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Topic: Initial events of the Rwandan Genocide

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Players of the Rwandan Genocide

Peculiarities of the genocide of the Tutsis in regards to other genocides

Analysis of the causes of the Rwandan Genocide

Rwandan Genocide

Glossary and supplements for the Rwandan Genocide

Consequences of the Rwandan Genocide

Bibliography of the Rwandan Genocide

United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda

Ruanda

History of Rwanda

Rwandese Patriotic Front

MRND

We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed With Our Families

Paul Rusesabagina

Hutu

In the News (Sat 28 Nov 09)

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Peter Chernin

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Match Play

Penelope Cruz

Mickey Rourke

AR Rahman

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Hugh Jackman

	Why War? Keywords: Genocide
		Genocide is also called a crime against humanity, though the initial "definition" of that concept; established during the Nuremberg trials, was restricted to acts committed during wartime or directed against the peace and would therefore not have included all acts of genocide.
		Genocide in the Highland Clearances: The Highland Clearances can be traced to the consequences of the failure of the Jacobite rebellion in the 18th Century.
		Characteristic of this genocide was death by starvation and the poisoning of wells for the Herero and Nama populations that were trapped in the Namib desert.
	www.why-war.com /encyclopedia/concepts/genocide (3839 words)

	Rwanda
		The Rwandan government is now arresting some 1,500 persons a week, producing life-threatening overcrowding and appalling treatment in the prisons and fostering insecurity among the population at large.
		Rwandans continue to suffer from acts of violence by unidentified armed groups, such as the three attacks which took fifteen lives in the northwestern prefecture of Gisenyi in mid-March.
		Initially RPA authorities said the attack had been a case of self-defense with soldiers responding to prior attack by residents of the camp.
	www.hrw.org /reports/1995/Rwanda.htm (8107 words)

	Britain.tv Wikipedia - Gacaca
		After the Genocide, the new Rwandan Patriotic Front's government struggled with developing just means for the humane detention and prosecution of the more than 100,000 people accused of genocide, war crimes, and related crimes against humanity.
		The current Rwandan Gacaca court system, as established in March 2001, involves both plaintiffs and witnesses in an interactive court proceeding against alleged criminals.
		The judges now qualified as Inyangamugayo, who also have basic judicial training, are among 250, 000 individuals elected by Rwandans to serve in the Gacaca courts, which are in charge of judging three (of the four) categories of people accused of implication in the 1994 Rwandan Genocide.
	www.britain.tv /wikipedia.php?title=Gacaca (765 words)

	CONVENTIONAL WISDOM AND RWANDA'S GENOCIDE
		Genocide is an organized crime by a government against an ethnic group.
		The lack of a visible response to the massacre by the military at Kibeho (4,000+ Hutu dead in April 1994), and the steady flow of execution victims in the Kagera River in 1994-5 are just two of the foci which cause Hutu to doubt the sincerity of the government (16).
		By definition, emergencies are uncommon events, and as a result considered to be unique, particularly by staff in remote field sites isolated from locals, refugees, and their own societies.
	web.africa.ufl.edu /asq/v1/3/10.htm (4682 words)

	Genocide:Meaning and Definition
		Genocide is generally considered one of the worst moral crimes a government (meaning any ruling authority, including that of a guerrilla group, a quasi state, a Soviet, a terrorist organization, or an occupation authority) can commit against its citizens or those it controls.
		Regardless of war or peace, the motive for genocide may be to deal with a perceived threat to the government or its policies, to destroy those one hates or envies, to pursue the ideological transformation of society, to purify society, or to achieve economic or material gain.
		"Genocide in the generic sense is the mass killing of substantial numbers of human beings, when not in the course of military forces of an avowed enemy, under conditions of the essential defenselessness and helplessness of the victims." (Israel W. Charny).
	www.hawaii.edu /powerkills/GENOCIDE.ENCY.HTM (6112 words)

	Healing Genocide \| Christianity Today \| A Magazine of Evangelical Conviction
		Ten years after the slaughter, Rwandans begin to mend their torn nation with a justice that is both biblical and African.
		Rwandans who sought some measure of justice were caught between the proverbial rock and a hard place.
		Rwandans have a famous saying: "God travels around the world during the day, but returns to Rwanda at night." Archbishop Kolini told me Rwandan Christians must reinterpret such cultural expressions as God's invitation to deeper relationship.
	www.christianitytoday.com /ct/2004/april/4.76.html (3398 words)

	AFTER ARUSHA: Gacaca Justice in Post-Genocide Rwanda
		The genocide produced staggering statistics that indicate the enormity of reconciliation in terms of scope and process. The genocide created an initial population displacement of 1.7 million Hutus fearing reprisals, left 400,000 widows, 500,000 orphans, and 130,000 imprisoned upon suspicion of committing acts of genocide.
		Rwandan Organic Law was conceived in 1996 to facilitate the prosecution of those suspected of committing acts of genocide. It applies both to the Gacaca and national courts.
		Most importantly, Rwandan women seek to hear the confessions of the accused and an admission of guilt. As reconciliation for most Rwandans represents an act between two people where one confesses and the other forgives, the confession is a necessary first step for reintegration.
	web.africa.ufl.edu /asq/v8/v8i1a4.htm (6982 words)

	The U.S. and the Genocide in Rwanda 1994: Evidence of Inaction
		The U.S. and the Genocide in Rwanda 1994
		In naming and calling on four Rwandan military leaders to “end the violence”, it is probably the sole example of high-level attention—however brief—trained on officials involved in the genocide.
		Produced one month into the genocide, this report declares that “Almost immediately after President Habyarimana was killed, in Kigali the Presidential Guard began the systematic execution of prominent Tutsi and moderate Hutu” and that the violence is “directed by high-level officials within the interim government”.
	www.gwu.edu /~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB53/index.html (2915 words)

	RwandaGenocideINTERNALMEDIA
		They also insisted that all Rwandans carry their identification cards so that the killers were able to distinguish between Hutu and Tutsi.[6] Their broadcasts even went as far as to suggest which weaponry the killers were to use on particular days.
		Once the genocide had begun, the media used knowledge had by most of the nation that a civil war was under way to skew the truth and confuse its listeners.
		Author William Schabas wrote that, "genocide is prepared with propaganda, a bombardment of lies and hatred directed against the targeted groups, and aimed at preparing the 'willing executioners' for the atrocious tasks they will be asked to perform"[19].
	www.mtholyoke.edu /~mmmacias/RwandaGenocideINTERNALMEDIA.html (1927 words)

	IRIN Update 597 for 28 Jan 1999 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Archbishop of Kinshasa has claimed that the people of Rwandan or Tutsi background seized from the Bethany centre in Kinshasa on 12 January were there at the request of the government and were awaiting "repatriation".
		Initial reports by the Catholic Missionary Network said some 500 people had been killed by rampaging RCD forces after an attack by Mayi Mayi.
		UNHCR said on Tuesday it was examining reports that Rwandans living in Congo-Brazzaville might be fighting on the side of the government.
	www.africa.upenn.edu /Hornet/irin597.html (1422 words)

	New Books in 2001- - Prevent Genocide International (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		A synthesis of the literature on genocide from a sociological and criminological perspective, discussing the crime of genocide through a distinctly social science lens, with specific references to the ideas and concepts that have been developed to explain criminal behavior.
		Campbell engages in a complex, multi-level analysis of genocide’s impact upon world order, and the inter-play of politics and morality in the international community’s determination of the appropriate role for military force in halting genocide and securing an emerging global civil society.
		Ajoint initiative created in 1997 by the two presidents-elect of the American and Canadian Psychological Associations, The Presidential Initiative on Ethnopolitical Warfare (EPW), grew from the concern and realization that destructive international conflict in the post Cold War era had entered a new and chilling phase of expression.
	www.preventgenocide.org /edu/publications/new-and-forthcoming2001.htm (3678 words)

	Accountability for Genocide: Des Forges’ Torch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		His clinical study of the mechanics of the genocide draws from an assessment of problematic Rwandan census statistics, and focuses on the rapid progression and unprecedented rate of killing throughout the country.
		Whether this indicates an official understanding of genocide based on a “genocidal” order of magnitude, or simply a need to portray the crisis in terms that would appear sufficiently grand to justify action, is a subject for future scrutiny.
		Deployment, in Kuperman’s scenario, is initiated not in the wake of initial reports of violence, but only once a genocidal intent becomes evident and it has been decided that a genocide is, in fact, in progress.
	www.jha.ac /books/br024.htm (5671 words)

	Operation Assurance: The Greatest Intervention That Never Happened
		Although, Banyamulenge had fought for the FPR during the Rwandan civil war, the organisation and the discipline of the rebel troops led many analysts, including the Zairean government, to conclude that the APR and Ugandan military advisors, were involved in the counter-offensive.
		The key event was the decision by the White House, presumably provoked by mounting international pressure, to sanction the deployment of between 3,000 and 4,000 troops and logisticians in the region, of which 1,000 would be on the ground around Goma.
		Yet, at the same time as these final 'arrangements' were being made, events in Zaire were ensuring that the essential mandate of the force - the voluntary repatriation of the refugees - had already been substantially addressed.
	www.jha.ac /articles/a036.htm (7364 words)

	[No title]
		Serving as an introduction to the genocide in Rwanda, through the current events taking place in the war-torn country, the article makes comparisons to the events that comprised and followed the Holocaust.
		Assessment: Having read about the measures being taken against the committers of the genocide in “After-Life” and observing the gruesome account of the events in the video, the students are asked to compose a letter to the Rwandan government or the United Nations regarding how they believe the perpetrators of the genocide should be punished.
		Students must address what actions should be taken, who should implement them, and the reasons for the prescribed punishment, while remembering to link the events that transpired to another moment in history.
	www.rpcv.org /lessons/ModernConnection.doc (383 words)

	// National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		One fundamental aspect of the dissociative response to trauma concerns immediate dissociation at the time the traumatic event is unfolding.
		Trauma victims not uncommonly will report alterations in the experience of time, place, and person, which confers a sense of unreality of the event as it is occurring.
		Rwandan genocide had tumultuous effects on the politics of Zaire,
	www.ncptsd.va.gov /publications/rq/rqhtml/V8N3.html (5015 words)

	Human Rights Events Calendar 2002 - Past Events
		The Armenian Genocide, which was conceived and carried out by the Ottoman Empire from 1915 to 1923, resulted in the deportation of nearly two million Armenians, of whom 1,500,000 men, women, and children were killed and 500,000 survivors were expelled from their homes.
		She is the co-founder of the Korean Council of Military Sexual Slavery by Japan ("The Korean Council"-1990) which formally initiated the justice movement for victims of military sexual slavery by Japan.
		The event is sponsored by Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Jewish Studies, College of Liberal Arts, Mark and Muriel Wexler Lectureship Fund, and Dworsky Endpowment for Jewish Studies.
	www.umn.edu /humanrts/pastevents.html (13303 words)

	AEI - Events
		In all of that time, the general pattern has been to have the event occur, and then we start thinking about how to respond to it.
		But the, if you want to call it, luxury we had to allow the event to take place and then to begin to decide how to react to it is not a luxury we have anymore.
		I mean, we all know that the Rwandan genocide could have been stopped at an early point with a moderate amount of force, effectively applied.
	www.aei.org /events/filter.economic,eventID.818/transcript.asp (10127 words)

	Scoop: Former Rwandan MP pleads not guilty, UN trial
		Rwanda's former Acting Minister of the Interior today pleaded not guilty at the United Nations International Criminal Tribunal to three counts related to the massacres of Tutsis in a southern prefecture of the country during its 1994 genocide.
		Callixte Kalimanzira made his initial appearance before Judge Asoka de Silva and pleaded not guilty to genocide, alternative complicity in genocide, and direct and public incitement to commit genocide, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) said.
		The accused is alleged to have coordinated efforts to spark the killings of Tutsis in Butare prefecture, where they had not been subject to widespread attacks between the beginning of the massacres and 19 April 1994.
	www.scoop.co.nz /stories/WO0511/S00266.htm (420 words)

	SFUHS: Focus on Rwanda: Upcoming Events
		Through the Eyes of Children originated in 2000, when children at the Imbabazi Orphanage in Rwanda were given box cameras to document their lives.
		The photos were put up on the orphanage walls and were later featured in an exhibit at the US Embassy in Kigali, the Rwandan capitol.
		UHS will join the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum—Smithsonian, the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, the Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars, and the Simon Wiesenthal Center Museum of Tolerance in Los Angeles in presenting this film.
	www.sfuhs.org /features/rwanda_project.shtml (298 words)

	MEDECINS SANS FRONTIERES CHALLENGES U.S. DARFUR GENOCIDE CLAIM
		"genocide": "In the case of the crisis in Kosovo, the use of the term
		Genocide is a crime on a different scale to all other crimes against
		Genocide is therefore both the gravest and greatest of the crimes
	www.sudan.net /news/press/postedr/310.shtml (2353 words)

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