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Topic: Inhibitory postsynaptic potential

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Excitatory postsynaptic potential

Synaptic transmission

Synapse

Action potential

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	Dopamine Activates Two Different Receptors to Produce Variability in Sign at an Identified Synapse -- Magoski and ...
		reversal potentials of the IPSP and the inhibitory dopamine response
		VD4 IPSP and the VD4 inhibitory pressure-applied dopamine response.
		As the postsynaptic membrane potential was increased, the IPSP decreased.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/81/3/1330 (6275 words)

	Inhibitory postsynaptic potential - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (commonly abbreviated as IPSP) is the change in membrane voltage of a postsynaptic neuron which results from synaptic activation of inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors.
		A postsynaptic potential is considered inhibitory, when the resulting change in membrane voltage makes it more difficult for the cell to fire an action potential, lowering the firing rate of the neuron.
		They are the opposite of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs), which result from the flow of positive ions into the cell.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Inhibitory_postsynaptic_potential (198 words)

	Leading role of thalamic over cortical neurons during postinhibitory rebound excitation -- Grenier et al. 95 (23): ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		in inhibitory thalamic reticular neurons, the rebound depolarization
		50-100 Hz) excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in the
		of local-circuit inhibitory neurons (22) and to disfacilitation
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/95/23/13929 (3375 words)

	Chapter 13 - Nervous Tissue (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Inhibitory neutrotransmitters hyperpolarize the postsynaptic neuron and cause the suppression of the impulse.
		An excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is the phase in which the postsynaptic neuron gets closer to the point of reaching action potential; the phase is due to the action of an excitatory neurotransmitter, which causes depolarization.
		Facilitation (synaptic potentiation) is the mechanism where the presynaptic neuron increases the amount of the excitatory neurotransmitter released.
	www.accd.edu /sac/biology/ratorres/torrescourses/printouts/PTR21.htm (1846 words)

	Chapter 13 - Synapses
		This response is called the inhibitory postsynaptic potential, or IPSP, because it drives the membrane 1-4 mV away from the critical firing level and therefore reduces the frequency or, alternatively, the probability of firing of the postsynaptic cell.
		Because the postsynaptic potentials at chemical synapses result from changes in permeability of the postsynaptic membrane to sodium, potassium, chloride, or other ions, their amplitude and polarity are greatly affected by the polarity and magnitude of the membrane potential.
		The postsynaptic potential at an electrical synapse is due to a flow of current through the membrane resistance with no concomitant change in membrane permeability, although an EPSP may lead to a permeability change in adjacent, electrically excitable membrane.
	www.unmc.edu /Physiology/Mann/mann13.html (10836 words)

	PSM11K
		When the action potential reaches a synapse it can only proceed from axon to dendrite because only the axons contain neurotransmitter which is necessary for the crossing of the synapse.
		These are graded or local potentials that will bring the post synaptic membrane closer to or further from the threshold point of action potential generation.
		Note that it is possible for presynaptic neurons to release both inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters and consequently the postsynaptic neuron functions to "integrate" all of the various signals being received from the presynaptic neurons.
	www.accd.edu /sac/biology/ratorres/printouts/psm11k.htm (2701 words)

	7.4 The Significance of a Single Spike
		Kirkwood and Sears, 1978) that the PSTH is proportional to the derivative of the postsynaptic potential, i.e.,
		The shape of the PSTH depends on the noise level and is either similar to the postsynaptic potential or to its derivative.
		Hence, in the low-noise limit, the PSTH is proportional to the derivative of the postsynaptic potential.
	diwww.epfl.ch /~gerstner/SPNM/node56.html (2504 words)

	Atoms
		Action potentials transmitted along the length of the neuron must travel to other neurons too.
		the resting potential of the postsynaptic membrane is perturbed, generating graded potential;
		Whether the synapse is excitatory or inhibitory is determined by the kind of the neurotransmitter receptors and not the neurotransmitter itself.
	fajerpc.magnet.fsu.edu /Education/2010/Lectures/40_Synapse.htm (528 words)

	John Carew Eccles Summary
		Second, the polarity of responses at excitatory and inhibitory synapses was reversed in spite of similar presynaptic action potentials in the two cases.
		The inhibitory suppression of reflex discharges from motoneurones.
		Although a single EPSP was not enough to fire an action potential in the motor neuron, the sum of several EPSPs from multiple sensory neurons synapsing onto the motor neuron could cause the motor neuron to fire, thus contracting the quadricep.
	www.bookrags.com /John_Carew_Eccles (7947 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In fact, the membrane potential the action potential dies away and the membrane returns to its resting state of -70 millivolts.
		But if an action potential is not triggered (say it only reaches -60 millivolts), membrane potential returns over a short period of time to the resting potential of -70 millivolts.
		Inhibitory neurons hyperpolarize the membrane of neighboring neurons and make them resistant to the effects of excitatory input.
	salmon.psy.plym.ac.uk /year1/neuronexplanation1.html (1748 words)

	Synaptic Transmission
		the neurotransmitters cross the synapse and bind to postsynaptic receptors.
		this extremely strong postsynaptic potential is meant to trigger the AP in the axon
		an inhibitory postsynaptic potential is caused by the binding of an inhibitory neurotransmitter at an inhibitory chemical synapse.
	www.xecu.net /kiirenza/anatomy/nerve4.htm (755 words)

	Inhibitory Nature of Tiagabine-Augmented GABAA Receptor-Mediated Depolarizing Responses in Hippocampal Pyramidal Cells ...
		in response to the HFS of recurrent inhibitory pathways in the
		Faingold, C. Randall, M. and Anderson, C.A.B. Blockade of GABA uptake with tiagabine inhibits audiogenic seizures and reduces neuronal firing in the inferior colliculus of the genetically epilepsy-prone rat.
		Mueller, A. Taube, J. and Schwartzkroin, P. Development of hyperpolarizing inhibitory postsynaptic potentials and hyperpolarizing response to gamma-aminobutyric acid in rabbit hippocampus studied in vitro.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/81/3/1192 (4643 words)

	Synapses
		The neurotransmitter molecules bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.
		The neurotransmitter at excitatory synapses depolarizes the postsynaptic membrane (of a neuron in this diagram).
		The neurotransmitter at inhibitory synapses hyperpolarizes the postsynaptic membrane.
	home.comcast.net /~john.kimball1/BiologyPages/S/Synapses.html (1221 words)

	Chemical synapse - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Proteins in the postsynaptic density serve a myriad of roles, from anchoring and trafficking neurotransmitter receptors into the plasma membrane, to anchoring various proteins which modulate the activity of the receptors.
		The release of neurotransmitter is triggered by the arrival of a nerve impulse (or action potential) and occurs through an unusually rapid process of cellular secretion, also known as exocytosis: Within the pre-synaptic nerve terminal, vesicles containing neurotransmitter sit "docked" and ready at the synaptic membrane.
		As opposed to chemical synapses, the postsynaptic potential in electrical synapses is not caused by the opening of ion channels by chemical transmitters, but by direct electrical coupling between both neurons.
	en.wikipedia.org.cob-web.org:8888 /wiki/Synapse (1533 words)

	430chC2
		An action potential's size and shape are independent of the intensity of the triggering stimulus.
		alterations in the membrane potential of a postsynaptic neuron, produced by liberation of transmitter substance at the synapse.
		the membrane of a neuron when it is not being altered by excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potentials; approximately -70 mv in the giant squid axon.
	www2.truman.edu /shaffer/430chC2_2001.htm (3441 words)

	Intensity and frequency dependence of laryngeal afferent inputs to respiratory hypoglossal motoneurons -- Mifflin 83 ...
		and the inspiratory depolarization of IHM membrane potential was
		The attenuation of inhibitory laryngeal inputs was evident in
		Excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in cat hypoglossal motoneurons during swallowing.
	jap.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/83/6/1890 (4623 words)

	1.2 Elements of Neuronal Dynamics
		The effect of a spike on the postsynaptic neuron can be recorded with an intracellular electrode which measures the potential difference u(t) between the interior of the cell and its surroundings.
		After the arrival of a spike, the potential changes and finally decays back to the resting potential, cf.
		After the pulse the membrane potential does not directly return to the resting potential, but passes through a phase of hyperpolarization below the resting value.
	diwww.epfl.ch /~gerstner/SPNM/node4.html (592 words)

	BASIC PRINCIPLES OF SYNAPTIC PHYSIOLOGY ILLUSTRATED BY A COMPUTER MODEL -- Davis 25 (1): 1 -- Advances in Physiology ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		and inhibitory potentials, and the influences of the membrane
		In this example, a single action potential in cell A is indicated by the darker appearance of axon A, and the resulting EPSP on cell C is indicated by the 2-mV depolarization shown on the E
		of the postsynaptic cell is stable at -70 mV.
	advan.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/25/1/1 (3987 words)

	BIO 2870 - Lecture 11
		At the synapsis, a chemical neurotransmitter is released and its effect either depolarizes or hyperpolarizes the postsynaptic membrane, thereby exciting or inhibiting the post synaptic neuron.
		When the depolarization of postsynaptic membrane occurs, the response is stimulatory, and the local depolarization is an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP).
		The neuron that release neurotransmitter causing EPSP is an excitatory neuron.
	bio.wayne.edu /bio2870/lec11.html (855 words)

	A Specific Inhibitory Pathway between Substantia Gelatinosa Neurons Receiving Direct C-Fiber Input -- Lu and Perl 23 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The latencies from the peak of the presynaptic APs to onset of the IPSPs (2.1 msec) remain relatively constant at 0.2 Hz (a) and for triple repetitions at 100 msec intervals (b).
		The reversal potential of IPSP was approximately -70 mV.
		b2, The holding potential of the presynaptic neuron was changed from -60 to -50 mV, and at the intensity of DR stimulation for b1, an action potential (AP) was initiated on the rising phase of the DR evoked EPSP.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/23/25/8752 (5346 words)

	Functional switching of GABAergic synapses by ryanodine receptor activation -- Sun et al. 97 (22): 12300 -- Proceedings ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		reversal potential from that of chloride toward that of bicarbonate.
		Coapplication of cADP-ribose or NEMM with postsynaptic depolarization (to load Ca) during the injection period reversed the BAS-CA1 IPSP to an
		The cADP-ribose depolarization-induced reversal of the GABAergic postsynaptic responses was sensitive to carbonic anhydrase
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/97/22/12300 (3501 words)

	[No title]
		A postsynaptic signal generated somewhere else on the dendrite would not be able to affect these sites.
		An action potential moving down an unmyelinated axon is relatively slow because it takes time and energy to open ion channels at every step along the way.
		The ultimate arbiter, however, of whether a neurotransmitter is excitatory or inhibitory is determined by the ion channel that is coupled to the receptor.
	www.uwm.edu /~rswain/class/SUM05/slect5.html (1385 words)

	IngentaConnect Dendritic amplification of inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In neurons with large dendritic arbors, the postsynaptic potentials interact in a complex manner with active and passive membrane properties, causing not easily predictable transformations during the propagation from synapse to soma.
		Previous theoretical and experimental studies in both cerebellar Purkinje cells and neocortical pyramidal neurons have shown that voltage-dependent ion channels change the amplitude and time-course of postsynaptic potentials.
		We investigated the mechanisms involved in the propagation of inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) along active dendrites in a model of the Purkinje cell.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/bsc/ejn/2006/00000023/00000005/art00011 (336 words)

	Biology 132 Chapter 11 Handout
		The NT's diffuse throughout the synaptic cleft, and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.
		The postsynaptic potential (the change in membrane potential in the postsynaptic cell due to the binding of receptor) can be excitatory or inhibitory.
		If this area is depolarized, the action potential will be propagated down the axon, if not, it won’t (all-or-none).
	www.sewanee.edu /biology/berner/Biology132/handouts/chapter11.html (682 words)

	Variations on an inhibitory theme: phasic and tonic activation of GABAA receptors : Nature Reviews Neuroscience (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		If an action potential triggers the release of multiple vesicles at a single active zone (multivesicular release), the postsynaptic receptors will be exposed to a different GABA concentration transient.
		In cells that receive spatially segregated plastic inhibitory input from several sources, it is also important to appreciate that this input might be subject to exquisite modulation, either through changes in the activity of the parent interneurons, or by the regulation of transmitter release from their terminals.
		So, for a given excitatory input (excitatory postsynaptic current or EPSC), the size and duration of the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) will be reduced, and the temporal and spatial window over which signal integration can occur will be narrowed, making it less likely that an action potential will be generated.
	www.nature.com /uidfinder/10.1038/nrn1625 (9091 words)

	Diversity of Neuron-specific K+-Cl- Cotransporter Expression and Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential Depression in Rat ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Diversity of Neuron-specific K+-Cl- Cotransporter Expression and Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential Depression in Rat Motoneurons -- Ueno et al.
		hyperpolarize and shunt inhibition of postsynaptic neurons (8).
		Stimulation was applied at the resting membrane potential in XII neurons (open arrowhead in C).
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/277/7/4945 (3587 words)

	Lecture Notes-12
		At the synapse there is a break in electrical transmission (the action potential cannot cross)- instead chemicals are released that carry the signal to the next nerve
		If there are enough EPSPs the postsynaptic membrane will be depolarized to the threshold level and an action potential will be produced- then the signal will travel along the second nerve or muscle cell
		Many learning exercises are known to increase transmission across certain synapses (potentiation).
	hometown.aol.com /bio50/LecNotes/lecnot12.html (1221 words)

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