.nwo.nl /projecten.nsf/pages/2200125571 (120 words)

	Navarette et al. (in press) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Contemplation of death increases support of ingroup ideologies, a result explained by proponents of terror management theory (TMT) as an attempt to buffer existential anxiety.
		While TMT claims that only death-salient stimuli yield such effects, an evolutionary perspective suggests that increased intergroup bias may occur in response to a wide variety of situations that, in ancestral environments, posed adaptive problems for which marshaling social support was a reliably adaptive response.
		Experiments 1 and 2 demonstrated that, among UCLA undergraduates, participants asked to contemplate aversive scenarios unrelated to death displayed increased support of ingroup ideology.
	lakirk.people.wm.edu /navarette.html (170 words)

	Prejudice: Disliking Others
		Ingroup: 'Us', a group of people who share a sense of belonging, a feeling of common identity.
		Ingroup bias: The tendency to favor one's own group.
		People may not be acting as much out of hate as for the need to conform and be liked by their groups.
	otel.uis.edu /yoder/myers9_ho.htm (493 words)

	Key Terms and Concepts
		Ingroup: A membership group whose norms, goals, and values shape the behavior of the members.
		Extreme ingroups see the actions of an outgroup as threatening to the ingroup.
		Outgroup: A group whose attributes are dissimilar from an ingroup's and who opposes the realization of ingroup goals.
	www.lagcc.cuny.edu /intercultural/key_terms.htm (2850 words)

	In the Eye of the Beholder: Intergroup Communication Competence as an Outcome of Self-Categorization. (Top Three Paper)
		The access to, or expectations of, a shared interpretive framework for ingroup members may make the communicative episode an easier process for interlocutors and therefore enable a more effective exchange.
		The additional motivation to work for the benefit of the ingroup may facilitate effective exchanges in both intragroup and intergroup contexts.
		Whilst directly enabling intragroup exchanges, this motivation may also enable intergroup exchanges if it is perceived that to work with the outgroup member will lead to a benefit for the ingroup.
	www.allacademic.com /meta/p13230_index.html?type=info (303 words)

	SPN Professional Profile: Sabine Otten
		Here, I found evidence for automatic evaluative bias towards minimal ingroups; moreover, I could show both explicit and implicit evidence for a projection process whereby mental representations of the individual self are generalized to the ingroup.
		In sum, these findings imply that social comparisons with outgroups are not a necessary component of ingroup bias.
		Otten, S. & Moskowitz, G. Evidence for implicit evaluative ingroup bias: Affect-biased spontaneous trait inference in a minimal group paradigm.
	otten.socialpsychology.org (587 words)

	Sports Fans: Ingroup/Outgroup Bias
		People will put themselves into the "in-group" and all other people are in the "out-group." This leads in-group members to favor their group over the out-group and is called in-group, out-group bias (Devine, 1996).
		Intergroup bias is the belief that one’s own group is better than all other groups.
		Even when categorization is arbitrary and unrelated to psychological characteristics, intergroup bias is still established.
	www.units.muohio.edu /psybersite/fans/inoutbias.shtml (1039 words)

	CJ 307/507: Small Group Communication -- W. Robert Sampson, Ph.D.
		Be familiar with all elements of FIRO (see PowerPoint lecture notes); be able to cite/identify the ways in which men and women differ in orientation toward group affiliation.
		Be able to define and explain realistic conflict theory, competition and mutual distrust, discontinuity, ingroup/outgroup bias.
		Be able to discuss/identify factors which promote distrust between/among groups, factors which escalate conflict, factors relevant to ingroup/outgroup bias and the consequences of categorization.
	www.uwec.edu /sampsow/307/2006a/Guide-Forsyth.htm (867 words)

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