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Topic: Initialisation vector

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	Initialization vector - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In straight-forward operation of block ciphers or so-called Electronic Code Book (ECB) mode, encryption of the same plain text with the same key results in the same ciphertext, which is a considerable threat to security.
		Use of an initialization vector linearly added to (XORed with) the first block of plaintext or included in front of the plaintext prior to encryption in one of the streaming modes of operation resolves this problem.
		In stream ciphers, IVs are loaded into the keyed internal secret state of the cipher, after which a number of cipher rounds is executed prior to releasing the first bit of output.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Initialization_vector (240 words)

	Napier88 Reference Manual - 9.1.1 Creation of Vectors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		is a vector of integers, whose type is written as *int, with lower bound 1 and variable locations initialised to 1, 2, 3 and 4.
		The lower bound of this vector is -1 and the upper bound is 3.
		A third form of vector initialisation is provided to allow the elements of a vector to be initialised by a function over the index.
	www-ppg.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /Languages/Napier88/Documentation/ref.man-9.1.1.html (505 words)

	Vector algebra (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Thus multiplication and division of a vector by a scalar are both allowed, but it is an error to multiply or divide one vector by another.
		Vectors may be used as arguments in the differentiation and integration routines in place of the dependent expression.
		The result is a vector obtained by applying the function component-wise to the argument vector.
	www.uni-koeln.de /REDUCE/avector/node3.html (222 words)

	Chapter 6: Instruction Set Design for Multimedia
		Each vector element can be viewed as a packed register of 8- or 16-bit subwords (The choice of vector register number and sizes will be studied in more detail in Section 6.2).
		Vector pack and unpack instructions are used to convert between subword data types.
		However, parallel vector architectures suffer from a similar problem which requires a separate aligning network and that is one of the reasons that the pipelined vector systems have an advantage.
	www.cs.man.ac.uk /~elmahdya/thesis/MMISA.html (3476 words)

	CryptoSys Blowfish Manual
		In Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) mode, an initialisation vector (IV) is added to the first block of plaintext before encryption and the resultant ciphertext is added to the next block of plaintext before encryption, and so on.
		The initialisation vectors should always be at least the same length as the block size, i.e.
		The key and initialisation vector are passed as hexadecimal strings.
	www.cryptosys.net /CryptoSysBLFManual.html (5593 words)

	DCE 1.1: Authentication and Security Services - Encryption/Decryption Mechanisms
		, the role of the initialisation vector is to "initialise" the CBC algorithm, by using it to "scramble" the first block of plaintext.
		In this usage, initialisation vectors are chosen randomly, so that knowledge of common patterns that are present in the first blocks of many plaintexts (that is, "known plaintexts", such as occur in standard headers of protocol data units) cannot potentially be used in a cryptanalytic attack.
		The DES-CBC checksum of a plaintext P, with respect to a key K and an initialisation vector IV, is by definition the final block of DES-CBC(K, IV, P).
	www.opengroup.org /onlinepubs/9668899/chap3.htm (2305 words)

	[No title]
		The algorithm parameter (S503) may hold an initialisation vector where data is to be encrypted, which shall be the only time the length of encrypted data and number of padding bytes are used.
		The initialisation vector for encrypted data (for confidentiality) shall be defined using composite data element S503, using an appropriate algorithm parameter qualifier.
		Initiation: initialisation of one or more security services, including the required mechanisms, to be applied during the dialogue.
	www.unece.org /trade/untdid/download/r1284r1.txt (9353 words)

	Collisions In Case-Invariant Base64 Encoding
		We run the experiment with different numbers of rounds and different initialisation of the random number generator that is used to permute the mappings.
		Additional runs with different initialisation vectors confirm that this is not by mischance.
		Initialisation vector 6 with 8 rounds (not shown in table 4) produces only 11 collisions (-88%), all 3 letter tokens.
	www.compapp.dcu.ie /~jwagner/clef/collisions.shtml (1451 words)

	sec2.1.html
		Because the velocity at the beginning points in the horizontal direction we see already now that the directions of the two vectors are not the same.
		In Fig 5 we see the velocity vector and the acceleration vector together with the trajectory of the motion at different time steps.
		The position of the ball is in natural coordinates described by the arc length.
	adept.maplesoft.com /powertools/mechanics/html/sec2.1.html (1587 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Most manufacturers add the size of the Initialisation Vector (24 bits) to make the WEP keys look bigger (64 bits and 128 bits, respectively).
		3) Explain what the Initialisation Vector is and how it helps make WEP weak (2 marks) The Initialisation Vector (IV) is a 24 bit number pre-pended to the WEP secret key to form a 64-bit, or 128-bit, key to the RC-4 Pseudo-Random Sequence Generator (PRSG) used to encrypt the data.
		The IV should be unique for each packet transmitted, but in some implementations it isn't and, in any case, with only 24 bits, it will definitely repeat after 2^24 packets are sent (could be as often as about every 5 hours).
	cs.anu.edu.au /Student/comp3310/2003/Ass1Answers.txt (476 words)

	Initialisation Vector - at how many bytes?
		Console.WriteLine("The initalisation vector at length " + str.Length + " was invalid.");
		Wed, Jan 18 2006 3:30 PM I was aware that I could use myRjindael for the generation of an Initalisation Vector, but I would like the user to be able to pass an IV to the code as a string.
		Wed, Jan 18 2006 3:39 PM I inserted the Initialisation Vector generator (myRijndael.GenerateIV()) into my code, and low and behold received: Specified key is not a valid size for this algorithm.
	channel9.msdn.com /ShowPost.aspx?PostID=156174 (286 words)

	DCE 1.1: Authentication and Security Services - Protected RPC
		The field protection_level is a 4-byte vector, big/big-endian representing an integer equal to the protection level of the original RPC PDU that this authentication header is authenticating (as specified in the referenced Open Group DCE 1.1 RPC Specification).
		This key and initialisation vector are used to protect the ensuing session/conversation between the client and server (that is, for integrity and confidentiality protection of the PDU verifiers and bodies as specified in the remainder of this chapter).
		The PDU's header H and body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" B (R) are integrity-protected (and bound together) by the verifier V, and by the use of the DES-CBC-CKSUM as the initialisation vector for the DES-CBC encryption of the body bgcolor="#FFFFFF".
	www.opengroup.org /onlinepubs/9668899/chap9.htm (4390 words)

	sci.crypt: Re: AES and Diehard
		of different initialisation vector obtained by internal states in
		you have to fix initialisation vector - values of a[0] and a[1] in the
		vector) is simply 290,000,000 bytes of zeroes, i.e.
	www.derkeiler.com /Newsgroups/sci.crypt/2003-09/0612.html (716 words)

	[No title]
		The initialisation vector string sInitV must either represent exactly 8 bytes or, if in ECB mode, it should be "".
		The key and initialisation vector are passed as arrays of bytes.
		Remarks The initialisation vector byte array aInitV must either be exactly 8 bytes long or, if in ECB mode, it should be 0.
	www.cryptosys.net /cryptosysblfmanual.txt (6297 words)

	Datenschutz mit StrongDisk. Sensible Daten perfekt schützen.
		Encryption mode is CBC everywhere: at first each open text block of length 32 bytes is added by modulo 2 with an initialization vector, then it is encrypted by a key, and this cipher text is used as initialization vector for the following block.
		Initializing vector from the previous packet is used; actually key is a result of applications of hash-function to the processed user password (i.e.
		Initializing vectors (one for the user password and one for a key of sectors of a disk) and sector encryption key generation is made by the built-in generator of strong encryption-protested random numbers (RNG).
	www.strongdisk.de /sd_techdesc.htm (1313 words)

	External Specification - Permutation City
		The Initialise component is used to create a number of new Individuals for a given Population.
		Initialise N Individuals at a time and pick the one with the highest Evaluation.
		Parent vector is cut at a random point.
	web.ukonline.co.uk /digib/permutationcity.co.uk/projects/mutants/externalspecification.html (2150 words)

	sec2.2.html
		This vector is drawn in blue color in the figure above.
		Notice that the relative coordinates are defined by unambiguous relations with respect to the global coordinates.
		The definition with use of the crossproduct yields that the orientation of the coriolis acceleration always points orthogonal to the plane, which is defined by the vectors
	adept.maplesoft.com /powertools/mechanics/html/sec2.2.html (1839 words)

	10.2 Modes of enciphering (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		In another mode, an additional ``key''-like entity called Initialisation Vector is used which consists of one bit for each message block.
		This way the different blocks correspond to different keys and so the size of the dictionary required for a dictionary attack is much larger even if the initialisation vector is well-known.
		This method is known as Cipher Block Chaining, since the message cannot be decrypted unless the blocks are arranged in the sequence in which they were encrypted.
	www.imsc.res.in /~kapil/crypto/notes/node55.html (259 words)

	ietf-ipngwg-esp-00.txt
		This mode of DES requires an Initialisation Vector that is 8 bytes long and requires that the encrypted data be a multiple of 8 bytes long.
		Each ESP header shall contain a 64-bit DES Initialisation Vector in the Cryptographic Synchronisation field when DES-CBC is in use.
		Including the Initialisation Vector in each packet also ensures decryption of each received packet can be performed even though other packets might have been dropped or packets might have been misordered in transit.
	ietfreport.isoc.org /idref/draft-ietf-ipngwg-esp (4350 words)

	Welcome to Syncadia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		CBC solves this by using an initialisation vector (IV); this block can be any random data and is used to XOR the first block of plaintext.
		The two most important properties are key and IV (the initialisation vector), you could set just these two properties and then use the class.
		These methods are overloaded to allow you to specify the key and initialisation vector at the same time if you wish.
	www.syncadia.com /Symmetric.aspx (1348 words)

	Class semper.payment.PaymentManager
		It should do whatever is necessary to initialise the various internal variables of the manager.
		This is a cover method that builds a Vector containing a single PaymentInformationMessage object and passes it to the second type of requestPurseConfirmation() method.
		This is just a cover method that builds a Vector containing PaymentInformationMessage objects (one per available purse), invokes the second confirmPurse() method passing this Vector as a parameter, checks to make sure that the amount proposed by the peer agrees with our amount and returns the selected purse.
	www.semper.org /deliver/d03/javadoc/semper.payment.PaymentManager.html (2840 words)

	Introduction to C++ Operators (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The difference between initialisation and assignment only becomes significant when a class allocates memory dynamically from the heap for its objects.
		Vector v1 = new Vector(3); Vector* v2 = new Vector(v1);.
		This is the difference between assignment and initialisation; on assignment the object being assigned to already has a piece of dynamic memory associated with it, on initialisation there is no "old" dynamic memory associated with the object.
	www.ul.ie /~flanagan/ee6721/basoper/basoper.html (3088 words)

	ePrintsUQ - Knowledge Initialisation for Support Vector Machines
		Since their introduction more than a decade ago, support vector machines (SVMs) have shown good performance in a number of application areas, including text classification, pattern recognition and bioinformatics.
		In this paper, a novel approach for rule initialisation for support vector machines is presented.
		Knowledge initialisation results in better classification accuracy and enhanced rule quality compared with purely inductive learning.
	eprint.uq.edu.au /archive/00002238 (183 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Dynamite: NEW Vector Linux Init =================================== This is a new proposed VL Init procedures.
		HOW IT WORKS ============ The general initialisation procedure of VL-Init is: 1.
		It initialise the hardware, network and mount network file system.
	distro.ibiblio.org /pub/linux/distributions/vectorlinux/development/vectelopment-5.0/doc1/94-NEW_VLINIT (1058 words)

	RTP Security (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		However, since deployment of security is never speedy, due to government intervention and export problems, RTP [#!rtp!#]has defined how streams can be encrypted at the RTP layer to provide confidentiality.
		The base encryption algorithm used is DES in CBC mode, with the initialisation vector chosen to be zero.
		RTP packets have pseudo random headers from the time stamp, but since RTCP has known plaintext at the start of each packet, a random 32 bit number is prepended to the RTCP header before encryption.
	www.cs.odu.edu /~cs778/crowcroft/book/node344.html (164 words)

	IMode (GNU cryptographic primitives and tools, version 2.0.0)
		The byte array containing the initialisation vector, if required by this type of mode.
		Property name of the initialisation vector to use, if required, with this instance.
		If it is not specified, the value of the block size of the underlying block cipher, used to construct the mode instance, shall be used.
	www.gnu.org /software/gnu-crypto/manual/api/gnu/crypto/mode/IMode.html (513 words)

	Stroustrup: C++ Style and Technique FAQ
		When a vector needs more memory for elements, is allocates more; when a vector goes out of scope, it frees that memory.
		Another advantage of vector here is that memcpy() is not going to do the right thing for elements with copy constructors, such as strings.
		Often, a vector is a better alternative to a free-store-allocated array (e.g., consider exception safety).
	www.research.att.com /~bs/bs_faq2.html (12650 words)

	sci.crypt: Re: Generation/security of initialisation vectors
		Previous message: Panic: "Re: Generation/security of initialisation vectors"
		In reply to: Andreas Koltes: "Generation/security of initialisation vectors"
		> the last 128 bits are used as initialisation vector.
	www.derkeiler.com /Newsgroups/sci.crypt/2003-10/1607.html (521 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Keywords: DES, key search, initialisation vector Sender: usenet@minnie.zdv.uni-mainz.de (USENET News System) Nntp-Posting-Host: anke.imsd.uni-mainz.de Organization: Johannes Gutenberg Universitaet Mainz Date: Thu, 29 Apr 1993 07:54:07 GMT Lines: 60 At the risk of getting lost in the clipper chip discussion I give a summary on my recent question: In article
		Unfortunately the answer is no - concealing the initialisation vector essentially doesn't give any additional security.
		Let c[0] be the initialisation vector, m[1], m[2],...
	www.cs.cmu.edu /afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/theo-3/OldFiles/data/20_newsgroup/sci.crypt/16125 (302 words)

	[No title]
		Serious issues are fixed with this change and a much more cleaner way of handlign disappearing VFS operation vectors.
		The vector is never freed or deallocted once + * it is initalised, so the vnodes might safely reference + * it through their v_op pointer without the vector changing + * suddenly from under them.
		If not, look at the next pair until + * hole is found or the end of the vfs_op_offsets vector is + * reached.
	people.freebsd.org /~hmp/dragonfly/fix+vfs_init.c.diff (852 words)

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