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	Pope Innocent X
		Innocent confiscated their property, and on 19 February, 1646, issued a Bull ordaining that all cardinals who had left or should leave the Ecclesiastical States without papal permission and should not return within six months, should be deprived of their ecclesiastical benefices and eventually of the cardinalate itself.
		Innocent aided the Venetians financially against the Turks in the struggle for Candia, while the Venetians on their part allowed Innocent free scope in filling the vacant episcopal sees in their territory, a right which they had previously claimed for themselves.
		Innocent X was a lover of justice and his life was blameless; he was, however, often irresolute and suspicious.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/i/innocent_x,pope.html (934 words)

	Pope Innocent X - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Innocent confiscated their property, and on February 19, 1646, issued a bull ordaining that all cardinals who might leave the Papal States for six months without express papal permission, should be deprived of their benefices and eventually of their cardinalate itself.
		Innocent objected to the conclusion of the Peace of Westphalia, against which his nuncio in his name vainly protested, and against which he issued the bull Zelo Domus Dei in November 1648, which was ignored by the European Powers.
		During the papacy of Urban VIII (Maffeo Barberini, 1568-1644), whose princely rival among the College of Cardinals was Giovanni Battista Pamphili.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Innocent_X (841 words)

	ipedia.com: Pope Innocent VIII Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Innocent VIII, né Giovanni Battista Cibo, pope from 1484 to 1492, was born at Genoa, and was the son of a man of senatorial rank.
		Innocent VIII, né Giovanni Battista Cibo (1432 – July 25, 1492), pope from 1484 to 1492, was born at Genoa, and was the son of a man of senatorial rank.
		Innocent, in his papal bull "Summis desiderantes" (5 December 1484) instigated very severe measures against magicians and witches in Germany; the principles enunciated by him were afterwards embodied in the Malleus Maleficarum (1487).
	www.ipedia.com /pope_innocent_viii.html (291 words)

	CalendarHome.com - - Calendar Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In his twentieth year he became an official of the court of Pope Urban VIII (1623–1644); under successive Popes he served as nuncio at Florence and Vienna and in Poland; he served as inquisitor in Malta; and by Pope Innocent XI (1676–1689) he was made cardinal in 1681 and archbishop of Naples.
		Innocent XII's pontificate contrasted with that of a series of predecessors in having marked leanings towards France instead of Germany.
		Innocent XII appears as one of the narrators in Robert Browning's long poem "The Ring and the Book" (1869), based on the true story of the Pope's intervention in a historical murder trial in Rome during his papacy.
	encyclopedia.calendarhome.com /cgi-bin/encyclopedia.pl?p=Pope_Innocent_XII (412 words)

	Pope Innocent IV Summary
		Innocent was particularly concerned with the Tartars, and he sent a papal envoy to the ruler of the Mongol empire.
		Innocent IV, severely ill with pleurisy, died in Naples on December 7, 1254, and was buried in a tomb at the Basilica of Santa Restituta in Naples.
		Pope Innocent IV (Genoa, 1180/90 – Naples, December 7, 1254), born Sinibaldo de Fieschi, Pope from 1243 to 1254, belonged to the feudal nobility of Liguria, the Fieschi, counts of Lavagna.
	www.bookrags.com /Pope_Innocent_IV (1778 words)

	INNOCENTS DAY - LoveToKnow Article on INNOCENTS DAY
		Although the pontificate of Innocent witnessed the conversion of many Protestant princes, the most notable being Queen Christina of Sweden, the papacy had nevertheless suffered a perceptible decline in prestige; it counted for little in the negotiations at MUnster, and its solemn protest against the peace of \Vestphalia was entirely ignored.
		Innocent died on the 7th of January 1655, and was succeeded by Alexander VII.
		INNOCENTS DAY, or CHILDERMAS, a festival celebrated in the Latin church on the 28th of December, and in the Greek church on the 29th (OS.) in memory of the massacre of the children by Herod.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /I/IN/INNOCENTS_DAY.htm (1914 words)

	Epinions.com - The Innocent III papacy
		Innocent knew that if he could successfully preach to the faithful in France to destroy the heretics that were ravaging their country, through the faithful he could achieve two things: eliminate heresy in the name of spreading and strengthening Christianity and returning lands to papal control via the faithful in France.
		Innocent proposed several different measures that he felt would help in the redefining of the Church’s role in the world and would hopefully clarify many things so that the spread of heresy would be curbed by positive church hierarchical change.
		Innocent did not merely stop at intervening in the lives, politics, and religions of the Jews, but rather, felt as though his notion of the papal monarchy was something that could benefit many more people than that.
	www.epinions.com /content_3287982212 (4010 words)

	Pope Innocent VIII - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Innocent VIII, né Giovanni Battista Cibo (1432 – July 25, 1492), pope from 1484 to 1492, was born at Genoa, and was the son of Aran Cibo who under Calixtus III had been a senator at Rome.
		Innocent, in his papal bull Summis desiderantes (5 December 1484) instigated very severe measures against magicians and witches in Germany; the principles enunciated by him were afterwards embodied in the Malleus Maleficarum (1487).
		It was also he who in 1487 appointed Tomas de Torquemada to be grand inquisitor of Spain -- he was a strong supporter of the Spanish Inquisition; he also urged a crusade against the Waldensians, offering plenary indulgence to all who should engage in it.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Innocent_VIII (357 words)

	CalendarHome.com - - Calendar Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Pietro Ottoboni was born of a noble Venetian family, and was the son of Marco Ottoboni, chancellor of the Republic of Venice.
		At the request of the Venetian Republic, Ottoboni was made Cardinal by Pope Innocent X (1644–55) in 1652, and was later given the bishopric of Brescia, in Venetian territory, where he quietly spent the best years of middle life.
		Alexander VIII assisted his native Venice by generous subsidies in the war against the Turks, as well as sending 7 galleys and 2,000 infantry for the campaign in Albania.
	encyclopedia.calendarhome.com /cgi-bin/encyclopedia.pl?p=Pope_Alexander_VIII (513 words)

	Nicolò Machiavelli
		Innocent was the Pope whose 1484 bull inspired the extermination of suspected witches, mostly women, throughout Europe.
		Alexander VI (1492-1503), the most corrupt pope of the Renaissance, was a Borgia, attainted the Papacy at age 62 by bribery and murder, had a daughter by one of at least two mistresses, 15-year-old Giulia Farnese, while he was Pope (and Giulia remained his mistress), had five other children, and allowed orgies in the Vatican.
		Leo X (1513-1521) was a Medici, a cleric at age seven and a cardinal at age 17, bought the Papacy at age 38, and was notably vicious and unscrupulous.
	www.ronaldbrucemeyer.com /rants/0503almanac.htm (565 words)

	Pope Innocent I Summary
		In ecclesiastical matters Innocent took a strong stand with regard to the prerogatives of his see, which he viewed as the ultimate court of appeal in all important ecclesiastical cases, claiming Roman supremacy over church councils and church courts.
		Innocent asserted that Decentius should not depart from the Roman norm—an understandable attitude, because Gubbio was a suffragan see—but went on to censure all other churches in the West (Spain, Gaul, Sicily, and Africa) for not following Roman usage.
		Among Innocent I's letters is one to Jerome and another to John, bishop of Jerusalem, regarding annoyances to which the first-named had been subjected by the Pelagians at Bethlehem.
	www.bookrags.com /Pope_Innocent_I (728 words)

	INNOCENT VIII
		Innocent summoned a congress to meet at Rome in 1490 to discuss a crusade against the Turks.
		Although Pope Innocent meant well, he contributed to the decline of papal prestige by his open acknowledgment of his illegitimate children in the Vatican.
		Innocent had the consolation of hearing of the fall of Granada to the arms of Ferdinand and Isabella.
	www.cfpeople.org /books/pope/POPEp211.htm (501 words)

	Biography – Pope Innocent XII – The Papal Library
		Innocent XII, a Neapolitan, was born on the 13th of March, 1615, at Spinazzola, a fief of his family, in the Basilicate, and was the son of Fabricius Pignatelli, first Prince of Minervino, and of Porzia Caraffa, daughter of the Duke of Andria.
		Innocent having thus taken from his relatives all prospect of enriching themselves at the expense of the Church, and having thus left himself without natural relatives, substituted the poor.
		Innocent did not dare to venture upon such vast labors, but he established the custom-house of Ripa Grande and another built upon the ruins of what is known as the Basilica of Antoninus Pius.
	www.saint-mike.org /Papal-Library/InnocentXII/biography.html (3563 words)

	History of the Christian Church, Volume VI: The Middle Ages. A.D. 1294-1517. \| Christian Classics Ethereal Library
		Another curious instance was given in Innocent’s reign of the hold open-mouthed superstition had in the reception given to the holy lance.
		The two great stains upon the pontificate of Innocent VIII., the crusade he called to exterminate the Waldenses, 1487, and his bull directed against the witches of Germany, 1484, which inaugurated two horrible dramas of cruelty, have treatment in another place.
		Innocent was happy in being permitted to join with Europe in rejoicings over the expulsion of the last of the Moors from Granada, 1492.
	www.ccel.org /ccel/schaff/hcc6.ii.vii.vi.html (2338 words)

	AllRefer.com - Innocent VIII (Roman Catholic Popes And Antipopes) - Encyclopedia
		Like his predecessors, Innocent wished to stop the Turkish advance, but he succeeded by means other than the crusade he originally planned.
		Djem, brother and rival of Sultan Beyazid II, was being held captive by Pierre d'Aubusson; the pope saw that if he held over the sultan the threat of supporting Djem's pretensions, Beyazid would come to terms.
		Innocent VIII was known as a nepotist and was attacked by Savonarola for his worldliness.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/I/Innocent8.html (242 words)

	INNOCENT VIII - Online Information article about INNOCENT VIII
		Majesty." Innocent was genial, skilled in flattery, and popular with the See also:
		Recollections of a First Visit to the Alps (1841); Vacation Rambles weight, from root raX-, to lift, as in rXi vac, to bear, 1-aXas, and Thoughts, comprising recollections of three Continental
		Innocent died on the 25th of July 1492, and was succeeded by See also:
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /I27_INV/INNOCENT_VIII.html (704 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Innocent X
		Innocent aided the Venetians financially against the Turks in the struggle for
		Both Urban VIII and Innocent X, in deference to Spain, refused to acknowledge the new king and withheld their approbation from the bishops
		On 26 November, 1648, Innocent issued the famous Bull "Zelo domus Dei", in which he declares as null and void those articles of the Peace of Westphalia which were detrimental to the Catholic
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/08020b.htm (884 words)

	[Maphist] Pope Innocent VIII tomb inscription
		Ingeniously using the variety in the shapes of the field available for each figure, Antonio pivoted a recumbent female figure to create a variety of poses and gestures appropriate for each personification and exploited a fluid drapery style to convey a vitality of pose and expression.
		Innocent VIII's tomb was placed against a wall but, exceptionally for its date, it incorporated two statues of the Pope: one showing him recumbent in death, and the other enthroned and vividly triumphant.
		Originally, the effigy of the seated Pope, holding aloft the relic of the head of Longinus' lance with a powerfully theatrical gesture, was placed beneath the recumbent effigy.
	mailman.geo.uu.nl /pipermail/maphist/2006-August/008262.html (585 words)

	Encyclopedia: Pope Innocent VIII (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In Rome he became a priest in the retinue of cardinal Calandnini, half-brother to Nicholas V; the influence of his friends procured for him, from Paul II the bishopric of Savona, and in 1473, with the support of Giuliano Della Rovere, he was made cardinal by Sixtus IV, whom he succeeded on August 29, 1484.
		Papal bull of Pope Urban VIII, 1637, sealed with a leaden bulla.
		The Malleus Maleficarum (The Hammer of Witches or the Hexenhammer) is considered by many to be the classic Roman Catholic text on witchcraft, although it was in fact condemned by the Inquisition in 1490, and never officially used by the Catholic Church.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Pope-Innocent-VIII (2186 words)

	Did Columbus Discover America Earlier In Secret Mission For Pope? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Signor Marino said there was corroborative proof in an inscription on the tomb of Innocent VIII, in St Peter's Basilica, which reads "Novi orbis suo aevo inventi gloria", meaning that during his pontificate "the glory of the discovery of the New World" took place.
		Innocent VIII died at the end of July 1492, before Columbus set sail and three months before he landed at the Bahamas.
		The accepted version is that Columbus was dispatched in 1492 by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, but Signor Marino said that the venture was originally financed by Innocent VIII and the Medici banking dynasty to which the Pope was related.
	www.rense.com /general10/pope.htm (383 words)

	INNOCENT X - Online Information article about INNOCENT X
		Innocent was completely dominated by his See also:
		The most worthy efforts of Innocent were directed to the reform of monastic discipline (1652).
		For contemporary lives of Innocent see Oldoin, continuator of Ciaconius, Vitae et res gestae summorum Pontiff.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /I27_INV/INNOCENT_X.html (499 words)

	Evolution of the Medieval Book
		This papal bull, distributed by Innocent VIII in 1488, asserts the pope’s privilege of appointing the Master of the Spanish Order of St. James of Compostella, the pre-eminent pilgrimage site in Europe.
		By the time of Innocent VIII, however, the papacy had lost sight of the ideal of service that St. Gregory the Great had inculcated.
		Innocent VIII was more concerned with raising money to pay off debts than with guiding the moral life of the Church — so much so that at one point he even pawned the papal tiara.
	rmc.library.cornell.edu /medievalbook/churchbooks/Papal_Bull.htm (186 words)

	History of the Popes
		Innocent began to hear complaints about a new heresy called Pelagianism and to receive decrees from councils in Jerusalem and Africa condemning it.
		Pope Innocent had received decrees from councils in Jerusalem and Africa condemning Pelagianism and had himself approved the decrees.
		He was certainly a deacon at Rome in the time of Pope Innocent I. In contrast to the stormy election of Pope Boniface, Celestine's seems to have been quiet and harmonious.
	www.geocities.com /gvwrite/popes.htm (22170 words)

	Innocent VIII - Encyclopedia.com
		Innocent VIII 1432-92, pope (1484-92), a Genoese named Giovanni Battista Cibo; successor of Sixtus IV.
		Djem, brother and rival of Sultan Beyazid II, was being held captive by Pierre d' Aubusson ; the pope saw that if he held over the sultan the threat of supporting Djem's pretensions, Beyazid would come to terms.
		Rollin's Ancient History: History Of The Persians And Grecians: Sections VII And VIII.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-Innocent8.html (589 words)

	innocent - Definitions from Dictionary.com
		Innocent may imply having done no wrong at any time, and having not even a knowledge of evil: an innocent victim.
		The earliest use was as a noun, "person who is innocent of sin or evil" (c.1200).
		free from evil or guilt; "an innocent child"; "the principle that one is innocent until proved guilty" [ant: guilty]
	dictionary.reference.com /browse/innocent (781 words)

	The Ecole Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		As Pope Innocent VIII, he created and sold curial offices to end a fiscal crisis begun under Sixtus IV, whom he succeeded.
		Innocent married his illegitimate children into the princely families, and he was responsible for an increase in the persecution of "witches" in Germany.
		Innocent recognized Henry Tudor as Henry VII of England and banned discussion of the works of Pico della Mirandola.
	www2.evansville.edu /ECOLEWEB/glossary/innocentviii.html (171 words)

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