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Topic: Inhumation

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	[Projekat Rastko] Aleksandar Jovanovic: FORMS OF BURIAL IN THE TERRITORY OF YUGOSLAVIA IN THE TIME OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE
		Inhumation was the dominant rite in the Illyrian territory proper (the littoral and its immediate hinterland) and it was used in combination with cremation (biritualism) by the Celtic populations in Pannonia and in the Danubian valley, especially in the earlier phases of their presence in this territory.
		Inhumation was the dominant rite also among the Celtic populations in Pannonia in the earlier phases of their presence in that region (from the end of the 4th century B.C. to the beginning of the 2nd century B.C.).
		Inhumation becomes the dominant rite in the middle of the 3rd century A.D. In the province of Macedonia cremation is sporadically practised until the middle of the 4th century A.D. (Stobi, coin of Constantius II; Pesterica, coin of Julianus).
	www.rastko.org.yu /arheologija/ajovanovic-nekropole.html (11732 words)

	Lecture 16
		Inhumation was one more symbol to be used by the elite in positioning themselves within imperial culture.
		The change-over from cremation to inhumation was almost certainly a matter of competitive emulation, with the elite jumping to copy the emperors, and the rest of the population following suit within a couple of generations.
		The spread of inhumation practices united the eastern and western halves of the empire in terms of ritual.
	www.le.ac.uk /archaeology/sas11/AR203/Rome16.html (761 words)

	Oval barrow - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the British late Neolithic and early Bronze Age, oval barrow use may indicate a transition between earlier long barrows with multiple burials and the later, more individual round barrows around the centuries either side of 2000 BC.
		They normally contain a number of burial pits, containing crouched inhumations and evidence of Beaker grave goods.
		Signs of shafts being dug into the barrow are known and these may have been for the removal and re-insertion of remains.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Oval_barrow (201 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The inhumation burial Pit 180 was 1.55m in diameter by 0.50m deep, with near vertical sides and a flat bottom.
		There were some scattered patches of comminuted charcoal at the level of the inhumation burial, which had been deposited on top of 0.20m of fill.
		A small pottery assemblage compnses early Iron Age forms (ceramic phase 1), and a radiocarbon date from the bones of the burial is centred on cal BC 390 (cal BC 405-370 at 1 sigma, Beta-i 16571).
	www.gallica.co.uk /celts/television/burial/burial.txt (400 words)

	Jan Turek: a bi-ritual communal burial from Slany, Bohemia
		In the case of the second inhumation, it was only possible to infer the sex of the individual from their burial position and artefactual assemblage; burial on the right side with the head orientated to the west, as well as the massive flint knife found next to its knees, suggests it was a second male.
		From the child inhumation, only fragments of one long bone were preserved, found next to a cluster of three pots (see figure 3); a beaker with the decoration of cord impression on the neck, a jug, and a small amphora vessel with two handles and corded decoration.
		Another grave with one inhumation in the 'male' position and two inhumations (adult and sub-adult) in 'female' positions was excavated at Chrastany in the district of Praha-zapad (Vavra 1981, 73-79).
	www.shef.ac.uk /assem/2/2turek.html (4354 words)

	Cremation vs. Inhumation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Of course, there were exceptions to the standard middle class inhumations as well as the mausoleums and sarcophagi of the rich.
		This was usually limited to high ranking military officers and members of the imperial family who were often transported from the provinces after their death to be buried in Rome, some from as far as Gaul and Britain.
		Similar to inhumation burials, a pipe leading from the container to the surface was often installed to allow libations to be offered to the deceased and the gods.
	www.colleges.org /~turkey/projects/speegle/cremation.html (883 words)

	Nosterfield - Draft Osteology Report
		One of the inhumations was found in the upper part of the backfill of a pit in one of the pit-alignments.
		Although there is no evidence to suggest that the inhumations were contemporary, this is assumed on the basis of the similarity in bone deposition and their vicinity to ring ditch F264, despite the distinct nature of the burial features.
		In this case, at least one of the inhumations is directly associated with a boundary, through its interment in one of the pits from the pit alignment.
	www.archaeologicalplanningconsultancy.co.uk /mga/projects/noster/speciali/holst03.html (6000 words)

	Urnfield - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the tumulus-period, multiple inhumations under barrows were common, at least for the upper levels of society.
		In the earliest phases of the Urnfield period, man-shaped graves were dug, sometimes provided with a stone lined floor, in which the cremated remains of the deceased were spread.
		Towards the end of the Urnfield period, some bodies were burnt in situ and then covered by a barrow, reminiscent of the burial of Patroclus as described by Homer, the burial of Beowulf (with the additional ship burial element).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Urnfield (3042 words)

	Anglo Saxon Inhumation Cemeteries. -7. Associations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Many inhumation cemeteries have associated cremation burials; strictly speaking these should be considered as mixed cemeteries, although this term is generally only used where there is a significant number of each class of burial.
		Inhumation cemeteries may also be associated with barrow burials, either prehistoric, or of the Anglo-Saxon period.
		Inhumation cemeteries may sometimes have been placed adjacent to settlements, although since so few have been fully excavated it is difficult to establish a relationship.
	www.eng-h.gov.uk /mpp/mcd/sub/inhum7.htm (376 words)

	ROMAN FUNERALS
		Inhumation was more common than cremation in prehistoric Rome.
		However, inhumation was generally abandoned towards the end of the fifth century BC and was resumed only towards the middle of the second century AD.
		The acceptance of cremation as the principal system resulted in ustrina, the sacred enclosures in which pyres were built to convert the corpses into ashes.
	www.fortunecity.com /athena/exercise/2492/ROMANFUNERALS (1238 words)

	Inhumation and inhabitation: exploring the changing expressions of household-community-landscape ties in the later Iron ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Inhumation and inhabitation: exploring the changing expressions of household-community-landscape ties in the later Iron Age of
		Inhumation and inhabitation: exploring the changing expressions of household-community-landscape ties in the later Iron Age of East Yorkshire.
		The middle Iron Age of East Yorkshire is characterised by the so-called Arras Culture square barrow burial tradition and an accompanying dearth of contemporary settlement.
	www-users.york.ac.uk /~rbr100/IARSS2004/atha.htm (228 words)

	Death on Display: Valeria Callityche
		This burial collection, dating from the second century AD, presents a excellent example of a classic Roman inhumation**, in which the body is not burned but buried.
		This became the favored mode for Roman treatment of the dead from around the time of the second century AD onwards.
		A full explanation of this class project is found on the introductory page for this website.
	www.umich.edu /~kelseydb/Exhibits/Death_on_Display/Text/inhumation.html (516 words)

	ARCL2001: Lecture 17
		Inhumation and cremation of the deceased were both practised in the sixth and fifth centuries BC, with personal preference probably a deciding factor, though cost must often also have been a consideration since cremation required the purchase of expensive timber fuel.
		During the fifth and fourth centuries BC, inhumation appears to have been more common than cremation, with the exception of the last quarter of the fifth century when the Peloponnesian War and outbreaks of plague may have influenced mortuary practice.
		Inhumation, meanwhile, could be in a single earth-dug pit or in a more elaborate grave constructed in the ground from tiles or stone: coffins of wood or stone could also be used in conjunction with these grave types.
	teaching.arts.usyd.edu.au /archaeology/arcl2001/lecture_17.htm (1178 words)

	Ecavation June
		Excavated male inhumation with a clear body stain and the typical warrior/farmer weapon assemblage of an iron shield boss (over the head area) and a spearhead.
		An inhumation showing a body stain indicating a burial in a flexed position with legs bent at the knees.
		Out of 15 inhumations two burials were equipped with the full weapon set of sword, spear and shield indicating that the cemetery has an above average number of higher status males represented.
	www.suttonhoo.org /Digupdate/morephotos.htm (353 words)

	Ancient Rome :: Roman Ceremonies
		Such feelings often went with the time period, and are reflected, for example, in a major shift from cremation to inhumation (burial) as the chief method of burial around the 3
		There was no generally accepted view of the afterlife, but many felt that the dead, living in their tombs, could influence the fortunes of the living in vague, undefined ways.
		In the case of inhumation, bodies were somehow protected, whether by a sack or shroud for the poor or by a wood, lead, stone, or otherwise manufactured coffin for the wealthy.
	library.thinkquest.org /26602/ceremonies.htm (1366 words)

	East Anglian Archaeology - Anglo-Saxon
		Sixty-three inhumations were excavated from part of an Early Saxon cemetery, of which the south and west parts had been destroyed.
		Inhumation 22 contained the fragments of a lyre, which is described and reconstructed by Graeme Lawson.
		In two cases, individual inhumations were surrounded by ring-ditches, two other penannular ditches were found, and a square slot may have been the foundation of a timber building, related to the cemetery.
	www.eaareports.demon.co.uk /angsax.html (5270 words)

	Diet and Status in La Tène Bohemia
		These inhumations are laid S-N, with the head to the south, rather than N-S, with the head to the north, as is seen in all other La Tène period inhumations in Bohemia, see the example of grave 2916 below along with published C14 dating evidence (Smejtek 2003).
		The excavation resulted in the identification and recovery of 49 inhumation graves and 1 cremation burial which may be a later intrusive feature.
		Graves are characteristic of the La Tène period with skeletons lying extended and supine and graves orientated north-south with the head to the north.
	www.student.brad.ac.uk /jdlehura/sites.htm (1376 words)

	Informations généalogiques
		Inhumation : 20 novembre 1272 à Westminster Abbey, Westminster, Middlesex, England
		Inhumation : 11 septembre 1291 à Monastery, Amesbury, Wiltshire, England
		Inhumation : 30 novembre 1252-1253 à Abbaye de Maubuisson, Maubuisson, France
	users.swing.be /wortham/wortham_fr/dat34.htm (1118 words)

	Search Results for inhumation - Encyclopædia Britannica
		Inhumation naturally prompted the idea that the dead lived beneath the ground.
		The mortuary cults of many peoples indicate that the dead were imagined as actually residing in their tombs and able to...
		The form of the disposal of the dead most generally used throughout the world in both the past and present has been burial in the ground.
	www.britannica.com /search?query=inhumation&submit=Find&source=MWTEXT (315 words)

	Projects completed by Archaeological Solutions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The inhumation was unusual in that it lay on its right hand side, with the head to the south and feet to the north, and inversion of the traditional position.
		Some 95 inhumations were recorded, extending beyond the limits of the excavation to the north, west and south.
		A later, Christian inhumation cemetery containing 119 graves was placed away from the area of settlement (see picture to left).
	www.hertfordshire-archaeological-trust.co.uk /projects.htm (6280 words)

	Burial Customs in the First Millenium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Inhumations were the norm, with the bodies placed in a supine position in a grave lined and covered with stone slabs(long cists).
		Inhumation burials typically were accompanied by weapons, and grave goods according to status.
		Inhumation was the predominant burial rite in Denmark at the beginning of the Viking era, but cremation was practiced in central rural Sweden and Norway until the end of the tenth century (Clarke, Ambriosini:154).
	tanwayour.calafia.org /burial.html (4879 words)

	Burial in the Classical Mediterranean (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Men tend to be buried in neck-handled amphorae, women in shoulder or belly-handled amphorae.
		Children, meanwhile, tend to be buried as inhumations.
		The few inhumations that are known seem to be mainly for adolescents; children, again, are mostly interred in vases.
	www.stanford.edu /~dplatt/Burial/shifts.html (794 words)

	NAGPRA NOTICES OF INVENTORY COMPLETION: Human Remains and Associated Funerary Objects in the Possession of the Air ...
		The inhumation did not evidence a burial pit, but it appeared that the grave had been dug to the level of the caliche.
		Riessen (1985:13) analyzed the bone from the inhumation in 1985, and concluded that the individual was probably a 32 or so year old male, 5 foot 7 inches in height, who showed no gross evidence of trauma or pathology.
		The platymeric index of the individual's femur, for example, is 84.4, a value close to that of English populations and higher than the mean (74) for Native Americans (Riessen 1985:14).
	www.cr.nps.gov /nagpra/fed_notices/nagpradir/nic0255.html (2071 words)

	Little Ancestors: The Nature and Significance of Infancy, Infant Death and Inhumation within the Iron Age of Southern ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Preliminary analysis strongly indicates that infants were accorded a significant and special status by the native peoples of Iron Age Britain.
		For example, patterns of infant inhumations appear to correlate with evidence of fragmentation and subsequent reconsolidation of Iron Age community life at settlements in Hampshire.
		Through consideration of aspects of infant burial such as deliberate and consistent funerary ritual, excarnation, secondary funerary ritual, fertility promotion, foundation deposition, liminality and soul continuation, questions are raised about current perceptions of infancy and infant death within archaeological practice and theory.
	www-users.york.ac.uk /~rbr100/IARSS2004/lally.htm (192 words)

	Allt Cunedda
		There is the suggestion of the discovery in the nineteenth century of a contracted inhumation in a cist, in addition to the better known extended inhumation from beneath one of the tumuli.
		Stephens associated the mound alongside the hedge with that excavated in 1850 covering the grave with the extended inhumation and hexagonal capstone.
		The indication of contracted inhumations in short cists suggests that some of the funerary activity on Allt Cunedda may have had Beaker cultural associations, an idea supported by the find of a battleaxe fragment on the hill top.
	www.kidwellyhistory.co.uk /Articles/AlltCunedda/AlltCunedda.htm (3391 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The inhumation burial is of a 25 year-old male buried in a shallow pit near the mouth of the cave.
		He was buried in a contracted position and covered with fist-sized stones (visible in the photo).
		While archaeologists were examining human bones found throughout the cave, they realized that this inhumation burial lay on top of several other severely disturbed Mesolithic burials, including one which may be a cremation.
	www.indiana.edu /~archaeol/franchthi/hum.html (532 words)

	Table of contents for The early Iron Age cemetery at Torone
		Terrace V. Horizontal extent of inhumation and cremation tombs.
		Schematic plan of the cemetery showing the location of the north and west groups of inhumations and cremations in the area of the Early Iron Age cutting.
		Key: 1A = inhumations within the area of the Early Iron Age cutting (among the earliest tombs of the cemetery).
	www.loc.gov /catdir/toc/ecip0517/2005022875.html (3641 words)

	PetersNet: John Russell, S. J., Cremation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Indeed, those who lived at Rome or in other places where Roman influence was strong, would probably have adopted inhumation even if it had not had the force of such a long tradition behind it, in reaction to cremation as practiced by those around them.
		For, from the time of the Republic, the practice of cremation had grown more and more common among the Romans—Sulla is said to have been the first to order his body to be burned— until, under the Emperors, it had become the more usual method of disposing of the dead.
		Up to that time documents dealing with ecclesiastical burial frequently spoke of the universal practice of inhumation, with never a reference to cremation: in the absence of abuses it did not even merit the recognition of a condemnation.
	www.petersnet.net /browse/2743.htm (3393 words)

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