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	Pope Innocent III
		Innocent III made clear to the German princes by the Decree "Venerabilem" which he addressed to the Duke of Zähringen in May, 1202, in what relation he considered the empire to stand to the papacy.
		Innocent's exposition of his theory concerning the relation between the papacy and the empire was accepted by many princes, as is apparent from the sudden increase of Otto's adherents subsequent to the issue of the decretal.
		Innocent, reversing his decision, declared in favour of Philip in 1207, and sent the Cardinals Ugolino of Ostia and Leo of Santa Croce to Germany with instructions to endeavour to induce Otto to renounce his claims to the throne and with powers to free Philip from the ban.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/i/innocent_iii,pope.html (4245 words)

	Pope Innocent III Summary
		INNOCENT III (Lothar of Segni, 1160?–1216) was a pope of the Roman Catholic church (1198–1216).
		Innocent was the son of Trasimund of Segni, a count of Campagna, and Clarissa Scotti, daughter of a distinguished Roman family.
		As Pope, Innocent III represents the height of the medieval papacy.
	www.bookrags.com /Pope_Innocent_III (141 words)

	Pope Innocent III
		As a result, Innocent III effectively spent the first half his life comfortable in the knowledge that the Holy City was in the hands of western Christians and much of the other half of his life trying to regain it.
		Innocent III was furious upon hearing of the conquest of both cities, and at one point excommunicated the crusaders, but he then made the best of the situation and worked to strengthen Latin rule in Constantinople.
		Innocent's abilities as a diplomat were second to none as was often demonstrated by his ability to accomplish his goals through forceful negotiation with various rulers in Christendom.
	www.crusades-encyclopedia.com /innocentIII.html (1009 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Pope Innocent III
		Innocent III made clear to the German princes by the Decree Venerabilem in May, 1202, how he considered the relationship between the empire and the Papacy (this decree was afterwards embodied in the Corpus Juris Canonici).
		Innocent called for the Fourth Crusade in 1198, directing the call towards the knights and nobles of Europe, rather than the kings (he preferred that neither Richard I of England and Philip II of France, who were still engaged in war, nor his German enemies, participate).
		Innocent excommunicated the Venetians in return, and although he was not pleased with the means by which it was done, he accepted the end result of the temporary reunification of the Catholic and Orthodox churches after the Great Schism of 1054.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Innocent_III (1164 words)

	Wikinfo \| Pope Innocent III
		During the reign of Pope Celestine III (1191-1198), a member of the House of Orsini, enemies of the counts of Segni, he left Rome to live in Anagni.
		This decree was afterwards embodied in the Corpus Juris Canonici.
		Innocent changed his mind and declared in favour of Philip in 1207, and sent cardinals to Germany to induce Otto to renounce his claims to the throne.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Pope_Innocent_III (998 words)

	Pope Innocent III
		Innocent III, birth name Lotario de' Conti di Segni, Roman Catholic Pope from 1198 to 1216, was the son of Trasimondo, count of Segni, and of Claricia, a Roman lady of the noble family of Scotti, and was born at Anagni about 1160.
		Innocent was but thirty-seven years old at this time, and the vigor of youth, guided by a master mind, was soon apparent in the policy of the papacy.
		Innocent III is one of the greatest historical figures, both in the grandeur of his aims and the force of character which brought him so near to their realization.
	www.nndb.com /people/536/000092260 (1745 words)

	pope innocent iii (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Pope Innocent III was a strenuous opponent of heresy.
		Pope Innocent III called for the Fourth Crusade in 1198, directing the call towards the knights and nobles of Europe, rather than the kings (he preferred that neither Richard I of England and Philip II of France, who were still engaged in war, nor his German enemies, participate).
		Pope Innocent III excommunicated the Venetians in return, and although he was not pleased with the means by which it was done, he accepted the end result of the temporary reunification of the Catholic and Orthodox churches after the Great Schism of 1054.
	www.crusades-history.com /Pope-Innocent-III.aspx (1062 words)

	Patron Saints Index: Pope Innocent III
		Innocent brought the doctrine that since the spirit take preeminence over the body, and since the Church rules the spirit and earthly monarchs rule the body, earthly monarchs must be subject to the pope.
		Innocent was the virtual lord of Christian Spain, Scandinavia, Hungary, and the Latin East.
		Innocent reclaimed the Patrimony of Saint Peter, the duchy of Spoleto, the Marches of Ancona, and the Ravenna district, and was recognized as overlord by Tuscany; northern Italian cities maintained their independence.
	www.catholic-forum.com /saints/pope0176.htm (567 words)

	News \| TimesDaily.com \| TimesDaily \| Florence, AL (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Innocent III was considered a vigorous opponent of heresy, and had campaigns to force the heretics to convert.
		Innocent III had also decreed the Fourth Crusade in 1198, which was intended to recapture the Holy Land.
		Innocent III was horrified by the attack on the Byzantines.
	www.timesdaily.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Pope_Innocent_III (1996 words)

	Pope Innocent III: Article
		Innocent is regarded by Roman Catholics as one of the greatest popes of the Middle Ages, and by others as one of the most harmful men ever to have lived.
		Innocent stated that a monk who had persuaded his mistress to have an abortion was not guilty of murder as long as the foetus had not yet been animated.
		Innocent was initially irritated by the crusade having been diverted to attack Zara, but His Holiness was soon reconciled by a victory in his name over the Byzantine Emperor, and any pretence that the crusade was ever to go to fight the infidel was abandoned.
	www.languedoc-france.info /articles/a_innocent.htm (1259 words)

	Innocent III - MSN Encarta
		Innocent III (1160?-1216), pope (1198-1216), who is generally considered the most capable and effective of the medieval popes.
		Innocent's pontificate fulfilled the promise that his electors discerned in him.
		Innocent died suddenly on July 16, 1216, in Perugia, while on a trip to northern Italy.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761572226/Innocent_III.html (632 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Poor Catholics
		Innocent III complains bitterly, in a letter to the bishops, saying that the people are hungry for the Bread of Life, but that there is no one to break it for them.
		Innocent III did not entrust the reconciliation of the Poor Lombards to the Poor Catholics on account of their divergent views on the subject of labour.
		Two years later, however, Innocent III gave them a new constitution, in which he retained manual labour for all the members of the order, but declared it only of secondary value for the missionaries or friars to whom he assigned the study of Holy Scripture and preaching as main occupation.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/12249a.htm (2085 words)

	Epinions.com - The Innocent III papacy
		The reign of Innocent III is one that was filled with a pope that had to make tough decisions to protect the vitality of the Catholic Church, and therefore, often times had to act quite definitively on matters that would possibly go against the best interests of Christianity.
		Innocent knew that if he could successfully preach to the faithful in France to destroy the heretics that were ravaging their country, through the faithful he could achieve two things: eliminate heresy in the name of spreading and strengthening Christianity and returning lands to papal control via the faithful in France.
		Innocent proposed several different measures that he felt would help in the redefining of the Church’s role in the world and would hopefully clarify many things so that the spread of heresy would be curbed by positive church hierarchical change.
	www.epinions.com /content_3287982212 (4010 words)

	Innocent III
		Innocent's first year was also marked by his efforts to establish his vision of papal monarchical power and authority within the church.
		When Innocent was elevated to the papacy, the political situation in Italy and Germany was precarious because of Philip of Swabia's and Otto of Brunswick's competing claims for the imperial throne.
		Innocent's Crusade was significant, despite the survival of Catharism, because with it the pope began the practice of using the Crusade to combat papal enemies wherever they were found.
	www.thelatinlibrary.com /imperialism/notes/innocent3.html (2927 words)

	Innocent III. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Innocent set aside the two rival claimants and procured the election of Stephen Langton; King John, enraged at what he felt was unwarrantable interference by the pope and at the obduracy of the clergy in opposing the demands of the king, persecuted the church.
		In Italy, Innocent reclaimed the Patrimony of St. Peter (see Papal States), the duchy of Spoleto, the March of Ancona, and the Ravenna district; he was recognized as temporal overlord by Tuscany, but northern Italian cities were unruly and maintained their independence throughout Innocent’s pontificate.
		Innocent initiated the Albigensian mission and the Albigensian Crusade (see under Albigenses); when he heard of the misbehavior of the crusaders of Simon de Montfort, he protested in vain.
	www.bartleby.com /65/in/Innocent3.html (752 words)

	Innocent III and Papal Hierarchy
		Innocent III was born in 1160 in the city of Anagni, Italy.
		Innocent was forced to retire from the college of cardinals under the pressures of an antagonistic pope.
		Innocent was totally dedicated to the church and was determined to make the church over which he ruled the dominating institution in Europe.
	www.rsglh.org /innocent_iii_and_papal_hierarchy.htm (1573 words)

	INNOCENT III
		Innocent’s pontificate fulfilled the promise that his electors discerned in him.
		Innocent’s most controversial ventures were the two Crusades that he declared.
		Innocent died suddenly on July 16, 1216, in Perugia, while on a trip to northern Italy.
	www.history.com /encyclopedia.do?vendorId=FWNE.fw..in025100.a (1051 words)

	Pope Innocent III
		Pope Innocent III was born "Lothar of Segni", in 1160 or 1161.
		According to Innocent III's estimation, heresy was seen as "high treason committed against the divine majesty." (13) In fairness to Innocent, it must be stated that although he demonstrated cruel retribution on some "heretics", he also demonstrated farsightedness with others, stating that what really mattered was the "real faith" of those charged.
		Innocent III successfully hand-picked the succession of Frederick, he placed England and her king, John, under the Interdict as a result over the squabble surrounding Stephen Langton, and he secured several nation states as fiefs for the Holy See.
	www.goodnewsiowacity.com /pope_innocent_iii.htm (2155 words)

	INNOCENT III
		Innocent III was in full accord with the Italian patriotism which sparked risings against the Germans left by the late Henry VI to lord it in Italy.
		Innocent III is truly remarkable for the way he retained his keen spiritual sense in the hurly-burly of business.
		If Innocent III did nothing more than enable Dominic and Francis to start their orders, he would deserve to be remembered as one who had done much for the Church and for the world.
	www.cfpeople.org /Books/Pope/POPEp174.htm (602 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Albigenses
		Innocent III, in view of the immense spread of the heresy, which infected over 1000 cities or towns, called (1207) upon the King of France, as Suzerain of the County of Toulouse, to use force.
		The crusade now degenerated into a war of conquest, and Innocent III, in spite of his efforts, was powerless to bring the undertaking back to its original purpose.
		Pope Innocent III was justified in saying that the Albigenses were "worse than the Saracens"; and still he counselled moderation and disapproved of the selfish policy adopted by Simon of Montfort.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/01267e.htm (2065 words)

	Innocent III - Sketches of Church History
		Innocent did not give up the notion of a crusade, and at a later time he sent about preachers to stir up the people of the West afresh; but nothing had come of this when the pope died.
		Innocent, although he had nothing to do with this crusade, or with one of the same kind which was got up in Germany, declared that the zeal of the children put to shame the coldness of their elders, whom he was still labouring, with little success, to enlist in the cause of the Holy Land.
		Innocent, although he seems to have been much deceived by those who reported matters to him, was grievously to blame for having given too much countenance to the cruelties and injustice which were practiced against the unhappy Albigenses.
	bible.christiansunite.com /sch/sch02-13.shtml (2991 words)

	ORB: The Online Reference Book for Medieval Studies
		Innocent III was perhaps the greatest medieval pope but he is difficult to evaluate.
		Innocent wanted a crusade to restore a sense of church leadership, but crusades had become too expensive, western leaders were too involved in their own affairs, and the Muslims had become too strong for an easy victory.
		Innocent's most successful area, except that his reforms of the clergy were not directed at causes, and the Inquisition eventually became used by secular authorities as a thought police.
	www.the-orb.net /textbooks/nelson/innocent_iii.html (597 words)

	Medieval Church.org.uk: Innocent III (c.1160/1 - 1216)
		But, as the latter remained unmoved, Innocent urged the victorious Hohenstaufen to accede to a tribunal to be constituted by himself at Rome, assuring him at the same time of a decision in his favor.
		In 1204 Innocent succeeded in uniting the Bulgarians, who formerly belonged to the Greek Church, with the Church of Rome by consenting to Prince John’s request for coronation, who desired it for the sake of papal protection against foreign and domestic foes.
		In discharging his duty as the vicar of Christ, Innocent now, as at the beginning of his pontificate, felt it obligatory on him to summon the kings and peoples of the earth to a holy war for the recovery of Palestine.
	www.medievalchurch.org.uk /p_innocentiii.php (4210 words)

	Pope Innocent III (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Pope Innocent III (1198-1216), is generally considered to be “the greatest pope of the Middle Ages, who came near to establishing pontifical theocracy.” [Dunan (1968) 323.] Innocent was a man of strongly Nordish racial descent.
		Innocent’s father was the Italian aristocrat Trasimund, Count of Segni, and his mother, Claricia Scotti, came from the Roman nobility.
		It may be deduced from all of the foregoing evidence, that Innocent III was predominantly Nordish.
	www.stormfront.org /whitehistory/earlson/innocent.htm (355 words)

	JewishEncyclopedia.com - INNOCENT III. (LOTHARIO CONTI): (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Feeling obliged to Show some pity for the victims of the excesses committed by the crusaders, Innocent, on ascending the pontifical throne, issued a bull ("Sicut Judæis") in which he renewed the prohibitions that had been issued by Clement III.
		Believing that the spread of the heretical sects, especially of the Albigenses, in southern France, was due to Jewish influence, Innocent endeavored so to humiliate the Jews that the Christians should shrink from associating with them.
		In 1205 Innocent censured Alfonso the Noble for the protection granted by that monarch to his Jewish subjects.
	www.jewishencyclopedia.com /view.jsp?artid=145&letter=I (546 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Innocent IV
		Should the emperor deny that he had done any wrong to the Church, or even assert that the injustice had been done on the side of the Church, the legates were to propose that the decision should be left to a council of kings, prelates, and temporal princes.
		He promised to yield to the demands of the Curia in all essential points, viz., to restore the States of the Church, to release the prelates, and to grant amnesty to the allies of the pope.
		In Portugal, he appointed Alfonso III administrator of the kingdom, because the people were disgusted at the immorality and the tyranny of his father, Sancho III.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/08017a.htm (1340 words)

	Pope Innocent III and his Crusade against the people of the Languedoc
		Innocent III, was born Lotario de' Conti, son of Count Trasimund of Segni and nephew of Pope Clement III.
		Innocent claimed to have been given the whole world to rule over by God, and succeeded in extending the papacy's feudal power,acquiring as fiefs Portugal, Aragon, Hungary and England, and purporting to reassign important feudal properties of the Counts of Toulouse and Peter II, the King of Aragon.
		Innocent III opened the Fourth Lateran Council on 15 November 1215.
	www.languedoc-france.info /120501_innocent.htm (497 words)

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